Modelling of Nitrogen Deposition Pressure Effect on Grain Size Development and Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Ternary Nitride Coatings

Development of complex ternary nitride coatings has attracted significant industrial interest in recent years. In deposition of complex ternary nitride coatings, the nitrogen deposition pressure plays an important role in structural evolution of the coatings leading to development of different mechanical properties. This paper summaries some successful analyses by the authors on the relationships amongst the deposition rate, grain size and hardness of the coatings against the nitrogen deposition pressure. It has been established that as the nitrogen pressure decreases, the deposition rate of the coatings increases and the grain size decreases. Hardness of the coatings increases due to the development of a refined and densified coating structure. Taking into account of the reaction kinetics at the targets, the interactions of the sputtered atoms occurred in their transfer to the substrate, the reaction kinetics at the substrate, the target material characteristics and the geometric arrangement of the sputter magnetron configuration, modelling to the relationships of deposition rate with nitrogen deposition pressure, grain size with deposition rate and hardness with grain size have been successfully established in this study. A limiting grain size of the coatings has also been identified in the grain refinement process.

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A nanoindentation study of magnetron co-sputtered nanocrystalline ternary nitride coatings

Science of Sintering ◽

10.2298/sos0603211y ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 211-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

W.Y. Yeung ◽

S.N. Dub ◽

R. Wuhrer ◽

Yu.V. Milman

Keyword(s):

Elastic Modulus ◽

Nitrogen Deposition ◽

Deposition Pressure ◽

Plasticity Characteristic ◽

Nanoindentation Testing ◽

Nitride Coatings ◽

Ternary Nitride ◽

Plasticity Parameter ◽

Grain Diameter

Nanoindentation testing was used to determine the hardness, elastic modulus and plasticity parameter of three newly developed ternary nitride coatings with nano-sized grains. With decreasing nitrogen deposition pressure, grain diameter of the coatings decreases that leads to both higher nanohardness and elastic modulus with conservation of satisfactory values of plasticity characteristic.

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Microstructure, Interface and Hardness of Ti/TiN Nanolayered Coatings

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.531-532.645 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 531-532 ◽

pp. 645-650 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiao Ming Bai ◽

Wei Tao Zheng ◽

Xiu Juan Guo ◽

Hui She

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Grain Size ◽

Substrate Temperature ◽

Multilayer Coating ◽

Multilayer Films ◽

Deposition Pressure ◽

Crystalline Orientation ◽

X Ray ◽

Modulus Difference ◽

Discharge Gas

The polycrystalline Ti/TiN multilayer films were deposited by magnetron sputtering. We investigated the effects of mixed discharge gas pressure, bias voltage and substrate temperature on the microstructural, interfacial, and mechanical properties of the polycrystalline Ti/TiN multilayer films. X-ray reflectivity and diffraction (XRR and XRD), and nanoindentation were used to characterize the structures and mechanical properties for the films.The period of multilayer, interface width and grain size decrease with increaseing of deposition pressure. The multilayer coating at floating voltage shows TiN (111), Ti2N (103), and TiN (200) preferred crystalline orientation, whlie those at other different substrate biases show only TiN (111) and Ti2N (103) preferred crystalline orientation. It was found that the hardness increased with increasing substrate temperature. This hardness enhancement was probably caused by the modulus difference in the interface between layer Ti and TiN or the preferred crystalline orientation TiN(111).

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Development and tribo-mechanical properties of functional ternary nitride coatings: Applications-based comprehensive review

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part J Journal of Engineering Tribology ◽

10.1177/1350650120933412 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 235 (1) ◽

