Classes and Development

2020 ◽  
pp. 282-296
Author(s):  
Zekeriya Eray Eser
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
North America ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Capitalist Mode ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Preventive Effects ◽  
Over Time

Classes forming the social division of labor have changed with the capitalist mode of production. The inheritance from the feudal system is not suitable for the capitalist system. For this reason, the class structure which is suitable for capitalism over time has taken place in many societies. This transformation has become more difficult, especially in the late capitalist countries. This chapter examines class structures of some late-capitalist countries outside Europe and North America. Latin America, Japan, South Korea, and Turkey have historically been studied before and after periods of capitalism. While some countries have successfully completed and managed to develop their class transformations under difficult conditions, some countries have failed. Along with an unsuccessful transformation, new classes have emerged which have preventive effects on the development target. It is difficult for the countries that cannot make their class structure compatible with the capitalist system and the development target.

scholarly journals Is there an imbalance in the supply and demand for universal accessibility knowledge? Twenty years of UAIS papers viewed through the lens of WCAG

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode Eika Sandnes
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
North America ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Universal Accessibility ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Research Profile ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractPurpose: Some universal accessibility practitioners have voiced that they experience a mismatch in the research focus and the need for knowledge within specialized problem domains. This study thus set out to identify the balance of research into the main areas of accessibility, the impact of this research, and how the research profile varies over time and across geographical regions. Method: All UAIS papers indexed in Scopus were analysed using bibliometric methods. The WCAG taxonomy of accessibility was used for the analysis, namely perceivable, operable, and understandable. Results: The results confirm the expectation that research into visual impairment has received more attention than papers addressing operable and understandable. Although papers focussing on understandable made up the smallest group, papers in this group attracted more citations. Funded research attracted fewer citations than research without funding. The breakdown of research efforts appears consistent over time and across different geographical regions. Researchers in Europe and North America have been active throughout the last two decades, while Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Middle East became active in during the last five years. There is also seemingly a growing trend of out-of-scope papers. Conclusions: Based on the findings, several recommendations are proposed to the UAIS editorial board.

Indignation and Claims for Economic Sovereignty in Europe and the Americas: Renewing the Project of Control over Production

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Casassas ◽  
Sérgio Franco ◽  
Bru Laín ◽  
Edgar Manjarín ◽  
Rommy Morales Olivares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Latin America ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
North America ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
World War ◽  
Turn On ◽  
The Social ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Working Populations

This chapter focuses on contemporary social movements in Europe and Latin America that are taking shape as forms of action that aim not only at defending some achievements of ‘reformed capitalism’ but also at exploring the possibility of forms of social and economic organisation that go beyond purely capitalist logics. More specifically, it examines the efforts of these movements as they try to regain control over production and distribution. The chapter first considers the meaning of the post-World War II ‘social deal’ as well as the actors, historical trajectories and societal self-understandings that contributed to its emergence. It then explains why, both in Europe and North America and in Latin America, the guarantee of degrees of socio-economic security went hand in hand with a decrease of collective economic sovereignty. It also analyses the effects of the neo-liberal turn on the working populations' socio-economic security and on the social deal.

KRITIK EKONOMI ISLAM TERHADAP PEMIKIRAN KARL MARX TENTANG SISTEM KEPEMILIKAN DALAM SISTEM SOSIAL MASYARAKAT

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-187
Author(s):  
Muhammad Kambali
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Social System ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
System Development ◽  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Social

The theory of Karl Marx’s Historical Materialism states that system of ownership is a necessity in the social system. Marx declares the social system development takes place in five stages. The first stage is primitive-communal society has have not recognized the system of ownership. The second stage is the stage of division of labor and the emergence of ownership. The third stage is formation of feudal society. The fourth stage is development of a capitalist community. The final stage is stage of development of the social system which is the formation of a socialist-communist society. If seen from ownership, the social-communal system is divided into three sections; the stage of primitive-communal society, the division of labor and the stages of ownership, and phase of the ownership elimination. According to Marx, the ownership of proletariat workers system suffers exploitation and alienation. Both of these things can only be solved by removing the ownership system which is replaced by the role of collective ownership. For Islamic economics, exploitation and alienation experienced by the proletariat workers are the result of inconsistencies in wealth management and distribution system in the capitalist system, not proprietary. Islamic Economics is looking at the role of individuals in managing their wealth and their distribution pattern.

