scholarly journals Malaria at Forest Areas in South Kalimantan, Indonesia: Risk Factors and Strategies for Elimination

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (E) ◽  
pp. 1147-1154
Author(s):  
Istiana Istiana ◽  
Usman Hadi ◽  
Yoes Prijatna Dachlan ◽  
Heny Arwati
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
Effective Use

BACKGROUND: South Kalimantan is one of province in Indonesia which has endemic area, mainly in the villages at forest area. Understanding the risk factors which can increase the risk of malaria in individuals at forest area will enable more effective use for controlling the disease. The identification of risk factors will provide information about local malaria epidemiology and usefull for making appropriate and effective malaria eradication program policies in this area. AIM: To know the risk factors of malaria prevalence in endemic forest areas in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 107 adult people who lived in Batu Bulan Village and Batu Paha Village, South Kalimantan. Blood samples for malaria microscopy and rapid diagnostic test is taken from cubital vein. Household factors and demographic data were obtained. Chi-square and logistic regression were performed to analyze the factors associated with malaria prevalence in South Kalimantan. This research didn’t do vector survey, only on the prevalence of malaria and risk factor in human and environment. RESULTS: The prevalence of malaria based RDT examination was 35.5% with 23.68% Plasmodium falciparum, 21.05% Plasmodium vivax, and 55.27% mixed infection. The prevalence malaria based on microscopic examination was 17.75% with 47.36% P. falciparum, 26.32% P. vivax, and 26.32% mix infection. Demographic factors influencing the prevalence of malaria were aged below 25-years-old (p = 0.01, 95% CI, OR = 2.289), villages in Batu Paha (p = 0.048, 95% CI, OR = 3.55), and occupation as a forest worker (p = 0.022, 95% CI, OR = 6.38). House factors that influence the prevalence of malaria were the condition of the walls that are open or not tight (p = 0.048 95% CI, OR = 5.205), the roof is made of plastic (p = 0.015 95% CI, OR = 2.831), and the presence of animal cage around the house (p = 0.015 95% CI, OR = 6.292). CONCLUSIONS: Malaria incidence remains occurs with high prevalence in the pupolation in remote forest areas.

scholarly journals RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN RURAL NIGERIA: A CROSS SECTIONAL SURVEY AND A REVIEW OF THE CURRENT LITERATURE

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-375
Author(s):  
Anthonia A. Ikpeme*,Nchiewe E. Ani, Edoise M. Isiwele, Andrew E. Ekpenyong,Emmanuel E. Ekanem
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross River State

Introduction: Over 80% of cardiovascular deaths take place in low and middle incomecountries. These cardiovascular deaths are caused by modifiable risk factors. Evidenceis emerging that some of these factors maybe even more prevalent in rural areas whichare generally underserved.Aim: The aim of this study was to record risk factors for cardiovascular disease inrural communities in south southern Nigeria and review some related literature.Methods: A cross sectional study during clinical outreach activities that took placein 2016 to 2018 in several rural and few urban communities in Cross River State,Nigeria. Participating individuals gave full consent and ethical clearance obtained.Socio-demographic data, Anthropometric data and Blood sugar measurements wereobtained. Data extracted was transferred into EXCEL thereafter analysis was doneusing SPSS version 21. p values less than 0.05 were deemed statistically significant.Tests of significance included Anova, chi square and student t- tests.Results: Total population investigated over the 3 year period was 504. (2016-33.1%),(2017 -37.9%), (2018 – 28%) with a Female: Male distribution of 1:1.Most participants tended to be overweight across the years 59.7%, 59.1%, 73.7%,2016, 2017, and 2018 respectively. The prevalence of Hypertension was 10.71%. Nosignificant gender difference in the prevalence of Hypertension (6.94% males to 3.77%females, p=0.097). The prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus was 10.67%. There was nosignificant gender prevalence (6.67% males to 4.00% females, p =0.431)Conclusion: Cardiovascular disease remains relatively uncommon in Sub-SaharanAfrica, despite an increasing prevalence of risk factors, but it’s incidence is rising.Steps should be taken in Sub-Saharan Africa to prevent an epidemic. This involvesdetailed and regular screening for cardiovascular risk factors in rural communities.Key words: RISK FACTORS, Cardio vascular disease, South South Nigeria.

scholarly journals The habit of bathing, washing, and defecation habits with malaria events in Pagedongan, Banjarnegara

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Hastuti Tongkodu ◽  
Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto ◽  
Trisno Agung Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Mosquito Nets ◽  
Implementation Program ◽  
Primary Cluster

