Developing a Taxonomy for Identifying Stakeholders in National ICT Policy Implementation

Information and communication technology (ICT) policies attract different stakeholders in the policy cycle phases. Whilst most studies on stakeholder analysis focuses on identifying stakeholders at the beginning of the policy process (ex-ante), we argue that stakeholders may change during the course of the policy process and hence the need to review previous policy stakeholders and identify new stakeholders in the subsequent phases of the policy process. The article proposes a taxonomy of ex-post stakeholder identification for ICT policy implementation phase. The taxonomy comprises the following steps for identifying stakeholders: categorise policy goals, list stakeholders, decide on stakeholders, categorise stakeholders, assign roles to stakeholders, highlight participation of stakeholders, manage stakeholders, and evaluate stakeholders. The taxonomy may be used by those responsible for recruiting stakeholders in the ICT policy implementation.

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Ex-Post Stakeholder Analysis of National ICT Policy Subsystem

International Journal of ICT Research in Africa and the Middle East ◽

10.4018/ijictrame.2016010102 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 15-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Frank Makoza ◽

Wallace Chigona

Keyword(s):

Stakeholder Analysis ◽

Policy Formulation ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Advocacy Coalition ◽

Ex Post ◽

Policy Subsystem ◽

Information And Communication ◽

The Media ◽

National Information ◽

Ict Policy

This paper presents an analysis of stakeholders of the national Information and Communication Technology (ICT) policy subsystem using the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF). The study focused on the context of a developing country, Malawi, which was analysed using qualitative data gathered through semi-structured interviews and policy documents. The findings showed there was diversity in the stakeholders for national ICT policy who were engaged in different roles of the policy process despite being a unitary policy subsystem. The stakeholders included officials from government departments, donors, academia, private sector organisations, the media, law enforcement agents and telecom operators. Some of the roles of the stakeholders were related to policy formulation, implementation, regulation, ICT investment, and support. The study contributes towards the literature of national ICT policy in the context of developing countries. A further study is recommended to consider the interests of informal stakeholders not represented in the national ICT policy subsystem.

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Municipal ICT Policy Goals and Technology Choices

Creative Urban Regions ◽

10.4018/978-1-59904-838-3.ch006 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 95-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nicholas C. Maynard

Keyword(s):

Municipal Government ◽

Sunk Costs ◽

Policy Framework ◽

Clear Understanding ◽

Retail Market ◽

Private Sector Investment ◽

Policy Goals ◽

Ict Adoption ◽

Information And Communication ◽

Ict Policy

This study reviews the literature of the available research to develop a policy framework for understanding the key decisions facing municipal information and communication technology policymakers. This chapter provides a clear understanding of the interdependent choices regarding municipal ICT goals, initiatives, and technology choices. With each decision, a municipality risks choosing a sub-optimal goal or technology for its particular environment, resulting in a reduction or plateau in ICT adoption. For example, by creating a public sector operator in a highly competitive retail market, a municipal government may in fact dampen private sector investment and result in a net negative for the area’s ICT penetration rate. In addition, these poor choices cannot be easily rectified. With the large sunk costs of ICT deployments, future options are constrained by past choices. Therefore, it is vital that policymakers understand their range of options for ICT goals, initiatives, and technologies before beginning the process of implementing their policies.

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National Information and Communication Technology Policy Process in Developing Countries

Advances in IT Standards and Standardization Research - Frameworks for ICT Policy ◽

10.4018/978-1-61692-012-8.ch014 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 218-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Edwin I. Achugbue ◽

C.E. Akporido

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Information And Communication Technology ◽

Communication Technology ◽

Policy Process ◽

Policy Development ◽

Technology Policy ◽

Country Factors ◽

Information And Communication ◽

National Information ◽

Ict Policy

This chapter discusses national information and communication technology policy process in developing countries. It describes the need for information and communication technology policy, ICT policy development process, national ICT policy in developing countries, the role of an ICT policy in the developing country, factors affecting the formulation of national ICT policies and the future of national ICT policy was also discussed.

