Analysis on Earthquake Damage Forms and Affecting Factors of Underground Cavern

2012 ◽  
Vol 204-208 ◽  
pp. 2444-2448
Author(s):  
Hua Chun Ren ◽  
Zhen Zhong Shen
Keyword(s):  
Slope Failure ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Affecting Factors ◽  
Mountain Slope ◽  
Earthquake Intensity ◽  
Circular Tunnel ◽  
Initial Stress Field ◽  
Underground Cavern ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Square Tunnel

According to the information about underground damage in earthquake all over the world, it is summarized that earthquake damage is caused by mountain slope failure, the collapse of cavern’s export, dislocation damage of cavern’s cross-section, great displacement along the fault intersection, spalling of surrounding rock, disturbance or deformation of the support and lining system, et. The earthquake damage factors of underground cavern were analyzed by using numerical simulation techniques. It is shown that when the earthquake intensity value is high, or the initial stress field is small, or lining stiffness is high, the underground will more easily be destroyed by earthquake. Compared with the square tunnel and horseshoe-shaped tunnel, dynamic stability of circular tunnel is better. The export of cavern is vulnerable to earthquake damage.

Hydrological Environment in Subsurface Steep Slope - Groundwater Flow Passageway on Slope Behind Kiyomizudera -

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junko Nakaya ◽  
◽  
Kazunari Sako ◽  
Shunsuke Mitsutani ◽  
Ryoichi Fukagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Slope Failure ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Steep Slope ◽  
Ground Temperature ◽  
Mountain Slope ◽  
Anomalous Temperature ◽  
Hydrological Environment

The hydrological environment must be understood before water flow can be adequately controlled to prevent slope failure without impacting unduly on the hydrological mountain slope environment. We conducted field studies to determine current sites and measurement of ground temperature 1 meter deep to clarify groundwater flow passageways on the slope behind the cultural heritage temple Kiyomizudera in Kyoto. Results showed anomalous temperature 1 meter deep bands on the slope and several springs that are extensions of these bands. Several of these bands coincide with terrain deformations such as gullies and slope failure scars indicating the probability of relationships between groundwater flow and topological deformation.

A suitable methodology for assessing impacts of successive rainfalls infiltration on road slope stability

2013 ◽  
Vol 184 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 171-181
Author(s):  
Hugues Georges Rameau ◽  
Claude Prepetit ◽  
Jean-Claude Verbrugge
Keyword(s):  
Slope Failure ◽  
Pore Water Pressure ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Wetting Front ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Apparent Cohesion ◽  
National Road ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Water precipitation in road slopes, pavements, and shoulders may cause disturbances such as erosion, increase of the water table level, decrease of the carriageway bearing capacity, and so on. Roads are normally equiped with drainage systems that are sized and implemented in accordance with the rules of art. These equipments are used for the collection and quick evacuation of water precipitation estimated on the basis of the return period that is taken into account. Despite that, rainwater can still infiltrate unprotected cut or fill slopes, and pavements for repeated and intense rainfalls, which may cause a raise in pore-water pressure and a decrease of the factor of safety of road slopes. Using laboratory rainfall simulation techniques, infiltration measurements were made on intact samples to determine with respect to soil properties, how cumulative rainfalls cause decrease in apparent cohesion and lead to slope failure. This paper focuses on describing the relationship between the rainfall characteristics, the changes in soil water profile, and the changes in apparent cohesion for sandy clay samples collected on the national road RN3 located in Haiti. For a set of consecutive rainfall events at around an interval of 24 hours, the results prove that when wetting front depth approaches 2 meters or more, the risk of landslide is proportionally high in a soil with apparent cohesion (Ca) initially high and an effective cohesion (c′) relatively low.

Deep seated gravitational slope deformation north of the Tungnakvíslarjökull outlet glacier, in western Mýrdalsjökull ice cap, S-Iceland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsteinn Saemundsson ◽  
Pall Einarsson ◽  
Halldor Geirsson ◽  
Joaquin Belart ◽  
Asta Rut Hjartardottir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slope Failure ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Slope Deformation ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Central Volcano ◽  
Mountain Slope ◽  
Outlet Glacier ◽  
Maximum Deformation ◽  
Ice Cap