The habits of bathing, washing, and defecation associated with malaria events in Pagedongan, BanjarnegaraPurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with the incidence of malaria in Pagedongan, Banjarnegara.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted involving 262 respondents in Pagedongan, Banjarnegara. GPS was used to determine the coordinate points of the respondent's house.ResultsThe prevalence of malaria increased 1.2911 times greater in people who bathe, wash, and defecate outside of the house compared with malaria prevalence in people who did not bathe, wash, defecate outside the house, and it was statistically significant (p=0.0021).ConclusionThe use of mosquito nets, the use of mosquito coils, night out, washing, bathing, defecation the presence of gardens were statistically significant risk factors for malaria incidence. In addition, there was found a clustering of cases (primary cluster) of malaria incidence that was statistically significant. Education on the importance of using mosquito nets, and the use of mosquito repellent, to avoid mosquito bites at night while sleeping need to be done, while 3M implementation program also needs to be improved.

scholarly journals Nationality as a risk factor of tuberculosis resistance in two co-related countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Ali Afaghi Gharamaleki ◽  
Seyyedreza Moaddab ◽  
Mojtaba Darbouy ◽  
Khalil Ansarin ◽  
Shahram Hanifian
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Lowenstein Jensen

Background: Republic of Azerbaijan and Iran are two neighboring countries with high amount of travelling between them, different rates of TB and its resistance. These relationships could complicate the controlling of tuberculosis programs. Objective: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) resistance and its risk factors in the two geographically co-related regions. Method: A total of 119Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from the patients of the target regions (Azerbaijan Rep. and Tabriz, Iran) were examined at the Central Tuberculosis Laboratory in Tabriz, Iran. The cultures and drug susceptibility tests was performed on Lowenstein-Jensen. All the isolates were categorized by MIRU-VNTR molecular method into clustered and un-clustered groups. The clustering as well as demographic data were analyzed to determine the risk factors contributing to TB resistance. The categorical data about the TB resistance were compared using a chi square test. Results: 27.8 percent of isolates were resistant at least to one of the 1st line of anti-tuberculosis drugs. The prevalence of any drug resistance and MDR were 64.6 and 17.9 percent respectively for Azari isolates, where the rate of resistance to rifampin and isoniazid was higher than streptomycin and ethambutol. The corresponding figures for the isolates from Tabriz were 16.9 and 3.3 percent respectively. Conclusions: The results of this comparative and cross-sectional study showed statistically significant differences in TB resistance between the isolates from the patients of Azerbaijan Rep. and Iran. According to the results, the rate of resistance to RMP, INH, and MDR was higher in Azerbaijan; consequently, nationality could be regarded as a risk factor of MDR, resistance to RMP and INH but not to SM and ETB. Other studied parameters did not contribute to TB resistance. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(1) 2019 p.36-41

Incidence and Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Kermanshah Province, Iran During 2010-2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-207
Author(s):  
Jalil Rajabi ◽  
Ramin Hamidi-Farahani ◽  
Feizollah Mansouri ◽  
Saeed Soleiman-Meigooni
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Vaccination History

Introduction: Incidence of brucellosis was growing up in Iran during the past years. Kermanshah province-west of Iran is one of the endemic regions of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of brucellosis in Kermanshah province during a recent five-year period. Methods: This study was an observational cross-sectional study performed on registries of the patients with brucellosis at the center for the zoonotic disease of Kermanshah University of medical sciences during 2010-2014. The data was collected using a questionnaire containing demographic data and the risk factor of brucellosis. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS-22 software using descriptive statistic, Chi-square, and student t-test. Results: The five-years mean incidence of brucellosis in our study was 46.5 in one hundred thousand, and male to female ratio was 1.37/1. The most common risk factors of brucellosis in our patients were unpasteurized dairy products’ consumption (47%) and occupational contact with livestock (14.4%). 84% of the patients were rural. The most common diagnostic method was the standard agglutination test within 1/160 and 1/320 titers. Conclusion: Risk factors of brucellosis in our study were like other studies, but in more than onethird of the patients, no risk factor was identified. Lack of livestock vaccination history and incomplete registered data about other possible transmission routes of transmission were the limitations of the study.

scholarly journals Habit of cooking pork on hot stones as main risk of cysticercosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Semuel Sandy ◽  
Antonius Oktavian ◽  
Hanna S Kawulur ◽  
Mirna Widiyanti ◽  
Iman HS Sasto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Serological Examination ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Immunoassay Technique