pp. 196-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muhammad Ghufran ◽

Ghulam Moeen Uddin ◽

Syed Muhammad Arafat ◽

Muhammad Jawad ◽

Abdul Rehman

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Friction And Wear ◽

Cutting Tools ◽

Orthopedic Implants ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

The Novel ◽

Research Directions ◽

Nitride Coatings ◽

Ternary Nitride ◽

Mechanical Studies

Friction and wear are very crucial aspects of the performance, service life, and the operational costs for a mechanical component or equipment. To reduce the friction and wear at the interface of the sliding or mating parts, different conventional binary coatings like TiN, CrN, TiC, etc., have been used in the last two decades. But ternary nitride coatings have replaced the binary coatings due to better tribo-mechanical properties. Now, ternary nitride coatings are being extensively used in several fields such as cutting tools, machinery parts, orthopedic implants, microelectronics, marine equipment, decorative purposes, automotive, aerospace industry, etc. Many researchers have developed and investigated the ternary nitride coatings for different applications. Nonetheless, there is a huge research potential in the development and optimization of the tribo-mechanical properties of the ternary nitride coatings. Therefore, tribo-mechanical studies of the ternary nitride coatings are needed for fostering the new industrial applications. This paper is focused to summarize and compare the tribo-mechanical properties of the ternary nitride coatings comprehensively and aims to explore the novel research directions in the development of the ternary nitride coatings.

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Anosotropy and Pressure Effect on the Elastic and Mechanical Properties of (B3) BN

Ukrainian Journal of Physics ◽

10.15407/ujpe59.04.0418 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

pp. 418-425 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Daoud ◽

◽

N. Bioud ◽

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Pressure Effect

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Surface Modification and its Influence on the Microstructure and Creep Resistance of Nickel Based Superalloy René 77 / Modyfikacja Powierzchniowa Oraz Jej Wpływ Na Mikrostrukture I Wytrzymałosc Na Pełzanie Odlewów Z Nadstopu Niklu Ren´E 77

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials ◽

10.2478/v10172-012-0157-6 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 95-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. Zielinska ◽

J. Sieniawski

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Grain Size ◽

Surface Modification ◽

Turbine Blades ◽

Processing Parameters ◽

Grain Structure ◽

Creep Tests ◽

Cobalt Aluminate ◽

Nickel Based Superalloy ◽

Average Grain Size

Superalloy René 77 is very wide used for turbine blades, turbine disks of aircraft engines which work up to 1050°C. These elements are generally produced by the investment casting method. Turbine blades produced by conventional precision casting methods have coarse and inhomogeneous grain structure. Such a material often does not fulfil basic requirements, which concern mechanical properties for the stuff used in aeronautical engineering. The incorporation of controlled grain size improved mechanical properties. This control of grain size in the casting operation was accomplished by the control of processing parameters such as casting temperature, mould preheating temperature, and the use of grain nucleates in the face of the mould. For nickel and cobalt based superalloys, it was found that cobalt aluminate (CoAl2O4) has the best nucleating effect. The objective of this work was to determine the influence of the inoculant’s content (cobalt aluminate) in the surface layer of the ceramic mould on the microstructure and mechanical properties at high temperature of nickel based superalloy René 77. For this purpose, the ceramic moulds were made with different concentration of cobalt aluminate in the primary slurry was from 0 to 10% mass. in zirconium flour. Stepped and cylindrical samples were casted for microstructure and mechanical examinations. The average grain size of the matrix ( phase), was determined on the stepped samples. The influence of surface modification on the grain size of up to section thickness was considered. The microstructure investigations with the use of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enable to examine the influence of the surface modification on the morphology of ’ phase and carbides precipitations. Verification of the influence of CoAl2O4 on the mechanical properties of castings were investigated on the basis of results obtained form creep tests.

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Preferential Orientation of Photochromic Gadolinium Oxyhydrides

10.26434/chemrxiv.12377690.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Elbruz Murat Baba ◽

Jose Montero ◽

Dmitrii Moldarev ◽

Marcos V. Moro ◽

Max Wolff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thin Films ◽

Grain Size ◽

Rare Earth ◽

Preferential Orientation ◽

Reactive Magnetron ◽

Flow Ratio ◽

Deposition Pressure ◽

Step Process ◽

Oxidation In Air ◽

Key Parameter

We report preferential orientation control in photochromic gadolinium oxyhydride (GdHO) thin films deposited by a two-step process. Gadolinium hydride (GdH2-x) films were grown by reactive magnetron sputtering, followed by oxidation in air. The preferential orientation, grain size, anion concentrations, and photochromic response of the films are strongly dependent on the deposition pressure. GdHO films show preferential orientation along the [100] direction and exhibit photochromism when synthesized at deposition pressures up to 5.8 Pa and. The photochromic contrast is larger than 20 % when the films are deposited below 2.8 Pa with 0.22 H2/Ar flow ratio. We argue that the degree of preferential orientation defines the oxygen concentration which is known to be a key parameter for photochromism in rare-earth oxyhydride thin films. The experimental observations described above are explained by the oxidation-induced decrease of the grain size as a result of the increase of the deposition pressure of the sputtering gas.

