Cellulolytic Microorganisms

2018 ◽  
pp. 34-47
Author(s):  
Amritha Govindrao Kulkarni ◽  
Ankala Bassappa Vedamurthy
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Conversion ◽  
Cellulolytic Microorganisms ◽  
Active Research

Cellulose is the most abundant polymer in plants and the microbial conversion of cellulose is a subject of active research. Currently, cellulase is commonly used in many industrial applications, especially in animal feed, textile, waste water, brewing and wine making. A challenging strategy for the efficient utilization of this renewable resource is to use it as a base material for the production of desired metabolites. This chapter therefore focuses on exploring the cellulase producing bacteria and optimizing the parameters for the enzyme cellulase under varied conditions. Cellulolytic bacteria can be exploited for cellulase production which serves wide applications in industries, pharmaceuticals and further, use of these CDB as bio-inoculants can be incorporated to enhance organic matter decomposition in soil to increase soil fertility and to minimize the fertilizer application. It finds wide applications in reducing the environmental pollution and promote sustainable agriculture.

scholarly journals Isolation of Cellulolytic Bacteria from Soil, Identification by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and Characterization of Cellulase

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Faria Mahjabeen ◽  
Sazzad Khan ◽  
Naiyyum Choudhury ◽  
M Mahboob Hossain ◽  
Trosporsha Tasnim Khan
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Crude Enzyme ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Biochemical Tests

Microbial Cellulases have an escalating demand in many industries and constitute a major group of the industrial enzymes. It has attracted the attention of many researchers because of its tremendous industrial applications including textile industry, pulp, and paper industry, laundry and detergent industry, food and animal feed industry. The present study pursues to unfold a novel cellulase that can overcome existing challenges in biorefineries as well as to reduce biofuel production cost. Therefore, soil from a dairy farm was screened for potent cellulase producers on carboxymethylcellulose agar. Out of 68 isolates, 31 expressed cellulase activity. The best isolate so far had an extracellular crude enzyme activity of 0.167 U/ml and specific activity of 0.333 U/mg. The cell morphology, cultural characteristics, and biochemical tests presumptively identified it to belong to the genus Bacillus. Molecular analysis using 16S rRNA gene of the isolate indicated it to be Bacillus subtilis. The optimum pH and temperature for the activity of the crude enzyme were determined to be 5 and 65°C respectively. Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 33, Number 1-2, June-Dec 2016, pp 17-22

scholarly journals Trends on the Artificial Fertilizer Market and in Fertilizers Use in Hungary

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Gergő Ács
Keyword(s):  
Base Material ◽  
World Market ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
The Past ◽  
Crude Oil Prices ◽  
The World ◽  
Primary Base

The fertilizer market in Hungary is rather concentrated, which has a strong influence on the price of the fertilizer. Our domestic fertilizer use is primarily determined by that of nitrogen. The use of phosphorus is also significant but the trends in the use of potassium do not match the total quantities applied in individual years. Consequently, it can be concluded that the majority of farmers still focus on the application of nitrogen and also apply phosphorus but either neglect or do not pay enough attention to potassium fertilization. The changes in fertilizer prices between 2006 and 2017 can be broken down into two periods. Until 2012 a very important and dynamic increase was observed as a result of which the prices of N, P and K fertilizers increased by 80-120%, 160% and about 120%, respectively. This was followed by a downturn in the market and in relation to 2012 prices there were 20-30/ decreases experienced until 2017 but the rate of this lagged behind the prices in other European countries. Owing to this trend the prices of N, P and K have increased by 60%, 100% and 80%, respectively, over the past ten years. The correlation between fertilizer application and the prices of fertilizers in any given year is low but there is a positive one observed between fertilizer application and the fertilizer prices in the preceding year. This means supposedly that farmers mostly buy the fertilizers they wish to apply not in the current but in the preceding year and store them until these are applied. There is a strong correlation seen between fertilizer prices and the prices of corn and wheat, which means that fertilizer traders also keep tabs on economic results and also increase fertilizer prices under the influence of higher prices. Furthermore, it can be claimed that there is no correlation between crude oil prices on the world market and domestic N fertilizer prices. This is an important factor since the primary base material of N fertilizers is natural gas and their production involves considerable energy costs as well. It can be seen, however, that this is not what determines our domestic fertilizer prices, which can be explained by the fact that the price calculations by the determining actors on the Hungarian fertilizer market is not based on costs but on the demand. JEL Classification: Q13

scholarly journals Water Stress Influence on The Vegetative Period Yield Components of Different Maize Genotypes

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Cassyo de Araujo Rufino ◽  
Jucilayne Fernandes-Vieira ◽  
Jesús Martín-Gil ◽  
José Abreu Júnior ◽  
Lizandro Tavares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Single Cross ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stress Influence