<p>A large deep seated gravitational slope deformation has been detected in a mountain slope north of the Tungnakvíslarjökull outlet glacier, in the western part of the Mýrdalsjökull ice cap in South Iceland. Mýrdalsjökull also hosts the Katla central volcano, which erupted spectacularly last in 1918. Based on comparison of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) obtained from aerial photographs, lidar and Pléiades stereoimages, the slope has been showing slow gravitational slope deformation since 1945 to present. The total vertical displacement in 1945-2020 is around 200 m. The deformation rate has not been constant over this time period and the maximum deformation occurred between 1999 and 2004 of total of 94 m or about 19 m/year.</p><p>The mountain slope north of the Tungnakvíslarjökull outlet glacier reaches up to around 1100 m height. The head scarp of the slide, which is almost vertical, is around 2 km wide rising from about 400-500 m in the western part up to the Mýrdalsjökull glacier at 1100 m in the east. The area of deformation, from the head scarp down to the present-day ice margin is around 1 km<sup>2</sup>. The total volume of the moving mass is not known as the depth of the sliding plane is not known, but the minimum mobile rock volume is between 100 to 200 million m<sup>3</sup>. The entire slope shows signs of displacement and is heavily fractured. Continuous GNSS stations which were installed in the uppermost part of the slope in August 2019 and in the lower part of the slope in 2020 provide real-time displacements. The GNSS time series show evidence of seasonal motion of the landslide, with highest deformation rates occurring in late summer or fall. Historically, seismicity in the area has been at maximum in the fall, although little seismicity has been observed since the GNSS stations were installed.</p><p>There are two main ideas of the causes for this deformation. One is the consequences of slope steepening by glacial erosion, followed by unloading and de-buttressing due to glacial retreat. Another proposed cause for the deformation is related to its location on the western flank of the Katla volcano. Persistent seismic activity in this area for decades may be explained by a slowly rising cryptodome into the base of the slope, which may also explain the slope failure.</p>

Limit Analysis on Stability of Cracked Slope Induced by Earthquake

2011 ◽  
Vol 243-249 ◽  
pp. 2780-2785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Ding ◽  
Chao Dang ◽  
Yu Bin Shao ◽  
Xiao Dong Zou
Keyword(s):  
Slope Stability ◽  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Upper Bound ◽  
Limit Analysis ◽  
Slope Failure ◽  
Earthquake Epicenter ◽  
Earthquake Intensity ◽  
Deformation And Failure ◽  
Rainwater Infiltration ◽  
Filling Water

Intense earthquake shaking inevitably ruptures the rockmass along the fissures and bursts mountainous slopes, and these understable slopes are namely cracked slopes. For such slopes, aftershocks, rainwater infiltration and others factors will inevitably induce crack propagation and the crack thus gradually accumulates to be the cutting boundary that controls the slope deformation and failure. To understand how the slope stability varies in the process of cracking expanding, upper bound approach is employed to assess the cracked slope in Wenchuan earthquake epicenter considering the effects of crack propagation, rainwater infiltrating and earthquake. The results conducted in this paper indicate that the crack propagation lowly reduces the slope stability and it does not directly destabilize the slope. But the crack length owing to propagation inevitably increases the probability of slope failure, which more depend on the filling water in the crack and the earthquake intensity.

scholarly journals Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) Analyze for Microzonation of Earthquake Hazard Area: Case Study in West Nusa Tenggara

2021 ◽  
Vol 873 (1) ◽  
pp. 012046
Author(s):  
T Razin ◽  
K Khatimah ◽  
Y Annisa ◽  
A Hamzah ◽  
M F I Massinai
Keyword(s):  
Peak Ground Acceleration ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Earthquake Intensity ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Tectonic Zone ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Earthquake Data

Abstract The Lombok region is located around a complex tectonic zone with an Indo-Australian oceanic crust transition zone with Australian continental crust in the west and Sundanese arc in the east. This complexity makes some area in West Nusa Tenggara have a high level of earthquake vulnerability and to determine the potential level of seismic damage risk this study was conducted by analyzing Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) using earthquake data since 2000 - March 2020 with an intensity more than M4.5. Earthquake data are analyzed using the Yin-Min Yu formula to get the relationship between Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), Peak Ground Velocity (PGV), and earthquake intensity, so areas with risk level of earthquake damage can be mapped as preliminary earthquake mitigation schemes. The results of the study show that the highest PGA value in West Nusa Tenggara is 74.73 gal at the bedrock and when it on the surface, the PGA value can increase due to amplification of local soil conditions. Likewise PGV value about 32.21 gal where this maximum value is located in East Lombok Regency and North Lombok Regency. According to the classification of PGA and PGV values, the study area has a potential high-risk level of earthquake damage.

Characteristics and Mechanics of Earthquake Damage of Brick-Wood Building

2013 ◽  
Vol 838-841 ◽  
pp. 1517-1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Xiao Peng Lei ◽  
Ping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Strong Earthquake ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Horizontal Direction ◽  
Earthquake Intensity ◽  
Seismic Behaviors

Brick-wood building is one kind of widespread rural houses in villages and town of China, which has potential hazards to people lives and properties during strong earthquake, so that it is necessary to investigate its earthquake damage behaviors. Based on a great many of earthquake damage examples from historical earthquakes, characteristics and mechanics of earthquake damage of brick-wood building were analyzed and summarized. Earthquake damage modes for brick-wood building are mostly horizontal shearing damage, which tends to occur at positions with weak strength in horizontal direction or weak connections between different structures such as walls between doors and windows, intersections between lengthwise and cross walls, bottom of gable, and connections of beam with sommer beams, et al. Brick-wood building generally has better anti-seismic behaviors in earthquake intensity of VII, while worse behaviors in earthquake intensities of VIII, IX and X. Even though, if reasonable anti-seismic techniques and reinforced measures are applied to brick-wood house, it will have better anti-seismic behaviors.

