Cyberspace as a Complex Adaptive System and the Policy and Operational Implications for Cyberwarfare

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Albert Olagbemiro
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Complex Adaptive System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
Current Representation

The overall implication of depicting cyberspace as a complex, adaptive ecosystem rather than its current representation as a bi-dimensional domain provides an avenue for further insight into the complexities associated with operating in cyberspace. This renewed perspective brings to the forefront the critical role of the civilian private sector in cyber warfare, due to the intermixing and heavy reliance of the United States Government (USG) on an infrastructure owned and operated by the civilian private sector. The implications of such a revisionist perspective leads to a theory of action, which suggests that given this heavy reliance of U.S.G entities to include DoD, on a cyber-infrastructure predominantly owned and operated by civilian private sector entities, authorization to wage offensive-styled cyber-attacks, as a defensive measure should not be limited exclusively to the DoD but also expanded to include authorized entities in the civilian private sector.

Cyberspace as a Complex Adaptive System and the Policy and Operational Implications for Cyberwarfare

2019 ◽  
pp. 250-264
Author(s):  
Albert Olagbemiro
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Complex Adaptive System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
Dimensional Domain

The overall implication of depicting cyberspace as a complex, adaptive ecosystem rather than its current representation as a bi-dimensional domain provides an avenue for further insight into the complexities associated with operating in cyberspace. This renewed perspective brings to the forefront the critical role of the civilian private sector in cyber warfare, due to the intermixing and heavy reliance of the United States Government (USG) on an infrastructure owned and operated by the civilian private sector. The implications of such a revisionist perspective leads to a theory of action, which suggests that given this heavy reliance of U.S.G entities to include DoD, on a cyber-infrastructure predominantly owned and operated by civilian private sector entities, authorization to wage offensive-styled cyber-attacks, as a defensive measure should not be limited exclusively to the DoD but also expanded to include authorized entities in the civilian private sector.

scholarly journals THE NORMATIVE ROLE OF THE ALLIANCE IN NON-CONVENTIONAL SECURITY THREATS – CYBER DEFENCE OF MEMBER STATES

2014 ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
ADRIJANA DVORŠAK
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Operational Capabilities ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Security Organizations

The role of international security organizations is to create a consensus on values, norms and rules relating to cyber warfare. NATO produces cyber policy and provides for education and the exchange of information also through publicistic activity. To a lesser extent it has also developed operational capabilities for joint cyber defence and cyber warfare. NATO can expect initiatives for close cooperation in cyber defence and the establishment of common cyber capabilities, which are all rational responses to unconventional threats. The benefits stemming from such cooperation differ by state. The author is nonetheless convinced that the United States will benefit the most from the said cooperation as their economy is the most dependent on information and communication technology, the most globalised and allegedly the most frequent target of cyber attacks.

scholarly journals The Emerging Role of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for the Management of NAFLD

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandani Patel Chavez ◽  
Kenneth Cusi ◽  
Sushma Kadiyala
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Consensus Statements ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Context The burden of cirrhosis from NAFLD is reaching epidemic proportions in the United States. This calls for greater awareness among endocrinologists, who often see but may miss the diagnosis in adults with obesity or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) who are at the highest risk. At the same time, recent studies suggest that GLP-1RAs are beneficial versus steatohepatitis (NASH) in this population. This minireview aims to assist endocrinologists to recognize the condition and recent work on the role of GLP-1RAs in NAFLD/NASH. Evidence acquisition Evidence from observational studies, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analyses. Evidence Synthesis Endocrinologists should lead multidisciplinary teams to implement recent consensus statements on NAFLD that call for screening and treatment of clinically significant fibrosis to prevent cirrhosis, especially in the high-risk groups (i.e., people with obesity, prediabetes or T2D). With no FDA-approved agents, weight loss is central to their successful management, with pharmacological treatment options limited today to vitamin E (in people without T2D) and diabetes medications that reverse steatohepatitis, such as pioglitazone or GLP-1RA. Recently the benefit of GLP-1RAs in NAFLD, suggested from earlier trials, has been confirmed in adults with biopsy-proven NASH. In 2021, the FDA also approved semaglutide for obesity management. Conclusion A paradigm change is developing between the endocrinologist’s greater awareness about their critical role to curve the epidemic of NAFLD and new clinical care pathways that include a broader use of GLP-1RAs in the management of these complex patients.

The Role of Human Operators' Suspicion in the Detection of Cyber Attacks

2019 ◽  
pp. 1482-1499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne Hirshfield ◽  
Philip Bobko ◽  
Alex J. Barelka ◽  
Mark R. Costa ◽  
Gregory J. Funke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer System ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Latent Structure ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Human Operators

Despite the importance that human error in the cyber domain has had in recent reports, cyber warfare research to date has largely focused on the effects of cyber attacks on the target computer system. In contrast, there is little empirical work on the role of human operators during cyber breaches. More specifically, there is a need to understand the human-level factors at play when attacks occur. This paper views cyber attacks through the lens of suspicion, a construct that has been used in other contexts, but inadequately defined, in prior research. After defining the construct of suspicion, the authors demonstrate the role that suspicion plays as the conduit between computer operators' normal working behaviors and their ability to alter that behavior to detect and react to cyber attacks. With a focus on the user, rather than the target computer, the authors empirically develop a latent structure for a variety of types of cyber attacks, link that structure to levels of operator suspicion, link suspicion to users' cognitive and emotional states, and develop initial implications for cyber training.

