Learning

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Nigel Ford
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Meaning Construction ◽  
Active Process ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Construction Of Meaning ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Basic Comprehension

Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge, which is an active process and operates at both individual and social levels. This book explores both, but this first chapter focuses on the individual in terms of the basic mental processes entailed in transforming information into knowledge—in other words, learning. In doing so, it introduces a number of themes which will recur throughout the book. These key themes include the notion of tentative.theories used to generate themes by which integrate otherwise fragmented entities become integrated. This process underlies the construction of meaning at all levels—from basic comprehension through critical thinking to creativity. Complex meaning construction can be seen as the generation, testing, and refinement of such tentative theories, education being concerned with providing optimal support to learners in engaging in these activities.

Thinking Like a Psychologist Introductory Psychology Writing Assignments

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-341
Author(s):  
Diane Keyser Wentworth ◽  
Lona Whitmarsh
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
General Psychology ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Writing Assignments ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Student Reactions ◽  
Psychology Course

Teaching the general psychology course provides instructors with the opportunity to invite students to explore the dynamics of behavior and mental processes through the lens of theory and research. Three innovative writing assignments were developed to teach students to think like a psychologist, operationalized as enhancing critical thinking, applying research concepts, and resisting plagiarism. The assignments were evaluated with two samples of general psychology students. In Sample 1, student reactions to the assignments were uniformly positive. In Sample 2, students were assessed directly on their critical thinking skills using a set of three scenarios. An increase in students’ ability to think critically was found. Therefore, these assignments were successful in helping develop our students’ ability to think like a psychologist.

The situatedness of meaning construction in Wisława Szymborska’s “Cat in an Empty Apartment”

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Stadnik
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Meaning Construction ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Cultural Milieu ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors

AbstractSo far the cognitively-oriented study of literature has largely missed out on the cognitive conception of situatedness, which holds that human mental activity should be seen through the lens of its grounding in the physical, social and cultural milieu of the individual. Accordingly, the article shows the value of this approach in a Cognitive Linguistic analysis of Wisława Szymborska’s poem “Cat in an Empty Apartment”, setting out the ways in which situatedness underlies dynamic meaning construction in the production and reception of the work, giving rise to the singularity (Attridge 2004. The singularity of literature. London-New York: Routledge) of the poem. The paper concludes that situatedness can illuminate how the interplay of cognitive, linguistic, social and cultural factors might be brought to bear on the singularity of a literary work.

Concepts of the Mass Consciousness Formation and Evolution: the Russian Tradition

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Л. Подгорная ◽  
L. Podgornaya
Keyword(s):  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
Communicative Interaction ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Psychological Analysis ◽  
Mass Consciousness ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
Formation And Evolution ◽  
The Individual

The article will deal with psychological and theoretical concepts of the mass consciousness’s formation, which belong to the work of outstanding Russian scientists late XIX — early XX centuries: N. Mikhailovsky, A.A. Bogdanov, N.I. Kareyev, L. Petrazhitsky, I.A. Ilyin, P.A. Sorokin and V.M. Bechterew. These scientists created the fundamentals of the psychoanalytic mass consciousness’s theory, substantiate its basic theoretical positions. Within the framework of the socio-psychological analysis, they posed fundamental problems: on the existence of a collective consciousness of a group different from the individual consciousness, but that collective consciousness, in turn, to a certain degree is created, about the nature and essential collective consciousness’s content, about its formation’s mechanism, functioning and development. In the opinion of prominent Russian scientists, the basis for such a mechanism is mental processes suggestion, infection and imitation. They also reveal the characteristics of possible forms of communicative interaction in the conditions of the elemental masses emergence.

scholarly journals A Guided Reading of Images: A Strategy to Develop Critical Thinking and Communicative Skills

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Marisol Sarmiento Sierra
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Guided Reading ◽  
Third Graders ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Communicative Skills ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Efl Context ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Field Notes

This article describes the effects of a strategy aimed at helping students develop critical thinking and communicative skills by means of a program for guided reading of images using the questioning technique in an EFL context. Many teachers are not prepared for the education of critical thinkers as part of their curricular work. This is a qualitative descriptive research study carried out with third graders from a public school in Bogotá, Colombia in which field notes, artifacts, and questionnaires were used as data collection instruments. The study showed that the program activated children’s mental processes to allow them to move from basic to higher levels of critical thinking while communicating their thoughts in Spanish as well as using vocabulary in English. This  strategy could be used by teachers of different disciplines.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE “BURNOUT” AND “SELF ESTEEM” FORMULA ON LECTURER PERFORMANCE IN THE EXECUTION OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lusy Tunik Muharlisiani ◽  
M. Pd Dr Heni Sukrisno ◽  
Dina Chamidah
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Cognitive Distortion ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Emotional Condition

This research has the primary aim of describing the symptoms and factors that cause burnout and affect self-esteem on the performance of lecturers in the execution of quality management in higher education, and the secondary aim of obtaining a formula for burnout dan self-esteem that can depict the emotional condition or feelings of lecturers toward their performance. The approach used in this research in this research was qualitative-descriptive. Data analysis was conducted during and after data collection. Research results showed that the primary cause of burnout is not stress, but imbalance in mental processes (thinking, feeling, behaving). The primary cause of a low self-esteem is the character of the individual in the inability to control emotions. This research also produced a formula in the form of a scale to measure burnout using the two dimensions of (a) emotional exhaustion and (b) cognitive distortion. Meanwhile, the formula for self-esteem utilizes the two dimensions of (a) confidence and (b) the reduction of confidence.