The Application of Fuzzy Mathematic in Earthquake Damage about Ancient Buildings

2014 ◽  
Vol 501-504 ◽  
pp. 1513-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Hua Wang ◽  
Xiang Yun Huang ◽  
Wei Ming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Earthquake Intensity ◽  
Design Life ◽  
Fuzzy Mathematic

Ancient buildings have poor anti-seismic ability due to the long age of construction and lack of data materials. This paper seeks a scientific and quantitative evaluation method and predicts the earthquake damage of an ancient building by using fuzzy analogy approach. The example shows that this evaluation method has great meaningful of the existing ancient buildings under the earthquake intensity which likely to be encountered with the design life expectancy and provides a certain scientific basis of seismic estimation in ancient buildings.

Study on Earthquake Damage Characteristic on Mountain Tunnel and Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 94-96 ◽  
pp. 1078-1081
Author(s):  
Hui Hu ◽  
Wen Ge Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Slope Failure ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Transverse Cracks ◽  
Yushu Earthquake ◽  
Damage Data ◽  
Mountain Tunnels ◽  
Line Selection ◽  
Slope Line ◽  
Tunnel Portal

This paper collects earthquake damage data and research on tunnel in recent years(Wenchuan earthquake,Ms 8.0;Yushu earthquake, Ms 7.1, Chi-Chi Earthquake,Ms 7.6 and so on). Damage patterns and characteristics of mountain tunnels in severe earthquake region are classified: Slope failure near tunnel portal; Spalling and collapse of tunnel portal and end wall; Lining collapse; Longitudinal and transverse cracks of lining; Slant and transverse fracture of lining; Sheared off lining in fault region; Steel frame damage of primary support; pavement or bottom cracks. The damage mechanisms are analyzed and some proposals are put forward for tunnel rehabilitation and new tunnel construction: It is suggested that in strong earthquake areas, a comprehensive aseismic design should be conducted considering tunnel portal structure and slope. Line selection should avoid or reduce passing through active faults and avoid placing tunnels too close to slope faces when planning future tunnels. The paper provides a reference for seismic design and construction procedures of tunnel.

Image Analysis of Intramembrane Particles in Freeze-Fractured Biomembranes Using Computer Simulation Techniques

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
D.J. Benefiel ◽  
R.S. Weinstein
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Integral Membrane Proteins ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Intramembrane Particles ◽  
Modeling Methods ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Freeze Fracture Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fracture Electron ◽  
Computer Simulation Techniques

Intramembrane particles (IMP or MAP) are components of most biomembranes. They are visualized by freeze-fracture electron microscopy, and they probably represent replicas of integral membrane proteins. The presence of MAP in biomembranes has been extensively investigated but their detailed ultrastructure has been largely ignored. In this study, we have attempted to lay groundwork for a systematic evaluation of MAP ultrastructure. Using mathematical modeling methods, we have simulated the electron optical appearances of idealized globular proteins as they might be expected to appear in replicas under defined conditions. By comparing these images with the apearances of MAPs in replicas, we have attempted to evaluate dimensional and shape distortions that may be introduced by the freeze-fracture technique and further to deduce the actual shapes of integral membrane proteins from their freezefracture images.

Σ =13 tilt grain boundary in silicon bicrystal

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-563
Author(s):  
M.J. Kim ◽  
Y.L. Chen ◽  
R.W. Carpenter ◽  
J.C. Barry ◽  
G.H. Schwuttke
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Rotation Axis ◽  
Czochralski Method ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Image Simulation ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tilt Grain Boundary

The structure of grain boundaries (GBs) in metals, semiconductors and ceramics is of considerable interest because of their influence on physical properties. Progress in understanding the structure of grain boundaries at the atomic level has been made by high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) . In the present study, a Σ=13, (510) <001>-tilt grain boundary in silicon was characterized by HREM in conjunction with digital image processing and computer image simulation techniques.The bicrystals were grown from the melt by the Czochralski method, using preoriented seeds. Specimens for TEM observations were cut from the bicrystals perpendicular to the common rotation axis of pure tilt grain boundary, and were mechanically dimpled and then ion-milled to electron transparency. The degree of misorientation between the common <001> axis of the bicrystal was measured by CBED in a Philips EM 400ST/FEG: it was found to be less than 1 mrad. HREM was performed at 200 kV in an ISI-002B and at 400 kv in a JEM-4000EX.

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