Evaluation of Natural Flocculants for Conventional Water Treatment

2012 ◽  
Vol 248 ◽  
pp. 298-303
Author(s):  
Ayo Samuel Afolabi ◽  
Rudzani Sigwadi ◽  
Ambali Saka Abdulkareem ◽  
Corina Mary Mateescu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Aluminium Sulphate ◽  
The World

Drinking water is contaminated from the chemicals and biological impurities around the world mostly in rural area. These contaminations may come from natural sources and leaching of waste deposits which cause a major human health hazard in many parts of the world. There has been very little scientific research work into the use of natural flocculants to purify raw water. Most of the research studies that have been done on conventional water purification in developing countries have focussed on conventional water purification systems using inorganic and poly-electrolyte flocculants. Such systems are very expensive for rural communities in these developing countries as our objective is to provide water that is safe for human consumption by using facilities which can be constructed and operated at a reasonable cost. There is a need to evaluate natural flocculants for conventional water treatment in order to develop inexpensive ways for developing countries to purify their water. In this study, the natural flocculants such as Moringa seeds powder, Guar Gum seeds powder, aluminium sulphate and polyelectrolyte were tested in a jar test apparatus to determine the optimum operating conditions for water or wastewater treatment plants. The results showed that the addition of Moringa Oleifera seeds powder, Guar Gum seeds powder, aluminium sulphate and polyelectrolyte flocculants improved the quality of raw water. The raw water samples from all treatment plants showed a reduction in turbidity that was more than 70% when all the four flocculants applied synergistically.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM. SEEDS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (supplement) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nargis Nisar ◽  
Bhupendra Koul ◽  
Bhupendra Koul
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Natural Coagulants ◽  
Animal Consumption

Coagulants play a vital role in treatment of raw water for both human and animal consumption. Aluminium sulphate is the most common and effective chemical coagulant for water treatment. However, chemical coagulants are costineffective, toxic, are not eco-friendly and may also cause severe health issues like cancers and neurologic disorders including Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, natural and greener methods of water purification are crucial for safe and effective water treatment. Therefore, alternative natural and greener method of water purification is required. Seeds of Vicia faba, Cicer arientinum, Jatropha curcas, Vigna unguiculata, Zea mays, Vigna mungo etc. have also been used in water purification regimes. Moringa oleifera seeds contain anti-microbial properties and cationic water-soluble proteins (polyelectrolytes) which possess active coagulative properties that can remove the turbidity and heavy metals like Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, etc from raw water, thus can treat impure water efficiently. Therefore, natural coagulants are preferred over chemical coagulants as they are feasible to use, affordable, eco-friendly and less toxic. This review provides explicit information on efficiency and use of M. oleifera seeds in water treatment and their relative comparison with that of routine chemical coagulants. Thus, further collaborative research (industry and academia) on the alternative greener techniques of water purification are still required to gain sustainability in water purification regimes in developing countries.

Occurrence of microcystins in raw water sources and treated drinking water of Finnish waterworks

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 225-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lahti ◽  
J. Rapala ◽  
A-L. Kivimäki ◽  
J. Kukkonen ◽  
M. Niemelä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bank Filtration ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Guide Value ◽  
The World ◽  
Treated Drinking Water

Problems caused by cyanobacteria are common around the world and also in raw water sources of drinking water treatment plants. Strains belonging to genera Microcystis, Anabaena and Planktothrix produce potent hepatotoxins, the microcystins. Laboratory and pilot scale studies have shown that microcystins dissolved in water may pass the conventional surface water treatment processes. In 1998 the World Health Organization proposed a guide value of 1 μg/L for microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in drinking water. The purpose of this research was to study the occurrence of microcystins in raw water sources of surface waterworks and in bank filtration plants and to evaluate the removal of microcystins in operating waterworks. Four bank filtration plants and nine surface waterworks using different processes for water treatment were monitored. Phytoplankton was identified and quantified, and microcystins analysed with sensitive immunoassay. Microcystin occurrence in selected water samples was verified with HPLC and a protein phosphatase inhibition method. Microcystins were detected sporadically in raw water sources of most of the waterworks. In two raw water supplies toxins were detected for several months. The highest microcystin concentrations in incoming raw water were approximately 10 μg/L MC-LR equivalents. In treated drinking water microcystins were detected occasionally but the concentrations were always below the guide value proposed by WHO.

scholarly journals Electrocoagulation (EC) for Reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of Surface Water

