Visual Attention in 3-D Space while Moving Forward

2013 ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Takahiko Kimura ◽  
Toshiaki Miura ◽  
Kazumitsu Shinohara ◽  
Shun’ichi Doi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Self Motion

One of our cognitive functions is attention, which plays an essential role in veridical behavior. In this chapter, the research on attention in 3-D space is reviewed. In particular, for ecological validity, the shift of attention in 3-D space when observers are in self-motion is discussed. Research in cognitive psychology indicates that elucidating the role of attention in 3-D space is important for understanding a driver’s behavior, in order to suitably design the interface of in-vehicle devices. Finally, future research on the connection between attention and safety in driving situations will be discussed.

scholarly journals What Is Going on with Visual Attention in Reading and Dyslexia? A Critical Review of Recent Studies

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Conrad Perry ◽  
Heidi Long
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Span Task ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Visual Tasks

This critical review examined current issues to do with the role of visual attention in reading. To do this, we searched for and reviewed 18 recent articles, including all that were found after 2019 and used a Latin alphabet. Inspection of these articles showed that the Visual Attention Span task was run a number of times in well-controlled studies and was typically a small but significant predictor of reading ability, even after potential covariation with phonological effects were accounted for. A number of other types of tasks were used to examine different aspects of visual attention, with differences between dyslexic readers and controls typically found. However, most of these studies did not adequately control for phonological effects, and of those that did, only very weak and non-significant results were found. Furthermore, in the smaller studies, separate within-group correlations between the tasks and reading performance were generally not provided, making causal effects of the manipulations difficult to ascertain. Overall, it seems reasonable to suggest that understanding how and why different types of visual tasks affect particular aspects of reading performance is an important area for future research.

scholarly journals Eye contact enhances interpersonal motor resonance: comparing video stimuli to a live two-person action context

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 967-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jellina Prinsen ◽  
Kaat Alaerts
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Social Responsiveness ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Motor Resonance ◽  
Action Context

Abstract Previous research has shown a link between eye contact and interpersonal motor resonance, indicating that the mirroring of observed movements is enhanced when accompanied with mutual eye contact between actor and observer. Here, we further explored the role of eye contact within a naturalistic two-person action context. Twenty-two participants observed simple hand movements combined with direct or averted gaze presented via a live model in a two-person setting or via video recordings, while transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over the primary motor cortex (M1) to measure changes in M1 excitability. Skin conductance responses and gaze behavior were also measured to investigate the role of arousal and visual attention herein. Eye contact significantly enhanced excitability of the observer’s M1 during movement observation within a two-person setting. Notably, participants with higher social responsiveness (Social Communication subscale of the Social Responsiveness Scale) displayed a more pronounced modulation of M1 excitability by eye gaze. Gaze-related modulations in M1 excitability were, however, not associated with differences in visual attention or autonomic arousal. In summary, the current study highlights the effectiveness and feasibility of adopting paradigms with high ecological validity for studying the modulation of mirror system processes by subtle social cues, such as eye gaze.

scholarly journals Angular and Linear Speed Cells in the Parahippocampal Circuits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Spalla ◽  
Alessandro Treves ◽  
Charlotte N. Boccara
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Angular Speed ◽  
Spatial Representations ◽  
Hippocampal Region ◽  
Medial Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
Linear Speed ◽  
Attractor Networks ◽  
Self Motion ◽  
Continuous Attractor Networks

AbstractAn essential role of the hippocampal region is to integrate information to compute and update representations. How this transpires is highly debated. Many theories hinge on the integration of self-motion signals and the existence of continuous attractor networks (CAN). CAN models hypothesise that neurons coding for navigational correlates – such as position and direction – receive inputs from cells conjunctively coding for position, direction and self-motion. As yet, such conjunctive coding had not been found in the hippocampal region. Here, we report neurons coding for angular and linear velocity, distributed across the medial entorhinal cortex, the presubiculum and the parasubiculum. These self-motion neurons often conjunctively encoded position and/or direction, yet lacked a structured organisation, calling for the revision of current CAN models. These results offer insights as to how linear/angular speed – derivative in time of position/direction – may allow the updating of spatial representations, possibly uncovering a generalised algorithm to update any representation.

scholarly journals Real Person Interaction in Visual Attention Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff G. Cole ◽  
Paul A. Skarratt ◽  
Gustav Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Joint Attention ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Social Attention ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Real Person

Abstract. An important development in cognitive psychology in the past decade has been the examination of visual attention during real social interaction. This contrasts traditional laboratory studies of attention, including “social attention,” in which observers perform tasks alone. In this review, we show that although the lone-observer method has been central to attention research, real person interaction paradigms have not only uncovered the processes that occur during “joint attention,” but have also revealed attentional processes previously thought not to occur. Furthermore, the examination of some visual attention processes almost invariably requires the use of real person paradigms. While we do not argue for an increase in “ecological validity” for its own sake, we do suggest that research using real person interaction has greatly benefited the development of visual attention theories.

scholarly journals The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Causal Reasoning ◽  
Final Section ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Causal Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Causal Theories

