scholarly journals FILLING LEVEL MEASUREMENTS OF MIXED WASTE BINS USING LOW POWER IOT SENSORS AND LORA WAN TECHNOLOGY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nino Inasaridze ◽  
Vaidotas Vaišis
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Mixed Type ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Software Optimization ◽  
Cost Components

The article deals with sensor-related solutions to improve waste collection and monitoring in public waste bins. Availability of use of an inexpensive monitoring system for measurement process was tested. The system consists of wireless nodes that use ultrasonic sensors to measure the empty space in the waste bins. A sensor gateway based on Long Rage Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) protocol was used. Purpose of this work was to describe the new sensor node typology based on low-power and low-cost components. The article analyses the architecture of nodes in detail, focusing on energyefficient technologies and policies to extend battery life by reducing energy consumption through hardware and software optimization. Measurements were performed at five points in two size of containers with different two levels of filling and mixed type of waste. The results show that existing technologies are mature enough to create and deploy inexpensive additional sensors for outbound bins and that such a system can provide the necessary insights on how to optimize waste collection processes and avoid overflowing containers.

scholarly journals An Internet of Things (IoT) Application on Volcano Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (21) ◽  
pp. 4651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadia Awadallah ◽  
David Moure ◽  
Pedro Torres-González
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Thermal Anomaly ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Volcanic Surveillance ◽  
First Results ◽  
Network Operation

In the last few years, there has been a huge interest in the Internet of Things (hereinafter IoT) field. Among the large number of IoT technologies, the low-power wide-area network (hereinafter LPWAN) has emerged providing low power, low data-rate communication over long distances, enabling battery-operated devices to operate for long time periods. This paper introduces an application of long-range (hereinafter LoRa) technology, one of the most popular LPWANs, to volcanic surveillance. The first low-power and low-cost wireless network based on LoRa to monitor the soil temperature in thermal anomaly zones in volcanic areas has been developed. A total of eight thermometers (end devices) have been deployed on a Teide volcano in Tenerife (Canary Islands). In addition, a repeater device was developed to extend the network range when the gateway did not have a line of sight connection with the thermometers. Combining LoRa communication capabilities with microchip microcontrollers (end devices and repeater) and a Raspberry Pi board (gateway), three main milestones have been achieved: (i) extreme low-power consumption, (ii) real-time and proper temperature acquisition, and (iii) a reliable network operation. The first results are shown. These results provide enough quality for a proper volcanic surveillance.

LoRaWAN for an IoT-based environmental monitoring application in Tirana city

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evjola Spaho ◽  
Aleksandër Biberaj ◽  
Ares Tahiraga
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Environmental Monitoring ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Wide Area Networks ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Monitoring Application

AbstractRecently, low power wide area networks are attracting a lot of attention by the research community. They are wireless technologies characterized by large coverage area, low bandwidth and long battery life. One of these low power wide area networks technologies, the long range wide area network, can be used for different monitoring applications for health, agriculture, traffic, smart city.In this paper, different simulations and experiments are conducted to implement a low-cost long-range wide area network environmental monitoring application for Tirana city in Albania. Simulation and experimental data are compared and similar results were obtained. In the low-cost implemented system, the gateway can communicate with the sensors placed in strategic positions with long distance covered also using Radio Mobile software.

Principles and Applications of Narrowband IoT

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-85
Author(s):  
Eisha Akanksha
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
Processing Power ◽  
Living Things

The internet of things (IoT) brings ‘life' to non-living things. In the IoT frameworks, the devices become smarter, more intelligent, become able to make decisions, and can communicate with other entities, applications, as well as human beings. According to a Gartner report, by 2020 more than 25 billion devices will be connected to the internet. Low power wireless wide area network (LPWAN) is a group of various low power, wide-area technologies such as LoRa, Sigfox, NB-IoT, DASH7, RPMA, LTE-M, designed to interconnect low bandwidth, battery-operated devices having limited processing power, limited memory, transmission speed with low bit rates at long-range using radio communication technologies. Most of these technologies provide a long battery life, low deployment cost, large capacity, and generates deeper insights of businesses. However, each technology differs in latency, data rate, handover mechanisms, quality of services, applications, and use cases. In this chapter, the authors provide the basic principles of these LPWANs and present their applications in different domains.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Cooperative Low-Power Wide-Area Network for Energy-Efficient B5G Systems