The Roots of Brazil's Heavy Taxation

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
GABRIEL ONDETTI
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Support For Democracy ◽  
Over Time

AbstractLatin America is widely known as a low-tax region, but Brazil defies that description with a tax burden almost double the regional average. Though longstanding, Brazil’s position atop the tax burden ranking is not a historical constant. As recently as the early 1950s three other countries, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, had similar or even heavier burdens. However, by the early 1980s Brazil had emerged as the most heavily taxed country in Latin America, and subsequent decades reinforced that status. This article seeks to uncover the roots of Brazil’s heavy taxation by examining the process through which it rose to the top of the regional ranking and managed to stay there. It emphasises two variables, the social class bases of public sector growth and the degree of support for democracy among key political actors. Despite changing over time, these variables have consistently interacted in ways that favour rising taxation.

scholarly journals Post COVID-19 Pandemic Scenarios in an Unequal World Challenges for Sustainable Development in Latin America

World ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Morea
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
World Order ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Information Gap ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Bases ◽  
Global Nature ◽  
Business As Usual

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted numerous academic debates about its impact on health and the economy and on possible post-pandemic scenarios across the globe. The discussion has been focused on whether the pandemic will mark a turning point and a unique opportunity to generate radical changes in the economic and productive system, or if the State assistance role will, once again, serve to rescue the capitalist system. There is a common link between these two opposing positions in that there will be a crossroads for the future of humanity, regarding the treatment that will be given to nature. However, some of the most optimistic visions seem to underestimate the different realities that the world presents. This paper proposes a combined analysis about the possible post-pandemic scenarios that are debated at a global level, and the impacts of the pandemic in the context of Latin America to fill an information gap and to aid understanding on what the possible post-pandemic scenarios for Latin America could be. The first findings show that the debates about the post-pandemic future at the global level could be grouped between: the return to “business as usual”; a managed transition; and a paradigm shift. For Latin America, the post-pandemic scenario will be highly conditioned on how the new world order is reconfigured, and moving on a path towards sustainability for the region in the post-pandemic scenario seems to be linked to two possibilities: a kind of revolt or revolution fostered by the social bases; or a solution of a global nature that favors making long-term decisions. If this does not occur, the most likely scenario seems to be a return to business as usual.

scholarly journals Os movimentos contestatórios no Serviço Social iberoeuropeu e da América do Norte no período de 1960 a 1980

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (40) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Aparecida Leite Toffanetto Seabra Eiras ◽  
Maria Carmelita Yazbek ◽  
Cláudia Mônica dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Work ◽  
North America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The Social ◽  
America Latina ◽  
The Relationship

Resumo − Este artigo constitui-se como parte da pesquisa O Movimento de Reconceituação do Serviço Social na América Latina (Argentina, Brasil, Chile e Colômbia): determinantes históricos, interlocuções internacionais e memória. Nossa ênfase circunscreve-se a Portugal, Espanha, EUA e Canadá (1960-1980). Desse modo, pretendemos identificar as referências teórico-metodológicas do Serviço Social nesse período, em seus nexos com os “movimentos contestatórios” e com o “movimento de reconceituação latino-americano” (MRLA).  Indagamos acerca da relação entre o MRLA e o Serviço Social crítico e/ou radical, considerando suas particularidades, antecedentes, expressões e desdobramentos. Apresentamos, assim, um panorama econômico, político, social e cultural da conjuntura desses países à época. Apresentamos, ainda, os movimentos do Serviço Social crítico e/ou radical e suas referências ético-políticas e teórico-metodológicas, as quais os distinguem do Serviço Social tradicional. Por fim, indicamos, quando pertinente, as interlocuções desses movimentos/produções com o MRLA. Palavras-Chave: Serviço Social; Movimento de Reconceituação latino-americano; movimentos contestatórios na Europa ibera e na América do Norte.  Abstract − This article is part of the research “The Movement of Reconceptualization of Social Work in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia): historical determinants, international interlocutions and memory.” Our emphasis is limited to Portugal, Spain, USA and Canada (1960-1980). In this research we intend to identify the theoretical-methodological references of social work in this period, in its links with the social contestation movements and with the Latin American reconceptualization movement (MRLA). We inquire about the relationship between the MRLA and the critical and radical social work, considering its particularities, antecedents, expressions and aftereffects. In this article, we present an economic, political, social and cultural panorama of the conjuncture of these countries at the time. We also present the movements of critical and radical social work and both their ethical-political and theoretical-methodological references, which distinguish them from traditional social work and indicate, when pertinent, the interlocutions of these movements and productions with the MRLA.Keywords: social work; Latin American reconceptualization movement; social contestation in Iberian Europe and North America.

