Experiment 2

2017 ◽  
pp. 204-221
Author(s):  
Azza A Abubaker ◽  
Joan Lu
Keyword(s):  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Line Length ◽  
Arabic Text ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Character Size ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
Font Type ◽  
Two Independent Variables

The outcomes for the previous experiment in this research indicated that students' attitudes differ according to the way of presenting the text and text layout. As the aim of the study was to investigate the three main typographic variables [font size, font type and line length] we will start by font size and font type. Much research has highlighted the character size as a factor in visual display, and reported that font size has a significant effect on readability of texts in both versions. Therefore, defining a readable font size for the Arabic language is the main focus of this experiment, taking into account the effect of one dependent variable, four controlled variables and two independent variables: content length and font type. Students were required to make different judgments of letter pairs, thus indicating which letters were distinguishable. Based on the findings of this experiment, subsequent experiments were designed. In addition, the findings of this experiment will be able to address the issues related to reading Arabic text from screen by children in relation to the following: RQ1: In which font size is the Arabic text read most effectively? RQ2: Is there any correlation between age of the reader and font size? RQ3: Which font type is more readable?

Taʾwīl and the Meaning of the Text in the Arabic Language: An Introduction to Understanding the Qur'an

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 337-314
Author(s):  
ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-Shāmī
Keyword(s):  
Figurative Language ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Arabic Text ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
High Literature

The question of clarifying the meaning of a given Arabic text is a subtle one, especially as high literature texts can often be read in more than one way. Arabic is rich in figurative language and this can lead to variety in meaning, sometimes in ways that either adhere closely or diverge far from the ‘original’ meaning. In order to understand a fine literary text in Arabic, one must have a comprehensive understanding of the issue of taʾwīl, and the concept that multiplicity of meaning does not necessarily lead to contradiction. This article surveys the opinions of various literary critics and scholars of balāgha on this issue with a brief discussion of the concepts of tafsīr and sharḥ, which sometimes overlap with taʾwīl.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Arabic Text Steganography

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6851
Author(s):  
Reema Thabit ◽  
Nur Izura Udzir ◽  
Sharifah Md Yasin ◽  
Aziah Asmawi ◽  
Nuur Alifah Roslan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Arabic Text ◽  
Ideal Object ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Text Steganography ◽  
Text Content

Protecting sensitive information transmitted via public channels is a significant issue faced by governments, militaries, organizations, and individuals. Steganography protects the secret information by concealing it in a transferred object such as video, audio, image, text, network, or DNA. As text uses low bandwidth, it is commonly used by Internet users in their daily activities, resulting a vast amount of text messages sent daily as social media posts and documents. Accordingly, text is the ideal object to be used in steganography, since hiding a secret message in a text makes it difficult for the attacker to detect the hidden message among the massive text content on the Internet. Language’s characteristics are utilized in text steganography. Despite the richness of the Arabic language in linguistic characteristics, only a few studies have been conducted in Arabic text steganography. To draw further attention to Arabic text steganography prospects, this paper reviews the classifications of these methods from its inception. For analysis, this paper presents a comprehensive study based on the key evaluation criteria (i.e., capacity, invisibility, robustness, and security). It opens new areas for further research based on the trends in this field.

scholarly journals Traid-bit embedding process on Arabic text steganography method

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 493-500
Author(s):  
Roshidi Din ◽  
Reema Ahmed Thabit ◽  
Nur Izura Udzir ◽  
Sunariya Utama
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Arabic Text ◽  
Art And Science ◽  
Text Steganography ◽  
Sharp Edges ◽  
Audio Video

The enormous development in the utilization of the Internet has driven by a continuous improvement in the region of security. The enhancement of the security embedded techniques is applied to save the intellectual property. There are numerous types of security mechanisms. Steganography is the art and science of concealing secret information inside a cover media such as image, audio, video and text, without drawing any suspicion to the eavesdropper. The text is ideal for steganography due to its ubiquity. There are many steganography embedded techniques used Arabic language to embed the hidden message in the cover text. Kashida, Shifting Point and Sharp-edges are the three Arabic steganography embedded techniques with high capacity. However, these three techniques have lack of performance to embed the hidden message into the cover text. This paper present about traid-bit method by integrating these three Arabic text steganography embedded techniques. It is an effective way to evaluate many embedded techniques at the same time, and introduced one solution for various cases.

The Effect of Stemming on Arabic Text Classification

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Wahbeh ◽  
Mohammed Al-Kabi ◽  
Qasem Al-Radaideh ◽  
Emad Al-Shawakfa ◽  
Izzat Alsmadi
Keyword(s):  
Text Classification ◽  
Digital Libraries ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Svm Classifier ◽  
Arabic Text ◽  
Text Documents ◽  
Information Retrieval Systems ◽  
Arabic Text Classification ◽  
The Web

The information world is rich of documents in different formats or applications, such as databases, digital libraries, and the Web. Text classification is used for aiding search functionality offered by search engines and information retrieval systems to deal with the large number of documents on the web. Many research papers, conducted within the field of text classification, were applied to English, Dutch, Chinese, and other languages, whereas fewer were applied to Arabic language. This paper addresses the issue of automatic classification or classification of Arabic text documents. It applies text classification to Arabic language text documents using stemming as part of the preprocessing steps. Results have showed that applying text classification without using stemming; the support vector machine (SVM) classifier has achieved the highest classification accuracy using the two test modes with 87.79% and 88.54%. On the other hand, stemming has negatively affected the accuracy, where the SVM accuracy using the two test modes dropped down to 84.49% and 86.35%.

ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY IN EYE-TRACKING

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patti Spinner ◽  
Susan M. Gass ◽  
Jennifer Behney
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Font Size ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Font Type ◽  
Screen Layout

Eye-trackers are becoming increasingly widespread as a tool to investigate second language (L2) acquisition. Unfortunately, clear standards for methodology—including font size, font type, and placement of interest areas—are not yet available. Although many researchers stress the need for ecological validity—that is, the simulation of natural reading conditions—it may not be prudent to use such a design to investigate new directions in eye-tracking research, and particularly in research involving small lexical items such as articles. In this study, we examine whether two different screen layouts can lead to different results in an eye-tracking study on the L2 acquisition of Italian gender. The results of an experiment with an ecologically valid design are strikingly different than the results of an experiment with a design tailored to track eye movements to articles. We conclude that differences in screen layout can have significant effects on results and that it is crucial that researchers report screen layout information.

scholarly journals Translation System from Arabic Text to Arabic Sign Language

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Nadia Aouiti ◽  
Mohamed Jemni
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Translation System ◽  
Arabic Text ◽  
Arabic Sign Language ◽  
Ongoing Project

This research paper presents our ongoing project aiming at translating in real time an Arabic text to Arabic Sign Language (ArSL). This project is a part of a Web application [1] based on the technology of the avatar (animation in the virtual world). The input of the system is a text in natural language. The output is a real-time and online interpretation in sign language [2]. Our work focuses on the Arabic language as the text in the input, which needs many treatments due to the particularity of this language. Our solution starts from the linguistic treatment of the Arabic sentence, passing through the definition and the generation of Arabic Annotation Gloss system and coming finally to the generation of an animated sentence using the avatar technology.

scholarly journals ATSAR ISTIKHDÂM AL-SHUWAR AL-WÂRIDAH FÎ AL-NUSHÛSH AL-'ARABIYAH FÎ MUYÛL TALÂMÎDZ ILÂ MAHÂRAH AL-QIRÂAH

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Chairul Fahmi
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Arabic Text ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Know How ◽  
Method Of Measurement

This study aimed to find out the weakness of the students of Islamic Junior High School Darul Ma'arif Jakarta in learning qira>’ah, the lack of students who like qira>’ah lessons, and the weak ability of the students to understand Arabic language. This research also tried to know how to use text in Arabic in learning qira>’ah. This research was a quantitative research using the method of measurement between variables, namely the use of illustrations and interest in learning by using purposive sampling. Various research data were collected through interviews, direct observation, questionnaire division, and test implementation. This study showed that there was no influence of the use of illustration in Arabic text toward the students’ interest in learning qira>’ah.

scholarly journals Students Attitude towards Online Classes at Undergraduate Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-458
Author(s):  
Farzana Yousaf ◽  
Sonia Rafique ◽  
Shumaila Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Good Time ◽  
Online Classes ◽  
Online Classroom ◽  
Self Study ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
Educational Delivery ◽  
Student’S Attitude

During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is a good time to welcome the introduction of technology and its latest offerings to make educational delivery more effective and make it more productive with online learning. A sample of 100 students was selected to collect data. The sample was randomly selected. The focus of this concept was to determine whether students' attitudes towards online classes were based on their online learning experience. Student’s attitude towards online classes based on their tested experience. The attitudes of the students in the online class were also investigated. Adaptation to classroom and self-study, high cost of online classes, access to electronic exams, a well-designed curriculum, easy Internet access, easy-to-use online classroom visual display, and familiarity with the teacher in a good student experience.

scholarly journals A Survey of Arabic Text Classification Models

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 4352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahed M. F. Al-Sbou
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Text Classification ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Arabic Text ◽  
Classification Models ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Text Organization ◽  
Arabic Text Classification ◽  
Arabic Language Processing

<p>There is a huge content of Arabic text available over online that requires an organization of these texts. As result, here are many applications of natural languages processing (NLP) that concerns with text organization. One of the is text classification (TC). TC helps to make dealing with unorganized text. However, it is easier to classify them into suitable class or labels. This paper is a survey of Arabic text classification. Also, it presents comparison among different methods in the classification of Arabic texts, where Arabic text is represented a complex text due to its vocabularies. Arabic language is one of the richest languages in the world, where it has many linguistic bases. The researche in Arabic language processing is very few compared to English. As a result, these problems represent challenges in the classification, and organization of specific Arabic text. Text classification (TC) helps to access the most documents, or information that has already classified into specific classes, or categories to one or more classes or categories. In addition, classification of documents facilitate search engine to decrease the amount of document to, and then to become easier to search and matching with queries.</p>

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