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 680
Author(s):  
Chang Seok You ◽  
Jeong Seon Yeom ◽  
Bang Chul Jung
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Outage Probability ◽  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Erlang Distribution ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Diversity Order ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Error Performance

Low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs) have received extensive attention from both academia and industry, since they can efficiently provide massive connectivity to internet of things (IoT) devices in wide geographical areas with low cost and low power consumption. Recently, it was shown that macro-diversity among multiple gateways significantly improves the performance of uplink LPWANs by coherently combining multiple received signals at gateways. We call such networks cooperative LPWANs. In this paper, the error performance of an uplink cooperative LPWAN is mathematically analyzed in terms of outage probability, bit error rate (BER), and diversity order. It is assumed that there exist multiple (two or more) gateways that have multiple antennas and are located at arbitrary positions in the LPWAN area. Each gateway exploits the optimal maximum-ratio combining (MRC) technique to decode the received signal, and then the signals after MRC are delivered to the cloud fusion center for coherent combining in the cooperative LPWAN. The main results, the closed-form expressions of outage probability and BER, were derived by utilizing the hyper-Erlang distribution. Furthermore, the macro-diversity order was mathematically derived. The mathematical analysis was validated through extensive computer simulations. It worth noting that the mathematical analysis of the error performance of cooperative LPWANs is the first theoretical result in the literature to the best of our knowledge.

scholarly journals LPWAN Technologies: Emerging Application Characteristics, Requirements, and Design Considerations

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharat S. Chaudhari ◽  
Marco Zennaro ◽  
Suresh Borkar
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Interference Management ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Media Access Control ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Wide Range

Low power wide area network (LPWAN) is a promising solution for long range and low power Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine (M2M) communication applications. This paper focuses on defining a systematic and powerful approach of identifying the key characteristics of such applications, translating them into explicit requirements, and then deriving the associated design considerations. LPWANs are resource-constrained networks and are primarily characterized by long battery life operation, extended coverage, high capacity, and low device and deployment costs. These characteristics translate into a key set of requirements including M2M traffic management, massive capacity, energy efficiency, low power operations, extended coverage, security, and interworking. The set of corresponding design considerations is identified in terms of two categories, desired or expected ones and enhanced ones, which reflect the wide range of characteristics associated with LPWAN-based applications. Prominent design constructs include admission and user traffic management, interference management, energy saving modes of operation, lightweight media access control (MAC) protocols, accurate location identification, security coverage techniques, and flexible software re-configurability. Topological and architectural options for interconnecting LPWAN entities are discussed. The major proprietary and standards-based LPWAN technology solutions available in the marketplace are presented. These include Sigfox, LoRaWAN, Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), and long term evolution (LTE)-M, among others. The relevance of upcoming cellular 5G technology and its complementary relationship with LPWAN technology are also discussed.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review on Cognitive Radio in Low Power Wide Area Network for Industrial IoT Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 338
Author(s):  
Nahla Nurelmadina ◽  
Mohammad Kamrul Hasan ◽  
Imran Memon ◽  
Rashid A. Saeed ◽  
Khairul Akram Zainol Ariffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Industrial Iot

The Industrial Internet of things (IIoT) helps several applications that require power control and low cost to achieve long life. The progress of IIoT communications, mainly based on cognitive radio (CR), has been guided to the robust network connectivity. The low power communication is achieved for IIoT sensors applying the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) with the Sigfox, NBIoT, and LoRaWAN technologies. This paper aims to review the various technologies and protocols for industrial IoT applications. A depth of assessment has been achieved by comparing various technologies considering the key terms such as frequency, data rate, power, coverage, mobility, costing, and QoS. This paper provides an assessment of 64 articles published on electricity control problems of IIoT between 2007 and 2020. That prepares a qualitative technique of answering the research questions (RQ): RQ1: “How cognitive radio engage with the industrial IoT?”, RQ2: “What are the Proposed architectures that Support Cognitive Radio LPWAN based IIOT?”, and RQ3: What key success factors need to comply for reliable CIIoT support in the industry?”. With the systematic literature assessment approach, the effects displayed on the cognitive radio in LPWAN can significantly revolute the commercial IIoT. Thus, researchers are more focused in this regard. The study suggests that the essential factors of design need to be considered to conquer the critical research gaps of the existing LPWAN cognitive-enabled IIoT. A cognitive low energy architecture is brought to ensure efficient and stable communications in a heterogeneous IIoT. It will protect the network layer from offering the customers an efficient platform to rent AI, and various LPWAN technology were explored and investigated.