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
SH Rahman ◽  
SMN Islam ◽  
N Kaiser ◽  
Md M Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Canal Surface ◽  
Canal Water ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Water Ph

Karnopara Canal water containing high COD values (1050 mg O2/L) was treated by electrocoagulation (EC) method covering a wide range of operating conditions such as, water pH, internal electrode distances, final pH, supplying 30V electricity for constant time period (30 minutes) through same electrode material (Al electrode). The effects of different operating parameters on the efficiency of the process were examined. Targeting to reduce the COD value within the recommended limit (200 mg O2/L), this research work was emphasized on EC treatment at the simplest and cheapest way. The batch experiment results showed that the high COD contained canal water can be effectively treated using electrocoagulation. The overall COD removal efficiencies have been obtained at 87.3%, under optimum operating conditions. Taking all the factors into account, it was found that polluted Karnopara canal water can be treated using EC consisting of Al electrodes without pre-adjustment of pH at laboratory. Therefore, EC technique to reduce high COD from canal surface water is found effective, cheaper and environmental friendly. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i1.10728 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 47(1), 77-82, 2012

scholarly journals Investigating opportunities for use of alternative coagulants for drinking water treatment at Morton Jaffray Water Treatment works, Harare, Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zvikomborero Hoko ◽  
Lawrence Manganye ◽  
Lisben Chipfunde
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Aluminium Chloride ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Aluminium Sulphate ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Water Parameters

Abstract Drinking water treatment at Harare's main water works, Morton Jaffray Water Treatment Works (MJWTW), has been a challenge due to source (Lake Chivero) pollution, and the efficacy of some of the processes and chemicals including aluminium sulphate (alum) has been questioned. This study investigated the use of an alternative coagulant to the traditional use of alum at MJWTW. The effectiveness of five coagulants, namely Anhydrous Poly Aluminium Chloride (APAC), Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC), Primco 100, Zetafloc 4030 and alum (control) was investigated by flocculation tests in a laboratory using Lake Chivero water. Parameters analysed included pH, turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and chlorophyll-a for raw water and treated water. Raw water mean pH was 7 ± 0.4, turbidity (3.3 ± 0.2 NTU), EC (337 ± 5.0 μS/cm) and chlorophyll-a concentration (2.28 μg/L). Primco 100 had the best performance with the lowest optimum dosage of 25 mg/L while alum had the highest dosage of 55 mg/L. APAC, PAC, Primco 100 and Zetafloc 4030 did not change the pH of water significantly but alum did. The study concluded that Primco 100 was the most suitable coagulant and could be an alternative to alum.

scholarly journals A web-based early-warning service to monitor drinking-water treatment plant operations

2010 ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
Franclin S. Foping
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
World Health ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Supply And Distribution ◽  
The World

Drinking contaminated water can be harmful to our health. According to the World Health Organization, about 1.8 million people die every year across the world from water-borne diseases mainly caused by polluted drinking water. Furthermore, the cryptosporidium outbreak that happened in Galway in 2007 indicates the urgency to provide appropriate solutions in order to counteract this ominous situation in the country. Water treatment plants (WTP) are basic components of modern water supply and distribution systems. These are engineering systems that purify raw water to specific safety levels. The raw water passes through a series of treatment phases wherein it is processed and purified according to existing safety protocols regulating drinking water. After undergoing a purification step, the drinking water is distributed to the consumers through a network of pipes, pumps and reservoirs. The research presented in this report is focused on the safety of these critical infrastructures. In particular, the ...

scholarly journals Membrane Distillation Crystallization Hybrid Process for Zero Liquid Discharge in QAFCO Plant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Gulied ◽  
Sifani Zavahir ◽  
Tasneem Elmakki ◽  
Hazim Qiblawey ◽  
Bassim Hameed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Hybrid Process ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Liquid Discharge