Maize is an important food staple in many countries, and is useful in animal feed and many industrial applications. Its productivity is highly sensitive to drought stress, which may occur at any period during its growth cycle. The objective of this work was to compare the water stress influence on the performance of different maize genotypes in critical vegetative stages. Four genotypes of maize (namely a single-cross hybrid (AG 9045), a double-cross hybrid (AG 9011), a triple-cross hybrid (AG 5011), and a variety (AL Bandeirante)) were subjected to a 10-day period without irrigation in the vegetative stages that determine the number of kernel rows and the plant’s ability to take up nutrients and water (V4, V6 and V8). The impact of low water availability was assessed by analyzing plant height, height of the first ear insertion, stem diameter, yield per plant, and number of rows per ear, evincing that the yield per plant was the most sensitive parameter in all the stages. With regard to the influence of the genotype, the single-cross hybrid was demonstrated to be the most resilient to water shortage.

scholarly journals Myrtus communis Liquor Byproduct as a Source of Bioactive Compounds

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Correddu ◽  
Maldini ◽  
Addis ◽  
Petretto ◽  
Palomba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Myrtus Communis ◽  
Food Ingredient

The fatty acid (FA), polyphenol content and evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of exhausted Myrtus communis berries (EMB) resulting from the production of myrtle liqueur were assessed. All parts of the exhausted berries exhibited high concentrations of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and phenolic compounds. The lipid fraction contained a high amount of poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mainly represented by linoleic acid (>70%). Of the phenolic acids evaluated by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, ellagic acid was the most predominant (>50%), followed by gallic and quinic acids. Quercetin and quercetin3-O-rhamnoside were the most abundant flavonoids. The seed extracts showed a higher antioxidant potential than the pericarp extracts; the same trend was observed for total phenolic compounds evaluated by spectrophotometric assay. The overall high content of bioactive compounds and the high antioxidant potential of this byproduct sustain its suitability for a number of industrial applications, such as a food ingredient in novel foods, an additive in cosmetic formulations or a component of animal feed formulations.

scholarly journals Analysis of Melt Pool Characteristics and Process Parameters Using a Coaxial Monitoring System during Directed Energy Deposition in Additive Manufacturing

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kledwig ◽  
Holger Perfahl ◽  
Martin Reisacher ◽  
Frank Brückner ◽  
Jens Bliedtner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Process ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Melt Pool ◽  
Temporal Variance ◽  
Laser Deposition Welding ◽  
Working Distance ◽  
Melt Pool Characteristics ◽  
Pool Area

The growing number of commercially available machines for laser deposition welding show the growing acceptance and importance of this technology for industrial applications. Their increasing usage in research and production requires process stability and user-friendly handling. A commercially available DMG MORI LT 65 3D hybrid machine used in combination with a CCD-based coaxial temperature measurement system was utilized in this work to investigate what information relating to the intensity distribution of melt pool surfaces could be appropriate to draw conclusions about process conditions. In this study it is shown how the minimal required specific energy for a stable process can be determined, and it is indicated that the evolution of a plasma plume depends on thermal energy within the base material. An estimated melt pool area—calculated by the number of pixels (NOP) with intensities larger than a fixed, predefined threshold—builds the main measure in analysing images from the process camera. The melt pool area and its temporal variance can also serve as an indicator for an increased working distance.

Applying Fuzzy Logic for Optimal Placement of XBOX Kinect Sensors for Industrial Applications

2012 ◽  
Vol 628 ◽  
pp. 433-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nima Rafibakhsh ◽  
H. Felix Lee ◽  
Jie Gong ◽  
Hoo Sang Ko ◽  
Arefeh Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Work Place ◽  
Manufacturing Operations ◽  
Xbox Kinect ◽  
Active Research

Automated acquisition of sensing data is an active research area in manufacturing domain. A great deal of research work has been focused on automated data acquisitionapplied to various subjects related to manufacturing operations such as safety, performance improvement, monitoring and layout planning. Laser scanners including Time of Flight cameras play a significant role in real time or near real time decision makings in manufacturing automation. To establish an automated sensing system in a work place, enough test data should be available regarding the performance characteristics. This paper investigates the performance of Microsoft XBOX Kinect on spatial modeling in large jobsites, and employs fuzzy logic to find optimal placement of Kinect sensors that gives the best resolution.

scholarly journals Microbial Cellulases and Their Industrial Applications

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chander Kuhad ◽  
Rishi Gupta ◽  
Ajay Singh
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Process Economics ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Technological Developments

Microbial cellulases have shown their potential application in various industries including pulp and paper, textile, laundry, biofuel production, food and feed industry, brewing, and agriculture. Due to the complexity of enzyme system and immense industrial potential, cellulases have been a potential candidate for research by both the academic and industrial research groups. Nowadays, significant attentions have been devoted to the current knowledge of cellulase production and the challenges in cellulase research especially in the direction of improving the process economics of various industries. Scientific and technological developments and the future prospects for application of cellulases in different industries are discussed in this paper.

