A Fundamental Investigation of Electrochemical Preparation of Battery Grade Nickel Hydroxide

2010 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baladev Ash ◽  
Raja Kishore Paramguru ◽  
Barada Kanta Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Nickel Hydroxide ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Electrochemical Preparation ◽  
Fundamental Investigation ◽  
Hydroxyl Ion ◽  
Size And Structure

Electrochemical studies on nickel hydroxide have shown that three reduction reactions take place simultaneously at the cathode to reduce nitrate to nitrite, nitrite to ammonium ion and nitrate to ammonium ion. All the three reactions produce hydroxyl ion which raise pH to a level favorable to precipitate Ni(OH)2. Current density, which regulates flow of OH- supply, has prominent effect on the process and products. It determines whether α- or β-Ni(OH)2 would be precipitated and has a direct relationship with size and structure of the product and also with the associated water molecules. Replacement of Ti anode with consumable Ni sheet remarkably improves current efficiency (production rate) and decreases power consumption.

THE KINETICS OF THE REACTION OF SILICA WITH GROUP I HYDROXIDES

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1221-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Hooley
Keyword(s):  
Silica Glass ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Inverse Function ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Group I ◽  
Hydroxyl Ion ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Ion Size ◽  
Glass Surfaces

A method is presented for preparing a reproducible silica glass or quartz surface that does not craze during rate of solution measurements in solutions of the five group I hydroxides. For silica glass, initial rates are a maximum at 8 M for at least NaOH and KOH and are an inverse function of ion size for the five cations and tetramethyl ammonium ion. A proposed mechanism of water addition followed by reaction with hydroxyl ion is used to explain the maximum rate and the effect of solution products and the substitution of methanol for water as a solvent. For quartz an explanation is offered for the lower rate and for the absence of a maximum rate below 27 M NaOH. A common temperature coefficient of 20 kcal mole−1 is reported for all reactions in water. The crazing of finely ground or polished silica glass surfaces is related to the presence of surface cracks and their enlargement by possible conversion of some silica to quartz in NaOH solution.

Electrochemical studies on electrolytic preparation of battery grade nickel hydroxide – Effect of (OH)− to Ni2+ ratio

2015 ◽  
Vol 275 ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baladev Ash ◽  
Krushna Gopal Mishra ◽  
Tondepu Subbaiah ◽  
Raja Kishore Paramguru ◽  
Barada Kanta Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Hydroxide ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Electrolytic Preparation

scholarly journals Perspectives on Nickel Hydroxide Electrodes Suitable for Rechargeable Batteries: Electrolytic vs. Chemical Synthesis Routes

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baladev Ash ◽  
Venkata Swamy Nalajala ◽  
Ashok Kumar Popuri ◽  
Tondepu Subbaiah ◽  
Manickam Minakshi
Keyword(s):  
Metal Hydride ◽  
Nickel Hydroxide ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Rechargeable Batteries ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
Nickel Metal Hydride ◽  
Electrochemical Preparation ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Transportation Applications

A significant amount of work on electrochemical energy storage focuses mainly on current lithium-ion systems with the key markets being portable and transportation applications. There is a great demand for storing higher capacity (mAh/g) and energy density (Wh/kg) of the electrode material for electronic and vehicle applications. However, for stationary applications, where weight is not as critical, nickel-metal hydride (Mi-MH) technologies can be considered with tolerance to deep discharge conditions. Nickel hydroxide has gained importance as it is used as the positive electrode in nickel-metal hydride and other rechargeable batteries such as Ni-Fe and Ni-Cd systems. Nickel hydroxide is manufactured industrially by chemical methods under controlled conditions. However, the electrochemical route is relatively better than the chemical counterpart. In the electrochemical route, a well-regulated OH− is generated at the cathode forming nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) through controlling and optimizing the current density. It produces nickel hydroxide of better purity with an appropriate particle size, well-oriented morphology, structure, et cetera, and this approach is found to be environmentally friendly. The structures of the nickel hydroxide and its production technologies are presented. The mechanisms of product formation in both chemical and electrochemical preparation of nickel hydroxide have been presented along with the feasibility of producing pure nickel hydroxide in this review. An advanced Ni(OH)2-polymer embedded electrode has been reported in the literature but may not be suitable for scalable electrochemical methods. To the best of our knowledge, no such insights on the Ni(OH)2 synthesis route for battery applications has been presented in the literature.

A high-capacity polyaniline-intercalated layered vanadium oxide for aqueous ammonium-ion battery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunhua Han ◽  
Jiao Zhu ◽  
Kai Fu ◽  
Dan Deng ◽  
Wen Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vanadium Oxide ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Electrode Material ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Interlayer Spacing ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
A Current

A 1.55 nm-interlayer spacing-expanded polyaniline-intercalated vanadium oxide, as a new electrode material for NH4+-ion batteries, exhibits an ever-reported high capacity of ~307 mAh g-1 at a current density of 0.5...

