scholarly journals Bullying among adolescents: The role of skills

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 945-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Sarzosa ◽  
Sergio Urzúa
Keyword(s):  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Noncognitive Skills ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Factor Analytic Model ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
Effects Of Bullying

Bullying cannot be tolerated as a normal social behavior portraying a child's life. This paper quantifies its negative consequences allowing for the possibility that victims and nonvictims differ in unobservable characteristics. To this end, we introduce a factor analytic model for identifying treatment effects of bullying in which latent cognitive and noncognitive skills determine victimization and multiple outcomes. We use early test scores to identify the distribution of these skills. Individual‐, classroom‐ and district‐level variables are also accounted for. Applying our method to longitudinal data from South Korea, we first show that while noncognitive skills reduce the chances of being bullied during middle school, the probability of being victimized is greater in classrooms with relatively high concentration of boys, previously self‐assessed bullies and students that come from violent families. We report bullying at age 15 has negative effects on physical and mental health outcomes at age 18. We also uncover heterogeneous effects by latent skills, from which we document positive effects on the take‐up of risky behaviors and negative effects on schooling attainment. Our findings suggest that investing in noncognitive development should guide policy efforts intended to deter this problematic behavior.

scholarly journals COVID-19: A Boon or a Bane for Creativity?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxence Mercier ◽  
Florent Vinchon ◽  
Nicolas Pichot ◽  
Eric Bonetto ◽  
Nathalie Bonnardel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Lower Baseline ◽  
Everyday Creativity ◽  
The Impact

In many countries, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a period of lockdown that impacted individuals’ lifestyles, in both professional and personal spheres. New problems and challenges arose, as well as opportunities. Numerous studies have examined the negative effects of lockdown measures, but few have attempted to shine light on the potential positive effects that may come out of these measures. We focused on one particular positive outcome that might have emerged from lockdown: creativity. To this end, this paper compared self-reported professional creativity (Pro-C) and everyday creativity (little-c) before and during lockdown, using a questionnaire-based study conducted on a French sample (N = 1266). We expected participants to be more creative during than prior to lockdown, in both professional and everyday spheres. Regarding Pro-C, we did not see any significant differences between the two comparison points, before and during lockdown. Regarding everyday creativity, we observed a significant increase during lockdown. Furthermore, our results suggest that participants with a lower baseline creativity (before lockdown) benefited more from the situation than those with a higher initial baseline creativity. Our results provide new insights on the impact of lockdown and its positive outcomes. These measures may have inarguably negative consequences on the physical and mental health of many, but their positive impact exists as well.

scholarly journals COVID-19: A Boon or a Bane for Creativity?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxence Mercier ◽  
Florent Vinchon ◽  
Nicolas PICHOT ◽  
Eric Bonetto ◽  
Nathalie Bonnardel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Lower Baseline ◽  
Everyday Creativity ◽  
The Impact

In many countries, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a period of lockdown that impacted individual’s lifestyles, in both professional and personal spheres. New problems and challenges arose, as well as opportunities. Numerous studies have examined the negative effects of lockdown measures, but few have attempted to shine light on the potential positive effects that may come out of these measures. We focused on one particular positive outcome that might have emerged from lockdown: creativity. To this end, this paper compared professional creativity (Pro-C) and everyday creativity (little-c) before and during lockdown, using a questionnaire-based study conducted on a French sample (N = 1266). We expected participants to be more creative during than prior to lockdown, in both professional and everyday spheres. Regarding professional creativity, we did not see any significant differences between the two comparison points, before and during lockdown. Regarding everyday creativity, we observed a significant increase during lockdown. Furthermore, our results suggest that participants with a lower baseline creativity (before lockdown) benefited more from the situation than those with a higher initial baseline creativity. Our results provide new insights on the impact of lockdown and its positive outcomes. These measures may have inarguably negative consequences on the physical and mental health of many, but their positive impact exists as well.

scholarly journals Psychosocial effects of homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic: Differences between seven European countries and between children with and without mental health conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa B Thorell ◽  
Charlotte Borg Skoglund ◽  
Almudena Giménez de la Peña ◽  
Dieter Baeyens ◽  
Anselm Fuermaier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Online Teaching ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Mental Health Condition ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Psychosocial Effects ◽  
Positive Effects