Qatar fertilizer company (QAFCO) is one of the world’s largest single site producer of ammonia and urea with production capacity of 12,900 metric tons per day. Currently, QAFCO faces major challenges in terms of water streams management that is generated from many processes such as wastewater from Harbor-Bosch process and brine solution from multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination process. To protect the environment; QAFCO has been making an effort to minimize the disposal of all types of water disposed into the sea. Here, this project proposes to develop a viable and economically effective process that can reach zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) of all processed water or wastewater from QAFCO facilities. The best method for ZLD is membrane distillation crystallization (MDC) hybrid process that concentrates and minimizes the volume of wastewater/brine streams to form solid through crystallizer. Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermally driven membrane process. It applies low-grade energy to create a thermal gradient across a microporous hydrophobic to vaporize water in the feed stream and condense the permeated vapor in the cold side. This research work aims to evaluate the performance of MDC for ZLD using commercial/fabricated electrospun nanofiber membrane (ENM) PVDF –base membranes at different type water streams. A general observation, higher water vapor flux and water recovery were exhibited at higher feed conductivity at 70°C. Moreover, the fabricated hydrophobic PVDF ENMs results confirmed the formation of nanofiber at the membrane surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the water contact angle values of PVDF ENMs were greater than 100° and have stable mechanical and chemical properties. The ongoing research work will conduct a comparison between the optimum PVDF ENMs and the commercial MD membranes in terms of water recovery, salt rejection%, fouling/scaling, amount of collected solid and energy consumption at optimum operating conditions in MDC. In addition, it will perform a techno- economic feasibility assessment of the MDC hybrid process.

Search for Optimum Operating Conditions for a Water Purification Process Integrated to a Heat Transformer with Energy Recycling using Artificial Neural Network Inverse Solved by Genetic and Particle Swarm Algorithms

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youness El Hamzaoui ◽  
Bassam Ali ◽  
J. Alfredo Hernandez ◽  
Obed Cortez Aburto ◽  
Outmane Oubram
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Purification Process ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Heat Transformer

The coefficient of performance (COP) for a water purification process integrated to an absorption heat transformer with energy recycling was optimized using the artificial intelligence. The objective of this paper is to develop an integrated approach using artificial neural network inverse (ANNi) coupling with optimization methods: genetic algorithms (GAs) and particle swarm algorithm (PSA). Therefore, ANNi was solved by these optimization methods to estimate the optimal input variables when a COP is required. The paper adopts two cases studies to accomplish the comparative study. The results illustrate that the GAs outperforms the PSA. Finally, the study shows that the GAs based on ANNi is a better optimization method for control on-line the performance of the system, and constitutes a very promising framework for finding a set of “good solutions”.

Ceramic membranes for direct river water treatment applying coagulation and microfiltration

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Loi-Brügger ◽  
S. Panglisch ◽  
P. Buchta ◽  
K. Hattori ◽  
H. Yonekawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
River Water ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Ceramic Membrane ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Ceramic Membranes ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating

A new ceramic membrane has been designed by NGK Insulators Ltd., Japan, to compete in the drinking water treatment market. The IWW Water Centre, Germany, investigated the operational performance and economical feasibility of this ceramic membrane in a one year pilot study of direct river water treatment with the hybrid process of coagulation and microfiltration. The aim of this study was to investigate flux, recovery, and DOC retention performance and to determine optimum operating conditions of NGK's ceramic membrane filtration system with special regards to economical aspects. Temporarily, the performance of the ceramic membrane was challenged under adverse conditions. During pilot plant operation river water with turbidities between 3 and 100 FNU was treated. Membrane flux was increased stepwise from 80–300 l/m2h resulting in recoveries between 95.9 and 98.9%. A DOC removal between about 20–35% was achieved. The pilot study and the subsequent economical evaluation showed the potential to provide a reliable and cost competitive process option for water treatment. The robustness of the ceramic membrane filtration process makes it attractive for a broad range of water treatment applications and, due to low maintenance requirements, also suitable for drinking water treatment in developing countries.

Optimizing operation rules of waterworks by analysing probability of plant data in north China

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
X. Yongpeng ◽  
C. Fuyi ◽  
W. Zaigang ◽  
Z. Zhiwei
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
North China ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Coagulant Dosage ◽  
Plant Data

Optimizing the water treatment system can both ensure satisfactory finished water quality and reduce the operating costs of water treatment. It is difficult to optimize a water treatment system in winter in north China, since the characteristics of raw water are very complicated and change widely by seasons. In this paper, a systematic study of optimizing operating rules of water treatment plants in north China is presented, with the method of analysing a large number of plant data from one northern waterworks. The plant data collected from this water plant is studied with statistic methods, divided into 10 groups and statistical probability of the plant data calculated to determine the influence of optimum operating conditions. From this study, it was found that two direction figures of coagulant dosage and optimum settled water turbidity were determined. According to these two figures, the practice aim of optimum settled water turbidity, which will lead to qualified finished water and low operating costs can be ensured through the direction figure of the optimum settled water turbidity, and then the dosage of coagulation chemicals and coagulant aids will be decided by the direction figure of the coagulant dosage. The results demonstrate that the method can be applied for an estimate quantitative analyses of optimum conditions of a water treatment system.

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