The spectrum of the intermolecular vibration of water

1975 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 2099 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA Vetrov ◽  
OI Kondratov ◽  
GV Yuhnevich
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Vibration Spectrum ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Quantum Mechanical Calculations ◽  
Structure Of Water ◽  
Intermolecular Vibration ◽  
Molecular Associations ◽  
Modes Of Vibration ◽  
Size And Structure

This analysis has been made with the purpose of evaluating the influence on the intermolecular vibration spectrum of the size and structure of water molecular associations and the angle of turn of a molecule in relation to the H-bonds. Force constants for ice and for a number of molecular associations(mostly stable by quantum-mechanical calculations) have been determined. For the associations concerned, intermolecular vibration spectra have been calculated after taking into account some spectral effects of hydrogen bonds. It has been shown that the two observed libration bands of liquid water resulted from two modes of vibration of bonded water molecules, not from two kinds of molecules in the liquid phase.

The Mechanism of Gelation of Latexes

1952 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 596-608
Author(s):  
R. M. Panich ◽  
K. A. Kalyanova ◽  
S. S. Voyutskiĭ
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Aqueous Ammonia ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Alkali Solutions ◽  
Hydroxyl Ion ◽  
High Alkalinity

Abstract 1. The solubility of zinc oxide in ammonia and sodium hydroxide solutions was studied. In this case the presence of an ammonium salt in the system has a strong influence, and increases the solubility of zinc oxide, because the ammonium ion inhibits dissociation of ammonium hydroxide into NH4+ and OH− ions, and thus aids the formation of complex zinc-ammonium ions. We established that, in the 0–60° range, the temperature has little effect on the solubility of zinc oxide in aqueous ammonia. 2. The action of the zinc-ammonium ion on solutions of stabilizers of the soap type is explained, and it is shown that, at sufficiently high alkalinity, zinc-ammonium soaps do not precipitate from solution, but remain in a colloid state, stabilized by the alkaline soap or hydroxyl ion. 3. It is established that, in the absence of the ammonium ion, zinc oxide does not cause gelation of latexes stabilized by soaps. 4. The effect of formaldehyde on the gelation of latexes stabilized with soaps has been studied. 5. The reactions which can take place when zinc oxide is added to ammonia and alkali solutions, to ammonium and alkaline soap solutions, and to ammoniated and non-ammoniated latexes are discussed. A scheme of successive reactions which must take place during the gelation of latexes stabilized with soaps is presented.

scholarly journals Neutralization of Industrial Water by Electrodialysis

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Petrov ◽  
Natalia Iwaszczuk ◽  
Tina Kharebava ◽  
Irina Bejanidze ◽  
Volodymyr Pohrebennyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Bipolar Membrane ◽  
Acidic Solutions ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Density Process ◽  
Process Productivity ◽  
Limiting Value

The process of non-reagent adjustment of the pH of a NaCl solution (0.5 g/L) of different acidity was investigated by the method of bipolar electrodialysis on a device operating according to the K-system (concentration). The experiments were carried out in the range pH = 2.0–12.0 with monopolar cation-exchange MK-40 (for alkaline solutions) or anion-exchange MA-40 (for acidic solutions) and bipolar MB-2 membranes. The regularities of the change in the pH of the solution on the current density, process productivity and energy consumption for the neutralization process have been investigated. Revealed: with different productivity of the apparatus (Q = 0.5–1.5 m3/h), in the range of pH 3.0–11.0, with an increase in the current density, a neutral pH value is achieved. It has been shown that at pH above 11.0 and below 3.0, even at high current densities (i > 20 A/m2), its value cannot be changed. This is due to the neutralization of the H+ or OH− ions generated by the bipolar membrane by water ions, which are formed as a result of the dissociation of water molecules at the border of the monopolar membrane and the solution under conditions when the value of current exceeds the limiting value.

scholarly journals ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES FOR CORROSION INHIBITION OF MILD STEEL BY CHRYSOPHYLLUM ALBIDUM EXTRACT

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 415-420
Author(s):  
Akoma Chigozie ◽  
Osarolube Eziaku ◽  
Abumere O. E.
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Potentiodynamic Polarization ◽  
Mixed Type ◽  
Inhibition Efficiency ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Polarization Technique ◽  
Carbonated Drinks

The corrosion behavior of mild steel in carbonated drinks produced by Nigerian Breweries (Fanta, Sprite and Coke) was studied in the presence and absence of an eco-friendly inhibitor, Chrysophyllum albidum using Potentiodynamic polarization technique at 25 °C. Results showed that Chrysophyllum albidum reduced the current density (icorr), which in turn means that the corrosion rate was reduced significantly. The inhibition efficiency was found to be 93%, 78.6% and 87.5% for Fanta, Sprite and Coke respectively. The study also showed that Chrysophyllum albidum functioned as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor in the three environments studied and therefore presents it as a long-term inhibitor for the corrosion of mild steel.

Transferwear During Cu CMP

2003 ◽  
Vol 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Liang ◽  
G. Helen Xu ◽  
J.M. Martin ◽  
Th. Le Mongne
Keyword(s):  
Surface Analysis ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Interfacial Interactions ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Fundamental Investigation ◽  
Surface Analysis Techniques ◽  
Pad Wear ◽  
Cu Cmp ◽  
Wear Modes

We conducted fundamental investigation of interfacial interactions between copper and polyurethane surfaces. Using in situ surface analysis techniques we were able to evaluate effects of water molecules on both materials surfaces during rubbing. Evidence of transferring elements between copper and urethane surfaces due to friction was found. Further investigation on pad wear indicated that transfer wear was taking a major role during copper CMP and mixed wear modes dominated pad wear.

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