The aim of the present study was to examine parental experiences of homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic in families with or without a child with a mental health condition across Europe. The study included 6720 parents (2002 parents with a child with a mental health condition and 4718 without) from seven European countries: the United Kingdom (n=508), Sweden (n=1436), Spain (n=1491), Belgium (n=508), the Netherlands (n=324), Germany (n=1662) and Italy (n=794). Many parents found homeschooling to be of poor quality, with insufficient support from schools and general negative effects on both children and parents. In most countries, online teaching was uncommon, leaving parents with primary responsibility for managing their child’s schooling. Parents also reported increased levels of stress, worry, social isolation, and domestic conflict. A small number of parents reported increased parental alcohol/drug use. Some differences were found between countries and some effects were more pronounced in families with a child with a mental health condition. However, group differences were generally small, indicating that negative effects were present in many families across countries. It should also be noted that some parents reported positive effects of homeschooling for their child or themselves. The adverse effects of homeschooling will likely have a long-term impact and contribute to increased inequalities. Given that school closures have been argued to be less effective than other social distancing interventions, policymakers need to carefully consider the negative consequences of homeschooling during a possible second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and future pandemics.

scholarly journals Germination and Early Development of Three Spontaneous Plant Species Exposed to Nanoceria (nCeO2) with Different Concentrations and Particle Sizes

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2534
Author(s):  
Daniel Lizzi ◽  
Alessandro Mattiello ◽  
Barbara Piani ◽  
Guido Fellet ◽  
Alessio Adamiano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Holcus Lanatus ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
Plant Seedlings

This study aimed to provide insight regarding the influence of Ce oxide nanoparticles (nCeO2) with different concentrations and two different particle sizes on the germination and root elongation in seedlings of spontaneous terrestrial species. In a bench-scale experiment, seeds of the monocot, Holcus lanatus and dicots Lychnis-flos-cuculi and Diplotaxis tenuifolia were treated with solutions containing nCeO2 25 nm and 50 nm in the range 0–2000 mg Ce L−1. The results show that nCeO2 enters within the plant tissues. Even at high concentration, nCeO2 have positive effects on seed germination and the development of the seedling roots. This study further demonstrated that the particle size had no influence on the germination of L. flos-cuculi, while in H. lanatus and D. tenuifolia, the germination percentage was slightly higher (+10%) for seeds treated with nCeO2 25 nm with respect to 50 nm. In summary, the results indicated that nCeO2 was taken up by germinating seeds, but even at the highest concentrations, they did not have negative effects on plant seedlings. The influence of the different sizes of nCeO2 on germination and root development was not very strong. It is likely that particle agglomeration and ion dissolution influenced the observed effects.

Legalization, Trade Liberalization, and Domestic Politics: A Cautionary Note

2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Goldstein ◽  
Lisa L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Information Environment ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Liberal Trade

If the purpose of legalization is to enhance international cooperation, more may not always be better. Achieving the optimal level of legalization requires finding a balance between reducing the risks of opportunism and reducing the potential negative effects of legalization on domestic political processes. The global trade regime, which aims to liberalize trade, has become increasingly legalized over time. Increased legalization has changed the information environment and the nature of government obligations, which in turn have affected the pattern of mobilization of domestic interest groups on trade. From the perspective of encouraging the future expansion of liberal trade, we suggest some possible negative consequences of legalization, arguing that these consequences must be weighed against the positive effects of legalization on increasing national compliance. Since the weakly legalized GATT institution proved sufficient to sustain widespread liberalization, the case for further legalization must be strong to justify far-reaching change in the global trade regime.

scholarly journals Promoting Efficient Self-regulation in Emergencies and Crises in Law Enforcement Officers

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-145
Author(s):  
Е.А. Сорокоумова ◽  
Р.В. Лаптев ◽  
Н.Н. Устюжанин
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Self Actualization ◽  
Work Routine