Background<br />Cysticercosis is an infectious disease caused by the larval form of Taenia solium (cysticercus cellulosae) and has been ranked as the most important food-borne parasite of humans in terms of public health, socioeconomic and trade impact. Cysticercosis is still a health problem in Papua and is inseparable from socio-cultural factors, hygiene and environmental sanitation. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of cysticercosis and the risk factors that contribute to cysticercosis.<br /><br />Methods<br />A cross-sectional study was conducted in March-November 2016 involving 800 subjects. Demographic data and risk factors were collected using questionnaires. Cysticercosis serological examination was performed by means of the magnetic microsphere bead immunoassay technique coupled with rT24H recombinant protein to detect serum rT24H cysticercosis specific antibodies. The data obtained were analyzed by bivariate test (chi-square) and logistic regression.<br /><br />Results<br />Cysticercosis seroprevalence in Papua was 3.6% (284/7 874). The logistic regression analysis found that the risk factors playing the role of predictor were cooking pork with hot stones [OR=3.06; 95%CI: 2.19-4.28; p=0.000], nail hygiene [OR=2.05; 95%CI: 1.57-2.67; p=0.000], consumption of raw vegetables or salads [OR=0.52; 95%CI: 0.30-0.91; p=0.022], use of river water for washing foods [OR= 1.92; 95%CI: 1.39-2.64; p=0.000].<br /><br />Conclusions<br />Cooking pork with hot stones was the main risk factor of cysticercosis. Suspected cases of T. solium in pigs should be confirmed by molecular methods. Both taeniasis and human cysticercosis should be notifiable and surveillance in animals should be improved.

Characteristics and risk factors associated with stroke subtypes among adult patients admitted to stroke unit of JUMC

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bekalu Getachew Gebreegziabher ◽  
Tesema Etefa Birhanu ◽  
Diriba Dereje Olana ◽  
Behailu Terefe Tesfaye
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Stroke Unit ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Stroke Subtypes

Background: Stroke is a great public health problem in Ethiopia. According to reports, in-hospital stroke mortality was estimated to be 14.7% in Ethiopia. Despite this, in this country researches done on factors associated with stroke sub-types were inadequate. Objective: To assess the Characteristics and risk factors associated with stroke sub-types among patients admitted to JUMC. Methods and materials: A retrospective cross sectional study was conducted from May 2017 to May 2018 in stroke unit of Jimma University Medical Center. A total of 106 medical charts of patients diagnosed with stroke were reviewed. Checklist comprising of relevant variables was used to collect data. SPSS version 21 was employed for data entry and analysis. Chi-square test was used to point-out association and difference among stroke sub-types. The data was presented using text, tables and figures. Result: From a total of 106 patients, 67(63.2%) were men. The mean ± SD of age was 52.67±12.46 years, and no significant association was found. Of all the patients, 59(55.6%) had ischemic strokes and 47(44.4%) had hemorrhagic strokes. The most common risk factor in the patients was alcohol use with a prevalence of 69.9%. Of all the risk factors, only sex, cigarettes smoking and dyslipidemia were significantly associated to sub-types of stroke. Conclusion: Ischemic stroke was the most common subtype of stroke. Sex of patient, cigarette smoking and dyslipidemia are significantly associated with the two stroke subtypes.

scholarly journals The characteristics and risk factors of human papillomavirus infection: an outpatient population-based study in Changsha, Hunan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingsi Gao ◽  
Yu-Ligh Liou ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
Lingxiao Zou ◽  
Waixing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Test Kit

AbstractThis cross-sectional study investigated the characteristics of cervical HPV infection in Changsha area and explored the influence of Candida vaginitis on this infection. From 11 August 2017 to 11 September 2018, 12,628 outpatient participants ranged from 19 to 84 years old were enrolled and analyzed. HPV DNA was amplified and tested by HPV GenoArray Test Kit. The vaginal ecology was detected by microscopic and biochemistry examinations. The diagnosis of Candida vaginitis was based on microscopic examination (spores, and/or hypha) and biochemical testing (galactosidase) for vaginal discharge by experts. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.4. Continuous and categorical variables were analyzed by t-tests and by Chi-square tests, respectively. HPV infection risk factors were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Of the total number of participants, 1753 were infected with HPV (13.88%). Females aged ≥ 40 to < 50 years constituted the largest population of HPV-infected females (31.26%). The top 5 HPV subtypes affecting this population of 1753 infected females were the following: HPV-52 (28.01%), HPV-58 (14.83%), CP8304 (11.47%), HPV-53 (10.84%), and HPV-39 (9.64%). Age (OR 1.01; 95% CI 1–1.01; P < 0.05) and alcohol consumption (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.09–1.56; P < 0.01) were found to be risk factors for HPV infection. However, the presence of Candida in the vaginal flora was found to be a protective factor against HPV infection (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.48–0.8; P < 0.001). Comparing with our previous study of 2016, we conclude that the subtype distribution of HPV infection is relatively constant in Changsha. Our data suggest a negative correlation between vaginal Candida and HPV, however, more radical HPV management is required in this area for perimenopausal women and those who regularly consume alcohol.

scholarly journals Prevalence, characteristics and risk factors of imported and local malaria cases in North-Western Province, Zambia: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen N. Chipoya ◽  
Nzooma M. Shimaponda-Mataa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Imported Malaria ◽  
Full Blood Count ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Western Province ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
North Western

