Alternative Therapies

2021 ◽  
pp. 160-182
Author(s):  
Vijay Singh Gondil ◽  
Sanjay Chhibber
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Alternative Therapies ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Antibiotic Dose

Antibiotic resistance is one of the leading public health concerns across the globe. Antibiotics are losing their effectiveness, leading to uncertainty in available treatment options to clinicians. Resistance to antibiotics is at an all-time high, and there is a pressing demand to look for alternative antimicrobial candidates other than antibiotics. Alternative therapies include use of bacteriophages, lytic proteins, nanoparticles, phytochemicals, quorum quenchers, and other antibacterial or antivirulent agents that can eradicate bacterial infection alone or in conjunction with antibiotics. Alternative therapies can replace or lower the effective antibiotic dose, which can help to tackle antibiotic resistance as well as counter its side effects. For sustainable development of antimicrobials against drug resistant bugs, novel alternative strategies need to be explored in the near future. Alternative therapies can help researchers to construct a toolbox containing a variety of antimicrobial agents, which can be used alone, in combination with other agents, or in rotation.

scholarly journals Detection of antibiotic resistance toxigenic Clostridium difficile in processed retail lettuce

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Han ◽  
Joan King ◽  
Marlene E Janes
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Retail Stores ◽  
Toxin A ◽  
Toxin B ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Ribotype 027 ◽  
Infectious Diarrhoea

Abstract Objectives: Clostridium difficile is the major cause of infectious diarrhoea in humans after antimicrobial treatment. Clostridium difficile has been isolated from food animals and meat. The main purpose of this study was to characterize C. difficile isolated from retail lettuce and determine the antibiotic resistance using five common clinical-selected antibiotics (metronidazole, vancomycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, and cefotaxime). Materials and Methods: Lettuce samples (grown in California, Arkansas, and Louisiana) were purchased from retail stores. Results: Toxigenic C. difficile was isolated from 13.8 per cent (41/297) of the lettuce samples. Among the toxigenic isolates, only 82.9 per cent (34/41) produced toxin B, 17.1 per cent (7/41) produced both toxin A and toxin B, and two of the Louisiana C. difficile isolates were identified as ribotype 027. Under the treatment of the five antibiotics, the virulence C. difficile isolates were identified as having antibiotic resistance to metronidazole, vancomycin, and erythromycin. Conclusion: The present study reports the highest prevalence of toxigenic C. difficile in US retail lettuce. The antibiotic resistance to metronidazole, vancomycin, and erythromycin of the isolated C. difficile from retail lettuces could lead to public health concerns.

scholarly journals Antibiotics in Food Chain: The Consequences for Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 688
Author(s):  
Shashi B. Kumar ◽  
Shanvanth R. Arnipalli ◽  
Ouliana Ziouzenkova
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Continuous Use

Antibiotics have been used as essential therapeutics for nearly 100 years and, increasingly, as a preventive agent in the agricultural and animal industry. Continuous use and misuse of antibiotics have provoked the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria that progressively increased mortality from multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, thereby posing a tremendous threat to public health. The goal of our review is to advance the understanding of mechanisms of dissemination and the development of antibiotic resistance genes in the context of nutrition and related clinical, agricultural, veterinary, and environmental settings. We conclude with an overview of alternative strategies, including probiotics, essential oils, vaccines, and antibodies, as primary or adjunct preventive antimicrobial measures or therapies against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. The solution for antibiotic resistance will require comprehensive and incessant efforts of policymakers in agriculture along with the development of alternative therapeutics by experts in diverse fields of microbiology, biochemistry, clinical research, genetic, and computational engineering.

scholarly journals Perspective: Cellular and Molecular Profiling Technologies in Personalized Oncology

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Cruz ◽  
Weng Kung Peng
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Molecular Profiling ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
One Step ◽  
Personalized Oncology ◽  
Near Future

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and therefore one of the most important public health concerns. In this contribution, we discuss recent key enabling technological innovations (and their challenges), including biomarker-based technologies, that potentially allow for decentralization (e.g., self-monitoring) with the increasing availability of point-of-care technologies in the near future. These technological innovations are moving the field one step closer toward personalized oncology.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli Antibiotic Resistance Isolate Bank Number 0346

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keira L. Stuart ◽  
Darrell O. Bayles ◽  
Sarah M. Shore ◽  
Tracy L. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Horizontal Transfer ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Health Concerns

Plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance encoded by mcr-1 has increased public health concerns due to the potential for rapid horizontal transfer. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli Antibiotic Resistance Isolate Bank number 0346, harboring a plasmid-borne mcr-1 gene.

scholarly journals A review on bacterial resistance to carbapenems: epidemiology, detection and treatment options