В статье рассматривается проблема недостаточной практической готовности сотрудников правоохранительных органов самостоятельно и успешно противостоять длительному негативному влиянию экстремальных условий, стресс-факторов и режимов труда. Готовность раскрывается через особенности взаимодействия их произвольной саморегуляции, нервно-психической устойчивости, самопознания, осознанности и самоопределения в процессе длительного выполнения задач, повышенных ответственности, сложности, напряженности и риска неблагоприятных последствий. Представлены результаты исследования одного из актуальных направлений повышения психологической защищенности сотрудников правоохранительных органов в процессе работы с ними по авторской психолого-дидактической программе. В основу разработки предложенных авторами модели учебно-профессиональной деятельности в критических ситуациях и целевой программы эффективного освоения в ее рамках навыков произвольной регуляции положены функции, роль, потенциальные возможности и задачи специалистов в области целевой психологической подготовки этой категории работников. Цель исследования заключалась в определении эффективности работы по данной программе с учетом особенностей саморегуляции, нервно-психической устойчивости и осознанности, выявленных у сотрудников правоохранительных органов в процессе учебно-профессиональной деятельности при повышенной, в том числе психологической, нагрузке. Представлены результаты исследования уровня нервно-психической устойчивости, параметров адаптивности, поведенческой регуляции, моральной нормативности, коммуникативного потенциала, личностного адаптивного потенциала, планирования, моделирования, програмирования, оценивания, гибкости, самостоятельности, общей саморегуляции, осознанности сотрудников правоохранительных органов на констатирующем этапе и после развивающей работы с ними по авторской программе, показывающие положительную динамику их развития. Сформулирован вывод о том, что развитие самосознания и способности к произвольной психической саморегуляции оказывает стабилизирующее влияние на внутреннее состояние и увеличивает эффективность деятельности. The article treats the issue of insufficient readiness of law enforcement officers to successfully and independently resist the negative influence of extreme conditions and stressors of their work routine. One’s readiness is manifested through efficient self-regulation, psychological resistance, self-actualization, and self-identification in the process of long-term fulfilment of highly responsible, complex tasks fraught with negative consequences and constraints. The article presents the results of a research designed to investigate the enhancement of law enforcement officers’ psychological security by means of a psychological training program elaborated by the authors of the article. The aforementioned program focuses on the efficient development of law enforcement officers’ self-regulation skills. It takes into consideration the professional functions, roles, potential skills and tasks performed by specialists whose work it is to ensure law enforcement officers’ psychological readiness to successfully resist the negative effects of the outer world. The aim of the research is to identify criteria that can be used to determine the efficiency of law enforcement officers’ self-regulation, psychological stability and awareness in extreme physical and mental conditions. The article presents the results of the investigation of law enforcement officers’ psychological stability, adaptivity, behavioural regulation, moral normativity, communicative potential, individual adaptive potential, planning, modelling, assessment, flexibility, independence, self-regulation, actualization. It underlines positive effects of the program on law enforcement officers’ skills development. The article maintains that the development of law enforcement officers’ self-regulation and actualization skills improves their inner stability and enhances the efficiency of their professional activities.

Hijacking the rule of law in postconflict environments

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Sesay
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The Uk

AbstractThe positive effects of rule of law norms and institutions are often assumed in the peacebuilding literature, with empirical work focusing more on processes of compliance with international standards in war-torn countries. Yet, this article contends that purportedly ‘good’ rule of law norms do not always deliver benign benefits but rather often have negative consequences that harm the very local constituents that peacebuilders promise to help. Specifically, the article argues that rule of law promotion in war-torn countries disproportionately favours actors who have been historically privileged by unequal socio-legal and economic structures at the expense of those whom peacebuilders claim to emancipate. By entrenching an inequitable state system which benefits those with wealth, education, and influence, rule of law institutions have reinforced structural, social, and cost-related barriers to justice. These negative effects explain why war-torn societies avoid the formal courts and law enforcement agencies despite substantial international efforts to professionalise and strengthen these institutions to meet global rule of law standards. The argument is drawn from an historical, comparative, and empirical analysis of the UK-funded justice sector development programme in Sierra Leone and US-supported rule of law reforms in Liberia – two postwar countries often cited as prototypes of successful peacebuilding.

scholarly journals No Effect of Nature Representations on State Anxiety, Actual and Perceived Noise

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Korbmacher ◽  
Lynn Wright
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Library Users

Previous research indicates that nature and nature representations might have positive effects and noise negative effects on various facets of life, such as performance, perceived life quality, physical and mental health. In this intervention, we observed whether posters showing forests can be used to reduce actual noise, perceived noise, and state anxiety in university library users. Measurements were taken twice daily for a 5-day period pre-intervention and again during the intervention, when posters were installed. No significant differences were found perceived or actual noise levels and state anxiety between pre-intervention and intervention phase. Correlations between actual and perceived noise, and actual noise and state anxiety were inconclusive. Finally, regression models with actual and perceived (overall and talking) noise and study phase as predictors delivered mixed results only explaining a small portion of the variance of state anxiety. The absence of an observed effect of nature representations on state anxiety, as well as actual and perceived noise is discussed.

scholarly journals Addition of trace elements to Fagopyrum esculentum and F. tataricum / Dodajanje elementov v sledovih navadni in tatarski ajdi (Fagopyrum esculentum in F. tataricum)

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Mateja Germ ◽  
Nina Kacjan Maršić ◽  
Helena Šircelj ◽  
Ana Kroflič ◽  
Ana Jerše ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Optimal Function ◽  
High Or Low Temperature