scholarly journals CRITICAL THINKING IN THE TEACHING OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE AS A FOREIGN

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 194-200
Author(s):  
Наталія Гроссу
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Technology In Teaching ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Effective Form ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Independent Assessment

Abstract. The article is devoted to the current problem of the development of critical thinking technology; innovative technologies for the development of critical thinking, consisting in the practical implementation of a person-oriented approach  in training are considered; the methods of forming critical thinking, which contribute to the formation of foreign language communicative competence, are considered too. The author shares practical ideas about the development of critical thinking in the context of teaching the Ukrainian language as a foreign language at the preparatory faculty.Examples of using technology through reading and writing are shown already in the first weeks of studying the general literary Ukrainian language; in the course «Country Studies» (discipline «Ukrainian as a foreign language», second semester of studying the Ukrainian language). The possibilities of developing critical thinking in the process of project implementation are demonstrated.Examples of the implementation of pedagogical technology for the development of critical thinking during classes are presented. The author substantiates the possibility and necessity of applying the critical thinking technology in teaching the Ukrainian language as a foreign language at the initial stage of study.It is noted that the most effective form of teaching critical thinking is the implementation of group work, which allows developing the qualities of independence, curiosity, the ability to make an independent assessment, provide reasoning for one’s opinion, and prove or refute one’s decision. The study gives the author grounds for certain conclusions that the technology of critical thinking development, creating a motivating favorable environment in the classroom, maximally adapts the learning process to the individual characteristics of foreign students.

Hints towards the Prevention of Mental Disorders

1894 ◽  
Vol 40 (171) ◽  
pp. 585-591
Author(s):  
Curwen
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Physiological Psychology ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Scientific Application ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Medical Study ◽  
Hygienic Measures ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mental Pathology

Every physician in charge of a hospital for the insane should do all in his power to aid in the advance of mental physiology, mental pathology, and physiological psychology, not only for his own immediate benefit as a study; but with the intent of reaching a better knowledge of the mental processes, and elucidating, as far as possible, the recondite problems of mind. These require careful and exact study, but that study will give power to the individual, while it will enable him more definitely to trace the intricate connection of cause and effect in the cases which call for his examination. It is certain that the more thoroughly these processes are studied the better will be the effect of treatment, and the more satisfactory will be the result to the patient and to the physician. He will learn more fully that while medical study than it has yet received; and by the knowledge thus obtained a way will be found for the more scientific application of medical, moral, and hygienic measures than they have heretofore received.

scholarly journals Critical thinking skills for diagnosis process application from the perspective of nursing students and professors

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e47681
Author(s):  
Fernando Riegel ◽  
Maria da Graça Oliveira Crossetti
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Nursing Students ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Nursing Diagnosis ◽  
South Of Brazil ◽  
The Individual

Identify, from the experiences of nursing students and their professors, the critical thinking skills necessary for applying the diagnosis process to clinical practice. Descriptive-exploratory with qualitative approach. The study was conducted at a higher education institution in the south of Brazil, after approval from the Research Ethics Committee, under CAEE No 72294917.7.0000.5347. It had the participation of five nursing students and four nursing professors through focal group sessions. The content analysis technique was used for data analysis. The most remarkable holistic critical thinking skills identified from the point of view of the nursing students were: analysis and knowledge; from the professors' perspective, they were: analysis, information search, clinical experience, knowledge transformation, contextual perspective, intuition, prediction and comprehension. With the findings of this research, professors will be capable of implementing strategies focused on the individual needs of students in order to qualify teaching practices as to the nursing diagnosis process.

Adding a Course to the Curriculum

2004 ◽  
pp. 31-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynnette R. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Degree Program ◽  
Skills Development ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Academic Curriculum ◽  
The Individual

An academic curriculum is a series of courses related by themes and skills development. The individual courses within the curriculum help learners progress from basic, introductory levels of knowledge and skills to higher-level objectives for critical thinking, mastery of skills, and demonstration of knowledge common to a discipline. Completing specified courses within a curriculum leads to a degree, and the degree program may involve courses in several different departments or disciplines.

Buddhism, Ābhidharmika schools of

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collett Cox
Keyword(s):  
Religious Practice ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Textual Exegesis ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Buddha ◽  
Material Form

During the first centuries after the Buddha, with the development of a settled life of scholarly study and religious practice, distinct schools began to emerge within the Buddhist community. In their efforts to organize and understand the Buddha’s traditional teachings, these schools developed a new genre of text, called ‘Abhidharma’, to express their doctrinal interpretations. More importantly, the term ‘Abhidharma’ was also used to refer to the discriminating insight that was not only requisite for the elucidation of doctrine but also indispensable for religious practice: only insight allows one to isolate and remove the causes of suffering. Abhidharma analysis is innovative in both form and content. While earlier Buddhist discourses were colloquial, using simile and anecdotes, Abhidharma texts were in a highly regimented style, using technical language, intricate definitions and complex classifications. The Abhidharma genre also promoted a method of textual exegesis combining scriptural citation and reasoned arguments. In content, the hallmark of Abhidharma is its exhaustive classification of all factors that were thought to constitute experience. Different schools proposed different classifications; for example, one school proposed a system of seventy-five distinct factors classified into five groups, including material form, the mind, mental factors, factors dissociated from material form and mind, and unconditioned factors. These differences led to heated doctrinal debates, the most serious of which concerned the manner of existence of the individual factors and the modes of their conditioning interaction. For example, do the factors actually exist as real entities or do they exist merely as provisional designations? Is conditioning interaction always successive or can cause and effect be simultaneous in the same moment? Other major topics of debate included differing models for mental processes, especially perception.

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