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. FSO438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann A Elshamy ◽  
Khaled M Aboshanab
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Public Health Threat ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Carbapenems are a class of antimicrobial agents reserved for infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms. The emergence of carbapenem resistance has become a serious public health threat. This type of antimicrobial resistance is spreading at an alarming rate, resulting in major outbreaks and treatment failure of community-acquired and nosocomial infections caused by the clinically relevant carbapenem-producing Enterobacteriaceae or carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. This review is focused on carbapenem resistance, including mechanisms of resistance, history and epidemiology, phenotypic and genotypic detection in the clinically relevant bacterial pathogens and the possible treatment options available.

scholarly journals Enterococci, from Harmless Bacteria to a Pathogen

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sónia Ramos ◽  
Vanessa Silva ◽  
Maria de Lurdes Enes Dapkevicius ◽  
Gilberto Igrejas ◽  
Patrícia Poeta
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Stewardship ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Surveillance Programs

Enterococci are gastrointestinal commensals whose hardiness allowed them to colonize very diverse environments, including soils, water, food, and feed. This ability to overcome adverse conditions makes enterococci problematic once they colonize hospital niches. Together with the malleability of their genomes, the capacity to acquire and disseminate determinants of antibiotic resistance has contributed to converting what was once just another opportunistic pathogen into a first-class clinical problem. This review discusses the dimension of the emergence of enterococcal resistance to key antimicrobial agents, the dissemination of this resistance, and its significance in terms of public health, with the aim of raising awareness of the need to devise and implement surveillance programs and more effective antibiotic stewardship.

scholarly journals Predicting drug resistance evolution: insights from antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1874) ◽  
pp. 20172687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guozhi Yu ◽  
Desiree Y. Baeder ◽  
Roland R. Regoes ◽  
Jens Rolff
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Medical Microbiology ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Antibiotic resistance constitutes one of the most pressing public health concerns. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of multicellular organisms are considered part of a solution to this problem, and AMPs produced by bacteria such as colistin are last-resort drugs. Importantly, AMPs differ from many antibiotics in their pharmacodynamic characteristics. Here we implement these differences within a theoretical framework to predict the evolution of resistance against AMPs and compare it to antibiotic resistance. Our analysis of resistance evolution finds that pharmacodynamic differences all combine to produce a much lower probability that resistance will evolve against AMPs. The finding can be generalized to all drugs with pharmacodynamics similar to AMPs. Pharmacodynamic concepts are familiar to most practitioners of medical microbiology, and data can be easily obtained for any drug or drug combination. Our theoretical and conceptual framework is, therefore, widely applicable and can help avoid resistance evolution if implemented in antibiotic stewardship schemes or the rational choice of new drug candidates.

scholarly journals Enterococci, from Harmless Bacteria to a Pathogen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sónia Ramos ◽  
Vanessa Silva ◽  
Maria L. N. E. Dapkevicius ◽  
Gilberto Igrejas ◽  
Patrícia Poeta
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Antibiotic Usage ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Food And Feed

Enterococci are gastrointestinal commensals whose hardiness allowed them to colonize very diverse environments, including soils, water, food and feed. This ability to overcome adverse conditions makes enterococci problematic once they colonize hospital niches. Together with the malleability of their genomes, the capacity to acquire and disseminate determinants of antibiotic resistance have contributed to convert what was once just another opportunistic pathogen into a first-class clinical problem. This review discusses the dimension of the emergence of enterococcal resistance to key antimicrobial agents, the dissemination of this resistance and its significance in terms of public health, with the aim of raising the awareness to the need to devise and implement monitoring programmes and effective antibiotic usage guidelines.

scholarly journals Characterization of antibiotic resistance in Listeria spp. isolated from slaughterhouse environments, pork and human infections

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (04) ◽  
pp. 416-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Z Moreno ◽  
Renata Paixão ◽  
Débora D. S. Gobbi ◽  
Daniele C. Raimundo ◽  
Thais P. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Intermediate Resistance ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Human Infections

Introduction: Listeria species are susceptible to most antibiotics. However, over the last decade, increasing reports of multidrug-resistant Listeria spp. from various sources have prompted public health concerns. The objective of this study was to characterize the antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria spp. and the genetic mechanisms that confer resistance. Methodology: Forty-six Listeria spp. isolates were studied, and their minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics were determined by microdilution using Sensititre standard susceptibility MIC plates. The isolates were screened for the presence of gyrA, parC, lde, lsa(A), lnu(A), and mprF by PCR, and the amplified genes were sequenced. Results: All isolates were susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and carbapenems. Resistance to clindamycin, daptomycin, and oxacillin was found among L. monocytogenes and L. innocua, and all species possessed at least intermediate resistance to fluoroquinolones. GyrA, parC, and mprF were detected in all isolates; however, mutations were found only in gyrA sequences. A high daptomycin MIC, as reported previously, was observed, suggesting an intrinsic resistance of Listeria spp. to daptomycin. Conclusions: These results are consistent with reports of emerging resistance in Listeria spp. and emphasize the need for further genotypic characterization of antibiotic resistance in this genus.

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