Causal reasoning is one of our most central cognitive competencies, enabling us to adapt to our world. Causal knowledge allows us to predict future events, or diagnose the causes of observed facts. We plan actions and solve problems using knowledge about cause-effect relations. Without our ability to discover and empirically test causal theories, we would not have made progress in various empirical sciences. In the past decades, the important role of causal knowledge has been discovered in many areas of cognitive psychology. Despite the ubiquity of causal reasoning, textbooks of cognitive psychology have neglected this growing field. The goal of The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning is to fill this gap. The handbook brings together the leading researchers in the field of causal reasoning and offers state-of-the-art presentations of theories and research. It provides introductions of competing theories of causal reasoning, and discusses its role in various cognitive functions and domains. The final section presents research from neighboring fields.

scholarly journals An Inherent Bond: External Visual Aid Has a Minor Effect on the Rate of Co-Speech Gestures

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samer Omar Jarbou
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Speech Comprehension ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Information Packaging ◽  
Visual Aid ◽  
A Minor

Abstract. Traditionally, the purpose of representational co-speech gestures is to repeat or represent the semantic content of accompanying speech and so to facilitate speech comprehension. To test this belief, each of 22 participants was asked to deliver an informative speech once with the support of visual aid in the form of data-show (DS) projector slides and then to deliver the same speech without using any visual aid (NDS) in a different session; the purpose was to see if using visual aid had any significant effect on gesture rate during speech production. The theoretical framework of the study is based on findings in the Information Packaging Hypothesis, the Gesture as Simulated Action framework and relevant findings in cognitive psychology and neuroscience. The results showed that all participants used gestures during both sessions; the average number of co-speech gestures was 7.2 during the NDS and 6 during the DS sessions. This shows that using visual aid that supports the semantic content of speech did not lead to a significant reduction in the number of co-speech gestures in the DS sessions; it also indicates that the role of co-speech gestures is not merely to repeat the semantic content of accompanying speech. These results confirm previous findings in cognitive psychology that speech and accompanying gesture are cognitively and instinctively connected as one unit and that co-speech gestures possibly have an essential role in facilitating speech conceptualization and production. Speech and co-speech gestures are neurologically interconnected and they are impulsively produced whenever a speaker intends to communicate a message. These findings also add further evidence to relevant research which emphasizes that co-speech gestures are not produced merely as visual aid that aims to supplement speech.

scholarly journals Angular and Linear Speed Cells in the Parahippocampal Circuits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Spalla ◽  
Alessandro Treves ◽  
Charlotte Boccara
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Angular Speed ◽  
Spatial Representations ◽  
Hippocampal Region ◽  
Medial Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
Linear Speed ◽  
Attractor Networks ◽  
Self Motion ◽  
Continuous Attractor Networks

Abstract An essential role of the hippocampal region is to integrate information to compute and update representations. How this transpires is highly debated. Many theories hinge on the integration of self-motion signals and the existence of continuous attractor networks (CAN). CAN models hypothesise that neurons coding for navigational correlates – such as position and direction – receive inputs from cells conjunctively coding for position, direction and self-motion. As yet, such conjunctive coding had not been found in the hippocampal region. Here, we report neurons coding for angular and linear velocity, distributed across the medial entorhinal cortex, the presubiculum and the parasubiculum. These self-motion neurons often conjunctively encoded position and/or direction, yet lacked a structured organisation, calling for the revision of current CAN models. These results offer insights as to how linear/angular speed – derivative in time of position/direction – may allow the updating of spatial representations, possibly uncovering a generalised algorithm to update any representation.

The role of inferences in reading comprehension: A critical analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 095935432110438
Author(s):  
Gilberto Gauche ◽  
Eileen Pfeiffer Flores
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Interpersonal Processes ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Construction Integration

The central role attributed to inferences in reading comprehension can be traced back to the Construction-Integration (CI) model, and many of its theoretical assumptions are still shared by current models. This article analyses recent research in terms of how inferences have been conceived, how they relate to comprehension, and how the CI model’s theoretical legacy has been articulated. The main issues found are that the way inferences are currently conceived doesn’t satisfactorily distinguish them from ordinary comprehension and that a series of assumptions which plausibly apply to computational models have been often mistakenly attributed to interpersonal processes. This, added to the widespread usage of lab-created texts in experiments, hinders the faithful capturing of personal comprehension processes. Finally, we propose recommendations for future research based on conceptual clarity, metatheoretical awareness, and a meaning-based approach on language, so as to improve interresearcher communication, theoretical consistency, and ecological validity.

Coping Humor as a Mediator Between Emotional Intelligence and Job Satisfaction

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peizhen Sun ◽  
Jennifer J. Chen ◽  
Hongyan Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Satisfaction Scale ◽  
Primary School Teachers ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Regulation Of Emotion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Overall Job Satisfaction

Abstract. This study investigated the mediating role of coping humor in the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and job satisfaction. Participants were 398 primary school teachers in China, who completed the Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, Coping Humor Scale, and Overall Job Satisfaction Scale. Results showed that coping humor was a significant mediator between EI and job satisfaction. A further examination revealed, however, that coping humor only mediated two sub-dimensions of EI (use of emotion and regulation of emotion) and job satisfaction. Implications for future research and limitations of the study are discussed.

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