Plants need at least 14 elements for normal functioning. Selenium (Se) is on the list of beneficial elements for plants, since it has many positive effects in a propriate concentrations. Iodine (I) is not yet classified on that list since there are not enough studies about the effect of I on plants. Selenium in plants may cause a delay of senescence and promote the growth of the ageing seedlings. Selenium also exhibits protective role in UV treated plants, plants, exposed to water shortage, and in plants, exposed to high or low temperature. High concentration of Se was reported to cause physiological disturbances in plants due to Se binding to cysteine and methionine molecules instead of S, and the inclusion of selenocysteine and selenomethionine in proteins. I might have a positive effect on plants, including its protective role in antioxidant activities in plants, exposed to different stress conditions. Both elements are in deficit in human nutrition in many countries worldwide. I and Se are needed for the optimal function of thyroid gland, thus simultaneous biofortification of crops is feasible for areas deficient in both elements. Selenium and I interfere with each other in pea, common buckwheat plants and in kohlrabi. Sulphur (S) and Se have similar chemical properties, and the assimilation of Se and S follows the S metabolic pathway. S induced the accumulation of Se in Tartary buckwheat in field experiment. Silicon (Si) enhances plant strength, ameliorates the negative effects of salinity, drought, and high or low temperatures, ameliorates metal toxicity, and increases plant resistance to different pathogens and herbivores. Key words: buckwheat, Fagopyrum, selenium, iodine, sulphur, silicon   Izvleček Rastline potrebujejo vsaj 14 elementov za normalno rast. Selen (Se) je na seznamu koristnih elementov za rastline, saj ima v ustreznih koncentracijah veliko pozitivnih učinkov na rastline. Jod (I) na ta seznam še ni uvrščen, saj ni dovolj raziskav o vplivu I na rastline. Selen pri rastlinah lahko zakasni proces staranja in pospeši rast sadik. Selen kaže tudi zaščitno vlogo pri rastlinah, izpostavljenih UV žarkom, rastlinah, ki so izpostavljene pomanjkanju vode, in rastlinah, ki so izpostavljene visokim ali nizkim temperaturam. Raziskovalci poročajo, da visoke koncentracije Se povzročajo fiziološke motnje v rastlinah zaradi vezave Se na molekule cisteina in metionina na mesto žvepla in vključitve selenocisteina in selenomethionina v beljakovine. Jod pozitivno vpliva na rastline, vključno s povečanjen njihove antioksidativne aktivnosti pri rastlinah, ki so izpostavljene različnim stresnim razmeram. V mnogih državah po svetu oba elementa primanjkujeta v prehrani ljudi. Jod in Se potrebujemo za optimalno delovanje ščitnice, zato je sočasna biofortifikacija poljščin smiselna na območjih s pomanjkanjem obeh elementov. Dodatek Se in I vplivata na akumulacijo drug drugega pri grahu, navadni ajdi in pri kolerabici. Žveplo (S) in Se imata podobne kemijske lastnosti, asimilacija Se in S pa sledi metabolni poti S. Žveplo je v poljskem poskusu, kjer smo rastlinam foliarno dodajali hkrati oba elementa, povzročilo povečano kopičenje Se v tatarski ajdi. Silicij (Si) povečuje trdnost rastlin, blaži negativne učinke slanosti, suše in visokih ali nizkih temperatur, blaži strupenost kovin in povečuje odpornost rastlin na patogene in rastlinojede. Ključne besede: ajda, Fagopyrum, selen, jod, žveplo, silicij

scholarly journals Psychosocial effects of homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic: Differences between seven European countries and between children with and without mental health conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Thorell ◽  
Charlotte Borg Skoglund ◽  
Almudena Giménez de la Peña ◽  
Dieter Baeyens ◽  
Anselm Fuermaier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Online Teaching ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Mental Health Condition ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Psychosocial Effects ◽  
Positive Effects

The aim of the present study was to examine parental experiences of homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic in families with or without a child with a mental health condition across Europe. The study included 6720 parents (2002 parents with a child with a mental health condition and 4718 without) from seven European countries: the United Kingdom (n=508), Sweden (n=1436), Spain (n=1491), Belgium (n=508), the Netherlands (n=324), Germany (n=1662) and Italy (n=794). Many parents found homeschooling to be of poor quality, with insufficient support from schools and general negative effects on both children and parents. In most countries, online teaching was uncommon, leaving parents with primary responsibility for managing their child’s schooling. Parents also reported increased levels of stress, worry, social isolation, and domestic conflict. A small number of parents reported increased parental alcohol/drug use. Some differences were found between countries and some effects were more pronounced in families with a child with a mental health condition. However, group differences were generally small, indicating that negative effects were present in many families across countries. It should also be noted that some parents reported positive effects of homeschooling for their child or themselves. The adverse effects of homeschooling will likely have a long-term impact and contribute to increased inequalities. Given that school closures have been argued to be less effective than other social distancing interventions, policymakers need to carefully consider the negative consequences of homeschooling during a possible second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and future pandemics.

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