Debunking myths about oil: A case study of oil subsidies

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-200
Author(s):  
Jung Taek Han ◽  
Seo Yeon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Oil Politics ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
States Government ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Mass Participation

Despite increasing demands for the reform of oil subsidies, the United States government fails to enact substantial reform policies on the issue. The paper visits the biggest unresolved cleavage in the environmental policy literature where there have been no attempts to quantitatively assess the influence of lobbying and mass participation on the policy-making process. It thus attempts to quantify and examine various factors behind legislators’ votes, and the results are hard to square with a pure lobbying model. While the role of lobbying is certainly not ruled out of the explanatory model per se, this paper observed that congressional preferences may instead also be driven by the voter perception towards environmental regulation in each state. The thrust of the argument is that lobbying, while being a decisive factor, may not be the only one influencing legislators’ decisions for the oil subsidy reform bills. This study hypothesizes that the exchange model theory might not fully provide an explanation of why oil subsidies continuously fall through. It suggests that oil politics may instead follow the neo-pluralist model: While lobbying is an important factor in voting results, legislators are mindful of voters’ perspectives in spite of the fact that they are unorganized—and that they might in fact be even more powerful determinants than the lobby variable.

scholarly journals Too Little, Too Late?

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Lilian Milanés ◽  
Joanna Mishtal
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Young Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Low Expectations ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Reproductive Healthcare

AbstractScholarship and advocacy work regarding reproductive health have often focused on women’s experiences. Concerns about men’s sexual and reproductive healthcare (SRH) have historically been on the margins in this context. In the United States, young men are at the greatest risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), yet are the least likely to seek SRH. Based on research with 18 healthcare providers in a large public Florida university clinic, we examined providers’ perspectives about expanding men’s SRH provision and utilisation. Research findings demonstrate inconsistent provider strategies in treating men’s SRH needs and a clinical environment that has low expectations of men receiving preventive care, further perpetuating the placement of SRH responsibility upon women. This article contributes to applied and medical anthropology scholarship on health inequalities through its discussion of the challenges and barriers that contribute to poor SRH for young men and the critical role of providers in this context.

scholarly journals May the force be with you: Transfer of healthy mitochondria from stem cells to stroke cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar V Borlongan ◽  
Hung Nguyen ◽  
Trenton Lippert ◽  
Eleonora Russo ◽  
Julian Tuazon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunctions ◽  
Limited Therapeutic Option ◽  
The World

Stroke is a major cause of death and disability in the United States and around the world with limited therapeutic option. Here, we discuss the critical role of mitochondria in stem cell-mediated rescue of stroke brain by highlighting the concept that deleting the mitochondria from stem cells abolishes the cells’ regenerative potency. The application of innovative approaches entailing generation of mitochondria-voided stem cells as well as pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial function may elucidate the mechanism underlying transfer of healthy mitochondria to ischemic cells, thereby providing key insights in the pathology and treatment of stroke and other brain disorders plagued with mitochondrial dysfunctions.

Association of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) polymorphisms with worse survival in three independent cohorts from the United States, Austria, and Japan in patients with gastric cancer.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 4111-4111
Author(s):  
Rita Elie El-Khoueiry ◽  
Takeru Wakatsuki ◽  
Yan Ning ◽  
Wu Zhang ◽  
Dongyun Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Japanese Cohort ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Negative Prognostic Factor ◽  
The Us ◽  
Pathway Interaction

4111 Background: The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathwaycontrols cell proliferation and differentiation. Disruption of this pathway has been shown in the majority of colorectal (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC). The TCF7L2 complex plays a critical role in this pathway. Interaction of TCF7L2 and β-catenin results in translocation to the nucleus and leads to up-regulation of target genes, including c-myc and cyclin D1. Previous reports have shown that TCF7L2 polymorphism rs7903146 C/T is associated with CRC risk and outcome; however, the prognostic role of this polymorphism in GC is unknown. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis of whether this polymorphism could predict outcome in GC in three independent cohorts. Methods: A total of 369 patients (pts) with histopathologically-confirmed localized GC were enrolled from Japan (n=169), the US (n=137), and Austria (n=63) between 2002 and 2010. Results: In the US cohort, pts with at least one-T allele ((T/T or C/T; n=46) showed a median TTR of 1.7 yrs vs. 4.4 yrs compared to pts homozygous C/C (n=76) (HR: 2.09 95%CI: 1.21- 3.59, p=0.0053). A similar trend was shown in the Austrian cohort, where pts harboring at least one-T allele (n=25) showed a median DFS of 2.08 yrs vs. 5.42 yrs for pts homozygous C/C (n=38) (HR: 1.79 [95%CI: 0.90-3.55], p=0.092). Moreover, in the Japanese cohort, pts homozygous for T/T demonstrated (n=2) a median DFS of 0.15 yrs vs. 4.82 yrs for pts harboring at least one-C allele (n=165) (HR: 10.5 [95%CI: 2.46-45.5], p=0.001). These results were confirmed in the OS in the US and Japanese cohorts. Pts at least one-T allele (n=46) showed a median OS of 3.3 yrs vs. 5.5 yrs for pts homozygous C/C (n=76) (HR: 2.41 95%CI: 1.28-4.53, p=0.0043) in the US cohort, while pts homozygous T/T showed (n=2) a median OS of 0.22 yrs vs 5.76 yrs for pts harboring at least one-C allele (n=165) (HR: 15.2 [95%CI: 3.50-66.7], p<0.001). Conclusions: TCF7L2 polymorphism was associated with worse prognosis in recurrence in pts with GC in three independently global cohorts. This polymorphism may be negative prognostic factor in GC regardless of ethnicity and etiology, suggesting the importance role of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling in GC.

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