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Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Proses Kebijakan Daerah

Jurnal Desentralisasi ◽

10.37378/jd.2012.2.163-177 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 163-177

Author(s):

Abdullah Manshur

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

Public Participation ◽

Policy Evaluation ◽

Policy Process ◽

Policy Formulation ◽

Problem Situation ◽

Policy Cycle ◽

Policy Makers ◽

The Public ◽

Policy Making Process

Public policy is a decision to deal with a particular problem situation, that identifies the objectives, principles, ways, and means to achieve them. The ability and understanding of policy makers in the policy-making process is very important for the realization of public policy of rapid, accurate and adequate. The product to suit the needs of the public policy, public participation in the policy process is needed in the policy cycle, from policy formulation to policy evaluation. This paper attempts to review the importance of community participation and other forms of public participation in the policy process, in particular, policy areas.

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Policy in Practice: Social Procurement Policies in the Swedish Construction Sector

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13147621 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 7621

Author(s):

Daniella Troje

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Real Estate ◽

Policy Implementation ◽

Social Exclusion ◽

Construction Sector ◽

Target Groups ◽

Policy Goals ◽

Real Estate Sector ◽

Practice Literature ◽

Disadvantaged People

Procurement has long been used to fulfil policy goals, and social procurement policies can mitigate issues connected to social exclusion, unemployment and segregation. The target groups for such policies are disadvantaged people such as immigrants, young people and people with disabilities. Due to its close connection to exclusion and segregation issues, the construction and real estate sector has often been seen by policymakers as an appropriate sector for social procurement. However, practices to implement such policies are underdeveloped, which creates uncertainty and hinders the transition towards sustainability in the construction sector. This paper investigates how construction clients and contractors perceive the implementation of social procurement policies in practice. Drawing on policy-in-practice literature and interviewing 28 actors in the Swedish construction sector, the findings show a misalignment between: (1) social procurement policies, (2) the sector and its existing practices, and (3) the target group and their skills and needs. Although this misalignment adversely impacts policy implementation and practice formation, it can likely be mitigated if actors co-create policy goals and practices that mesh with existing practices, and provide more resources to enable policy implementation. This paper shows how procurement can help fulfil social policies and the difficulties of achieving that in practice.

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Ex Post Review and Expert Policymaking: When Does Oversight Reduce Accountability?

10.31235/osf.io/ugsqc ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

John Patty ◽

Ian R Turner

Keyword(s):

Institutional Design ◽

Policy Decision ◽

Policy Choice ◽

Policy Recommendations ◽

Policy Recommendation ◽

Policy Choices ◽

Policy Goals ◽

Ex Post

Ex post review is a common feature of policymaking institutions. We consider an environment in which an expert agent makes a policy recommendation, which can then be accepted or rejected by an overseer whose policy goals differ from those of the agent. The theory suggests that both behavior and optimal institutional design are sensitive to several factors, including actors' preference alignment, the importance of the policy decision, and the uncertainty about the correct policy choice. We characterize the types of situations in which ex post review creates incentives for the agent to make pathological policy choices. In these situations, ex post review can reduce accountability of the agent to overseer wishes and ultimately provide incentives to set aside review entirely. The theory also offers testable predictions about policy recommendations and the overseer's acceptance or rejection of these recommendations.

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A qualitative exploration of pharmacovigilance policy implementation in Jordan, Oman, and Kuwait using Matland’s ambiguity-conflict model

Globalization and Health ◽

10.1186/s12992-021-00751-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hamza Y. Garashi ◽

Douglas T. Steinke ◽

Ellen I. Schafheutle

Keyword(s):

Policy Implementation ◽

Policy Development ◽

Stakeholder Involvement ◽

Implementation Process ◽

Arab Countries ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Pharmacovigilance System ◽