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MICROCAST-X MAR-M-247

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ni0481 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Grain Size ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Rupture Properties

Abstract The Microcast-X process produces a substantially finer grain size that improves mechanical properties in MAR-M-247 with modest negative impact on rupture properties above 1600 F (871 C). This datasheet provides information on composition, microstructureand tensile properties as well as creep and fatigue. It also includes information on casting. Filing Code: Ni-481. Producer or source: Howmet Corporation.

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Grain Size Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Nb, V–Nb, and Ti–Nb Boron Type S1100QL Steels

Metals ◽

10.3390/met11030492 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 492

Author(s):

Jan Foder ◽

Jaka Burja ◽

Grega Klančnik

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Heat Treatment ◽

Grain Size ◽

Hot Forging ◽

Size Control ◽

High Strength ◽

Fatigue Properties ◽

Titanium Addition ◽

Austenite Grain Size ◽

Size Evolution

Titanium additions are often used for boron factor and primary austenite grain size control in boron high- and ultra-high-strength alloys. Due to the risk of formation of coarse TiN during solidification the addition of titanium is limited in respect to nitrogen. The risk of coarse nitrides working as non-metallic inclusions formed in the last solidification front can degrade fatigue properties and weldability of the final product. In the presented study three microalloying systems with minor additions were tested, two without any titanium addition, to evaluate grain size evolution and mechanical properties with pre-defined as-cast, hot forging, hot rolling, and off-line heat-treatment strategy to meet demands for S1100QL steel. Microstructure evolution from hot-forged to final martensitic microstructure was observed, continuous cooling transformation diagrams of non-deformed austenite were constructed for off-line heat treatment, and the mechanical properties of Nb and V–Nb were compared to Ti–Nb microalloying system with a limited titanium addition. Using the parameters in the laboratory environment all three micro-alloying systems can provide needed mechanical properties, especially the Ti–Nb system can be successfully replaced with V–Nb having the highest response in tensile properties and still obtaining satisfying toughness of 27 J at –40 °C using Charpy V-notch samples.

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Development of Al–Mg–Si alloy performance by addition of grain refiner Al–5Ti–1B alloy

Science Progress ◽

10.1177/00368504211029469 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 104 (2) ◽

pp. 003685042110294

Author(s):

Khaled Abd El-Aziz ◽

Emad M Ahmed ◽

Abdulaziz H Alghtani ◽

Bassem F Felemban ◽

Hafiz T Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Grain Size ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Dendritic Structure ◽

Grain Refiner ◽

Corrosion Properties ◽

Average Grain Size ◽

Structural Applications ◽

Alloy Addition

Aluminum alloys are the most essential part of all shaped castings manufactured, mainly in the automotive, food industry, and structural applications. There is little consensus as to the precise relationship between grain size after grain refinement and corrosion resistance; conflicting conclusions have been published showing that reduced grain size can decrease or increase corrosion resistance. The effect of Al–5Ti–1B grain refiner (GR alloy) with different percentages on the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy (Al–Mg–Si) was studied. The average grain size is determined according to the E112ASTM standard. The compressive test specimens were made as per ASTM: E8/E8M-16 standard to get their compressive properties. The bulk hardness using Vickers hardness testing machine at a load of 50 g. Electrochemical corrosion tests were carried out in 3.5 % NaCl solution using Autolab Potentiostat/Galvanostat (PGSTAT 30).The grain size of the Al–Mg–Si alloy was reduced from 82 to 46 µm by the addition of GR alloy. The morphology of α-Al dendrites changes from coarse dendritic structure to fine equiaxed grains due to the addition of GR alloy and segregation of Ti, which controls the growth of primary α-Al. In addition, the mechanical properties of the Al–Mg–Si alloy were improved by GR alloy addition. GR alloy addition to Al–Mg–Si alloy produced fine-grained structure and better hardness and compressive strength. The addition of GR alloy did not reveal any marked improvements in the corrosion properties of Al–Mg–Si alloy.

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