Examining the Social Organization Practices of Cybercriminals in the Netherlands Online and Offline

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 522-538
Author(s):  
E. R. Leukfeldt ◽  
Thomas J. Holt
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Formal Organizations ◽  
Extended Duration ◽  
Over Time

This study focuses on the organization practices of networks of cybercriminals engaged in serious financial offenses, through a qualitative analysis of the Best and Luckenbill’s sociological framework. The study utilized data collected regarding 18 separate criminals investigations from the Netherlands. The results demonstrate that the participants within these networks operated at various stages of deviant sophistication. Surprisingly, the majority of networks exhibit organizational sophistication based on their division of labor and extended duration over time. In fact, most of this sample could be classified as “teams” or “formal organizations.” Furthermore, in contrast with prior studies, no loners were present and only a few networks could be classified as “colleagues” or “peers.”

The Articulation of the Equality and Rights of Women in Bahá’í Discourse and Implementation

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-55
Author(s):  
Wendi Momen
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
International Community ◽  
The West ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Baha'i Faith ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Teachings ◽  
Over Time

The origins of the Bahá’í concept of the equality of women and men lie in the writings of Bahá’u’lláh. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá developed it further, first in his correspondence with western Bahá’ís and later during his travels in Europe and North America as he spoke to audiences about the social teachings of the Bahá’í Faith. While he was in London in September 1911, he met with suffragettes, among others. On one occasion he asked one visitor why she thought women should have the vote. Her response included a metaphor of humanity being a bird with two wings, male and female, both of which are required if the bird is to fly. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá incorporated this metaphor into his talks in the West and eventually into his writings and it has become an enduring description of gender equality found in many documents.This essay explores how the concepts of the equality of women and men, the rights of women and the advancement of women have been articulated over time in the talks and writings of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, the works of Shoghi Effendi, the writings of the Universal House of Justice and the statements of the Bahá’í International Community. It also considers how these concepts have been applied and developed by individual Bahá’ís and their families, within the Bahá’í community and in its institutions, and how this experience is being shared in public discourse.

Violence and its prediction at a psychiatric hospital

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 459-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Sjöström ◽  
D.N. Eder ◽  
U. Malm ◽  
J. Beskow
Keyword(s):  
Sick Leave ◽  
Psychiatric Hospital ◽  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Verbal Aggressiveness ◽  
Training Course ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Over Time

SummaryAggressive behaviour in psychiatric inpatients was assessed before and after a training course for staff members. The Social Dysfunction Aggression Scale (SDAS) was used to report and assess aggressive behaviour over time, and the Staff Observation Aggression Scale (SOAS) to report and assess single aggressive incidents. In addition, the numbers of nursing staff members who were on sick leave because of injuries in the periods before and after the course were recorded and compared. No statistically significant reduction was found in the number of aggressive patients or in the number of staff members on sick leave. One interesting finding was a lower reporting on the SOAS of perceived aggressive incidents after the training course in comparison with the SDAS reports. Directed verbal aggressiveness and violence towards things were found to be predictors of violence.

scholarly journals Kritik Ekonomi Islam Terhadap Pemikiran Karl Marx Tentang Sistem Kepemilikan Dalam Sistem Sosial Masyarakat

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Kambali
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Social System ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
System Development ◽  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Social

The theory of Karl Marx’s Historical Materialism states that system of ownership is a necessity in the social system. Marx declares the social system development takes place in five stages. The first stage is primitive-communal society has have not recognized the system of ownership. The second stage is the stage of division of labor and the emergence of ownership. The third stage is formation of feudal society. The fourth stage is development of a capitalist community. The final stage is stage of development of the social system which is the formation of a socialist-communist society. If seen from ownership, the social-communal system is divided into three sections; the stage of primitive-communal society, the division of labor and the stages of ownership, and phase of the ownership elimination. According to Marx, the ownership of proletariat workers system suffers exploitation and alienation. Both of these things can only be solved by removing the ownership system which is replaced by the role of collective ownership. For Islamic economics, exploitation and alienation experienced by the proletariat workers are the result of inconsistencies in wealth management and distribution system in the capitalist system, not proprietary. Islamic Economics is looking at the role of individuals in managing their wealth and their distribution pattern. Keywords: Historical Materialism, Ownership, Exploitation, Alienation

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