scholarly journals Isolation, Screening, and Identification of Cellulolytic Bacteria from Natural Reserves in the Subtropical Region of China and Optimization of Cellulase Production byPaenibacillus terraeME27-1

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Ling Liang ◽  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
Min Wu ◽  
Yuan Wu ◽  
Jia-Xun Feng
Keyword(s):  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
Cmcase Activity ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Screening And Identification ◽  
Natural Reserves

From different natural reserves in the subtropical region of China, a total of 245 aerobic bacterial strains were isolated on agar plates containing sugarcane bagasse pulp as the sole carbon source. Of the 245 strains, 22 showed hydrolyzing zones on agar plates containing carboxymethyl cellulose after Congo-red staining. Molecular identification showed that the 22 strains belonged to 10 different genera, with theBurkholderiagenus exhibiting the highest strain diversity and accounting for 36.36% of all the 22 strains. Three isolates among the 22 strains showed higher carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) activity, and isolate ME27-1 exhibited the highest CMCase activity in liquid culture. The strain ME27-1 was identified asPaenibacillus terraeon the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as well as physiological and biochemical properties. The optimum pH and temperature for CMCase activity produced by the strain ME27-1 were 5.5 and 50°C, respectively, and the enzyme was stable at a wide pH range of 5.0–9.5. A 12-fold improvement in the CMCase activity (2.08 U/mL) of ME27-1 was obtained under optimal conditions for CMCase production. Thus, this study provided further information about the diversity of cellulose-degrading bacteria in the subtropical region of China and foundP. terraeME27-1 to be highly cellulolytic.

Hard, Wear Resistant Metal Surfaces for Industrial Applications through Laser Powder Deposition

2007 ◽  
Vol 534-536 ◽  
pp. 1537-1540 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Sears ◽  
Aaron Costello
Keyword(s):  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Surface Modifications ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Wear Testing ◽  
Hard Material ◽  
Laser Powder Deposition ◽  
Wear And Corrosion ◽  
Powder Deposition ◽  
Wear And Corrosion Resistance

Most materials produced today are monolithic structures that are heat treated to perform a particular function. Laser Powder Deposition (LPD) is a technology capable of modifying a metallic structure by adding the appropriate material to perform a desired function (e.g., wear and corrosion resistance). LPD offers a unique fabrication technique that allows the use of soft (tough) materials as base structures. Through LPD a hard material can be applied to the base material with little thermal input (minimal dilution and heat-affected-zone {HAZ}), thus providing the function of a heat treatment or other surface modifications (e.g., carburizing, nitriding, thermal spray and electroplating). Several materials (e.g., Stellite 6 &21, 316 SS, 420 SS, M4, Rex 20, Rex 121, 10V, AeroMet 100, CCW+, IN 625 and IN 718) have been deposited on to carbon steel (4140, 4340, 1566, 1018) substrates to provide various functions for a number of industrial applications. These surface modifications have been evaluated through standard wear testing (ASTM G-65), surface hardness (Rc), micro-hardness (vickers), and optical microscopy. The results from these evaluations will be presented along with several industrial application case studies.

scholarly journals Microstructure and Strength of γ-TiAl Alloy/Inconel 718 Brazed Joints

2012 ◽  
Vol 730-732 ◽  
pp. 835-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa W. Sequeiros ◽  
Anibal Guedes ◽  
Ana Maria Pires Pinto ◽  
Manuel F. Vieira ◽  
Filomena Viana
Keyword(s):  
Inconel 718 ◽  
Tial Alloy ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Braze Alloy ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Average Shear Strength ◽  
Average Shear ◽  
Brazed Joints

Intermetallics and superalloys brazing development is a current topic owing the extending use of these alloys in industrial applications. In this work a γ-TiAl alloy was joined to Inconel 718 by active metal brazing, using Incusil-ABA as filler. Joining was performed at 730 °C, 830 °C and 930 °C, with a 10 min dwelling time. The interfaces were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD). For all processing conditions, the reaction between the base materials and the braze alloy produced multilayered interfaces. For all processing temperatures tested (Ag), (Cu), AlNi2Ti and AlCu2Ti were identified at the interface. Raising the brazing temperature increased the thickness of the interface and coarsened its microstructure. The increase of the extension of the interface was essentially due to the growth of the reaction layers formed near each base material, which were found to be mainly composed of intermetallic compounds. The mechanical behavior of the joints, at room temperature, was assessed by microhardness and shear tests. For all processing conditions the hardness decreases from periphery towards the Ag-rich centre of the joints. Brazing at 730 °C for 10 min produced the joints with the highest average shear strength (228±83 MPa). SEM and EDS analysis of the fracture surfaces revealed that fracture of joints always occurred across the interface, preferentially through the hard layer, essentially composed of AlNi2Ti, resulting from the reaction between Inconel 718 and the braze alloy.

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