Abstract Background Imported malaria is a major challenge for countries that are in malaria elimination stage such as Zambia. Legitimate cross-border activities add to the risk of transmission, necessitating determination of prevalence, characteristics and risk factors of imported and local malaria. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in 103 consented child and adult patients with clinical malaria symptoms, from selected health facilities in north-western Zambia. Patient demographic data and blood samples for malaria microscopy and full blood count were obtained. Chi-square and penalized logistic regression were performed to describe the characteristics and assess the risk factors of imported and local malaria in North-Western Province. Results Overall, malaria prevalence was 78.6% with 93.8% Plasmodium falciparum and 6.2% other species. The local cases were 72 (88.9%) while the imported were 9 (11.1%) out of the 81 positive participants. About 98.6% of the local cases were P. falciparum compared to 55.6% (χ2 = 52.4; p < 0.01) P. falciparum among the imported cases. Among the imported cases, 44% were species other than P. falciparum (χ2 = 48; p < 0.01) while among the local cases only 1.4% were. Gametocytes were present in 44% of the imported malaria cases and only in 2.8% of the local cases (χ2 = 48; p < 0.01). About 48.6% of local participants had severe anaemia compared to 33.3% of participants from the two neighbouring countries who had (χ2 = 4.9; p = 0.03). In the final model, only country of residence related positively to presence of species other than P. falciparum (OR = 39.0, CI [5.9, 445.9]; p < 0.01) and presence of gametocytes (OR = 23.1, CI [4.2, 161.6]; p < 0.01). Conclusion Malaria prevalence in North-Western Province is high, with P. falciparum as the predominant species although importation of Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae is happening as well. Country of residence of patients is a major risk factor for malaria species and gametocyte presence. The need for enhanced malaria control with specific focus on border controls to detect and treat, for specific diagnosis and treatment according to species obtaining, for further research in the role of species and gametocytaemia in imported malaria, cannot be overemphasized.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Safety of Blood Collected for Transfusion at University of Gondar Hospital Blood Bank, Northwest Ethiopia

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailegebriel Wondimu ◽  
Zelalem Addis ◽  
Feleke Moges ◽  
Yitayal Shiferaw
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Blood Bank ◽  
Bacterial Isolation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test

Background. Transfusion associated bacterial infection has remained more frequent with a sever risk of morbidity and mortality. This study assessed the bacteriological safety of blood collected for transfusion. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted at University of Gondar hospital blood bank from December 2011 to June 2012. Bacterial isolation, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done as per the standard procedure. Chi-square test and P value were used to assess associations between risk factors and the bacterial isolation rate. Results. Twenty-one (15.33%) blood units were found contaminated with bacteria, and 95.24% contamination was due to external sources. The commonly isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Streptococci species, Enterobacter species, and Citrobacter species. All of the bacteria isolated were 100% sensitive to Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin, and Doxycycline. Multiple antimicrobial resistances were observed in 66.7% of the isolates. Not using glove by phlebotomist, touching disinfected phlebotomy site and double puncture at the same hand or both hands of a donor were found to be risk factors for bacterial contamination. Conclusion. Bacterial contamination of blood to be transfused is a common problem in the hospital. So attention should be given to activities performed at the blood bank for safe transfusion practices.

Prevalence of Types, Frequency and Risk Factors for Complications after Exodontia

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Oral Surgery ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Dental Trauma ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Outpatient Department ◽  
Impacted Tooth ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Mandibular Third Molars

Background: Exodontia is one of the most frequently carried out procedures by a dental surgeon, mostly on an outpatient department basis. The reasons for performing exodontia include non-restorable teeth, periodontal disease, dental trauma, impacted tooth, orthodontic treatment and toothache. Complications in dental extraction are a commonly encountered problem in dental clinics. This knowledge can help dental surgeons make extractions less invasive, traumatic and complicated, enabling quicker recovery of the socket. The aim of this study was to recognize types, frequency and risk factors for complications after exodontia. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled patients who had exodontia done from July- September 2019, visiting OPD of the Oral surgery department of Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi. Risk factors included demographic data, general health, past medical and dental history. Spearman’s correlation test was used to establish any relationship of variables with complications. Results: The study patients (126) included 72 females (mean age 39.1±13.39) and 54 males (mean age 41.1±14.93). The overall complications rate was found to be 7.1%, mainly arising from maxillary and mandibular third molars. The most common complications encountered were Hemorrhage, Pain, and Trismus. Increasing age and specific teeth extracted were associated with an increased risk for complications. However, post-operative complications which were encountered most of them were minor and handled on an outpatient department basis. Conclusion: Frequency and risk factors for complications after exodontia were found low3 (37.5%). While age and teeth extracted cannot be directly altered, these factors maybe indirectly modified, resulting in a potential decrease of postoperative complications.

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