Policy Conflict ◽

Policy Goals ◽

Conflict Model

Abstract Background As Arab countries seek to implement the ‘Guideline on Good Pharmacovigilance Practice (GVP) for Arab countries’, understanding policy implementation mechanisms and the factors impacting it can inform best implementation practice. This study aimed to explore the mechanisms of and factors influencing pharmacovigilance policy implementation in Arab countries with more established pharmacovigilance systems (Jordan, Oman), to inform policy implementation in a country with a nascent pharmacovigilance system (Kuwait). Results Matland’s ambiguity-conflict model served to frame data analysis from 56 face-to-face interviews, which showed that policy ambiguity and conflict were low in Jordan and Oman, suggesting an “administrative implementation” pathway. In Kuwait, policy ambiguity was high while sentiments about policy conflict were varied, suggesting a mixture between “experimental implementation” and “symbolic implementation”. Factors reducing policy ambiguity in Jordan and Oman included: decision-makers’ guidance to implementors, stakeholder involvement in the policy’s development and implementation, training of policy implementors throughout the implementation process, clearly outlined policy goals and means, and presence of a strategic implementation plan with appropriate timelines as well as a monitoring mechanism. In contrast, policy ambiguity in Kuwait stemmed from the absence or lack of attention to these factors. Factors reducing policy conflict included: the policy’s compliance with internationally recognised standards and the policy’s fit with local capabilities (all three countries), decision-makers’ cooperation with and support of the national centre as well as stakeholders’ agreement on policy goals and means (Jordan and Oman) and adopting a stepwise approach to implementation (Jordan). Conclusions Using Matland’s model, both the mechanism of and factors impacting successful pharmacovigilance policy implementation were identified. This informed recommendations for best implementation practice in Arab as well as other countries with nascent pharmacovigilance systems, including increased managerial engagement and support, greater stakeholder involvement in policy development and implementation, and undertaking more detailed implementation planning.

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Policy Harmonization: The Example of Global Antidoping Policy

Journal of Sport Management ◽

10.1123/jsm.13.3.197 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 197-215 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Barrie Houlihan

Keyword(s):

Policy Implementation ◽

Policy Process ◽

Resource Dependence ◽

Regime Theory ◽

International Level ◽

Global Policy ◽

Sports Organizations ◽

Sports Events ◽

The Cost ◽

Individual Sports

The article provides an analysis of the transition of antidoping policy from a series of relatively discrete processes, confined to individual sports, events, or countries, to a global policy that comprises a complex network of relationships involving governmental and nongovernmental organizations. Regime theory is used to examine the nature of the policy process at the international level, focusing particularly on the difficulties of defining the objective of harmonization and of achieving compliance. The characteristics of the regime are identified, and issues of resource dependence, capacity building, verification of compliance, and the increasing centrality of government to policy implementation are examined. Despite the constant risk of defection and the tensions within the regime, the conclusion is drawn that the regime should not be deemed ineffective. Increasing effectiveness, however, is likely to occur at the cost of progressive marginalization of sports organizations.

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Administrative Leadership in Policy Review and Evaluation

Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis ◽

10.3102/01623737010002141 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 141-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Robert J. Starratt

Keyword(s):

Policy Implementation ◽

Policy Process ◽

Administrative Leadership ◽

Policy Initiative ◽

Federal Level ◽

Implementation Evaluation ◽

Policy Review ◽

Building Level ◽

Conventional Paradigm ◽

Policy Setting

The conventional paradigm of the policy process is that state or federal level legislators and agency heads set policy; agency bureaucrats write the guidelines and specifications; administrators at various levels down to the building level administrators implement the policy initiative; research specialists in program and policy implementation evaluation assess the effects of the policy and report back to those who set the policy. This paper argues that administrators at the state, district, or building level should review and evaluate policy, thereby joining their perspectives to and enriching the conversion between the policy setting and policy evaluating communities.

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How Is Public Housing Policy Implemented in China? A Tentative Analysis of the Local Implementation of Four Major Programs

The American Review of Public Administration ◽

10.1177/0275074018761807 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 372-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yongmao Fan ◽

Hongshan Yang

Keyword(s):

Policy Implementation ◽

Public Housing ◽

Local Governments ◽

Central Government ◽

Analytical Framework ◽

Structural Framework ◽

Policy Goals ◽

Incentive Model ◽

Implementation Studies ◽

Policy Experiments

One challenge that policy implementation studies face is how to build a structural framework using different variables. This article constructs a path-incentive model of implementation as an analytical framework with which to examine the relationship between central and local government. It consists of two key variables: policy path and incentive. The model embraces four types of implementation: administrative implementation, experimental implementation, flexible implementation, and symbolic implementation. Based on a case study of China’s major public housing policies from 1998 to 2013, the article finds that even if policy goals and the implementation path are sometimes unclear, a strong top-down incentive mechanism will encourage local governments to actively engage in policy experiments. This local explorative approach can enhance an understanding of the policy environment and avoid apportioning blame to the central government for defective policy making. In China, policy implementation not only turns policy goals into real outcomes but also is a means of improving policy paths and incentive mechanisms.

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