scholarly journals Analysis of Web-Based IoT through Heterogeneous Networks: Swarm Computing over LoRaWAN

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 664
Author(s):  
Samira Afzal ◽  
Laisa C. C. De Biase ◽  
Geovane Fedrecheski ◽  
William T. Pereira ◽  
Marcelo K. Zuffo
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Object Representation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Computing Paradigm ◽  
Binary Object ◽  
The Impact

The Internet of Things (IoT) leverages added valued services by the wide spread of connected smart devices. The Swarm Computing paradigm considers a single abstraction layer that connects all kinds of devices globally, from sensors to super computers. In this context, the Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) emerges, spreading out connection to the IoT end devices. With the upsides of long-range, low power and low cost, LPWAN presents major limitations regarding data transmission capacity, throughput, supported packet length and quantity per day limitation. This situation makes LPWAN systems with limited interoperability integrate with systems based on REpresentational State Transfer (REST). This work investigates how to connect web-based IoT applications with LPWANs. The analysis was carried out studying the number of packets generated for a use case of REST-based IoT over LPWAN, specifically the Swarm OS over LoRaWAN. The work also presents an analysis of the impact of using promising schemes for lower communication load. We evaluated Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) and Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) to make transmission over the restricted links of LPWANs possible. The attained results show the reduction of 98.18% packet sizes while using SCHC and CBOR compared to HTTP and JSON by sending fewer packets with smaller sizes.

scholarly journals LPWAN-based hybrid backhaul communication for intelligent transportation systems: architecture and performance evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taghi Shahgholi ◽  
Amir Sheikhahmadi ◽  
Keyhan Khamforoosh ◽  
Sadoon Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
Intelligent Transportation System ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Intelligent Transportation ◽  
Traffic Monitoring ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Emergency Vehicle ◽  
Wide Area Network

AbstractIncreased number of the vehicles on the streets around the world has led to several problems including traffic congestion, emissions, and huge fuel consumption in many regions. With advances in wireless and traffic technologies, the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) has been introduced as a viable solution for solving these problems by implementing more efficient use of the current infrastructures. In this paper, the possibility of using cellular-based Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) communications, LTE-M and NB-IoT, for ITS applications has been investigated. LTE-M and NB-IoT are designed to provide long range, low power and low cost communication infrastructures and can be a promising option which has the potential to be employed immediately in real systems. In this paper, we have proposed an architecture to employ the LPWAN as a backhaul infrastructure for ITS and to understand the feasibility of the proposed model, two applications with low and high delay requirements have been examined: road traffic monitoring and emergency vehicle management. Then, the performance of using LTE-M and NB-IoT for providing backhaul communication infrastructure has been evaluated in a realistic simulation environment and compared for these two scenarios in terms of end-to-end latency per user. Simulation of Urban MObility has been used for realistic traffic generation and a Python-based program has been developed for evaluation of the communication system. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of using LPWAN for ITS backhaul infrastructure mostly in favor of the LTE-M over NB-IoT.

scholarly journals Smart Monitoring and Controlling of Appliances Using LoRa Based IoT System

Designs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Nur-A-Alam ◽  
Mominul Ahsan ◽  
Md. Abdul Based ◽  
Julfikar Haider ◽  
Eduardo M. G. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
At Home

In the era of Industry 4.0, remote monitoring and controlling appliance/equipment at home, institute, or industry from a long distance with low power consumption remains challenging. At present, some smart phones are being actively used to control appliances at home or institute using Internet of Things (IoT) systems. This paper presents a novel smart automation system using long range (LoRa) technology. The proposed LoRa based system consists of wireless communication system and different types of sensors, operated by a smart phone application and powered by a low-power battery, with an operating range of 3–12 km distance. The system established a connection between an android phone and a microprocessor (ESP32) through Wi-Fi at the sender end. The ESP32 module was connected to a LoRa module. At the receiver end, an ESP32 module and LoRa module without Wi-Fi was employed. Wide Area Network (WAN) communication protocol was used on the LoRa module to provide switching functionality of the targeted area. The performance of the system was evaluated by three real-life case studies through measuring environmental temperature and humidity, detecting fire, and controlling the switching functionality of appliances. Obtaining correct environmental data, fire detection with 90% accuracy, and switching functionality with 92.33% accuracy at a distance up to 12 km demonstrated the high performance of the system. The proposed smart system with modular design proved to be highly effective in controlling and monitoring home appliances from a longer distance with relatively lower power consumption.

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