Synthesis and Kinetics of a Green Surfactant Alkyl Glucamines

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 675-678
Author(s):  
He Ping Li ◽  
Jin Ping Wei ◽  
Hong Xia Huang ◽  
Shun Hua Xiao ◽  
Cai Li Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Green Surfactant ◽  
Kinetics Of

Using glucose and N-butylamines as the main feedstocks in the normol pressure, a novel green surfactant alkyl glucamines was synthesized through hydroammonolysis reaction in the presence of recombination macromolecule organic acid as catalyst. The synthesis technical of alkyl glucamines was studied systematically. The results showed that the conversion was more than 65% when the quantity ratio of glucose to amine was 1︰4, pH was 8.5 around, reaction temperature was 50°C for 60h about. The reaction mechamnism and kinetics of glucose hydroammonolysis was discussed simultaneously. The kinetic model on the synthesis of alkyl glucamines was built： ＝ －0.0117 t －1.3502. The correlation coefficients of the model were gained precisely, and the model was credible by the statistical test and experiment.

Kinetics and Mechanism of Acid-Catalyzed Decomposition of 1,3-Bis(4-methylphenyl)triazene in Hexane-Organic Acid Medium

1996 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Ludwig ◽  
Miriam Kabíčková
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Acid Medium ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Fourth Order ◽  
Kinetics And Mechanism ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Kinetics Of

The kinetics of acid-catalyzed decomposition of 1,3-bis(4-methylphenyl)triazene have been studied in mixtures of hexane and organic acid of various ratios using acetic, isovaleric, and pivalic acids as the catalysts. In all the cases, a monotonously increasing dependence of the observed rate constant upon mol fraction of the acid has been found. The results obtained are discussed with the help of the classic third- and fourth-order functions by Margules and the respective kinetic model. The main catalyzing particle appears to be the dimer of the respective acid, the reaction probably going via a complex formed by two molecules of acid and one molecule of the triazene.

Diffusion model for deposition of epitaxial GaAs layers prepared by the MOCVD method

1991 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 2020-2029
Author(s):  
Jindřich Leitner ◽  
Petr Voňka ◽  
Josef Stejskal ◽  
Přemysl Klíma ◽  
Rudolf Hladina
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Hydrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Epitaxial Gaas ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Good Agreement

The authors proposed and treated quantitatively a kinetic model for deposition of epitaxial GaAs layers prepared by reaction of trimethylgallium with arsine in hydrogen atmosphere. The transport of gallium to the surface of the substrate is considered as the controlling process. The influence of the rate of chemical reactions in the gas phase and on the substrate surface on the kinetics of the deposition process is neglected. The calculated dependence of the growth rate of the layers on the conditions of the deposition is in a good agreement with experimental data in the temperature range from 600 to 800°C.

scholarly journals Torrefaction Thermogravimetric Analysis and Kinetics of Sorghum Distilled Residue for Sustainable Fuel Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4246
Author(s):  
Shih-Wei Yen ◽  
Wei-Hsin Chen ◽  
Jo-Shu Chang ◽  
Chun-Fong Eng ◽  
Salman Raza Naqvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Pso Algorithm ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Kinetics Of

This study investigated the kinetics of isothermal torrefaction of sorghum distilled residue (SDR), the main byproduct of the sorghum liquor-making process. The samples chosen were torrefied isothermally at five different temperatures under a nitrogen atmosphere in a thermogravimetric analyzer. Afterward, two different kinetic methods, the traditional model-free approach, and a two-step parallel reaction (TPR) kinetic model, were used to obtain the torrefaction kinetics of SDR. With the acquired 92–97% fit quality, which is the degree of similarity between calculated and real torrefaction curves, the traditional method approached using the Arrhenius equation showed a poor ability on kinetics prediction, whereas the TPR kinetic model optimized by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm showed that all the fit qualities are as high as 99%. The results suggest that PSO can simulate the actual torrefaction kinetics more accurately than the traditional kinetics approach. Moreover, the PSO method can be further employed for simulating the weight changes of reaction intermediates throughout the process. This computational method could be used as a powerful tool for industrial design and optimization in the biochar manufacturing process.

Effects of organic acid salts on ruminal biogas production and fermentation kinetics of total mixed rations with different maize silage to concentrate ratios

2017 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 523-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona M.Y. Elghandour ◽  
Ahmed E. Kholif ◽  
Agustín Hernández ◽  
Abdelfattah Z.M. Salem ◽  
Miguel Mellado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acid ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Fermentation Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Organic Acid Salts ◽  
Acid Salts

Kinetic Study of the Diels-Alder Reaction of Cyclopentadiene with Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Maleate

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 541-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Seong Park ◽  
Dae Hee Yun ◽  
Tae Won Ko ◽  
Yong Sung Park ◽  
Je Wan Woo
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Arrhenius Equation ◽  
Alder Reaction ◽  
Diels Alder ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Diels Alder Reaction ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Kinetics Of

The kinetics of the Diels-Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene with bis(2-ethylhexyl) maleate has been studied at temperatures between 25 and 100 °C and at atmospheric pressure. The influence of temperature on the kinetic constants was determined by fitting the results to the Arrhenius equation. As a result, fitting line similar with the linear curve of the Arrhenius equation at 25, 30 and 40 °C. However, the fitting curve, at 60, 80 and 100 °C, tended towards the outside of the curve in the form of Arrhenius equation. The ratio of endo/exo was a slight change from increase of the reaction temperature.

scholarly journals A Logistic Approach for Kinetics of Isothermal Pyrolysis of Cellulose

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 551
Author(s):  
Jorge López-Beceiro ◽  
Ana María Díaz-Díaz ◽  
Ana Álvarez-García ◽  
Javier Tarrío-Saavedra ◽  
Salvador Naya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Time Derivative ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Rate Parameter ◽  
Thermogravimetric Data ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Logistic Functions

A kinetic model is proposed to fit isothermal thermogravimetric data obtained from cellulose in an inert atmosphere at different temperatures. The method used here to evaluate the model involves two steps: (1) fitting of single time-derivative thermogravimetric curves (DTG) obtained at different temperatures versus time, and (2) fitting of the rate parameter values obtained at different temperatures versus temperature. The first step makes use of derivative of logistic functions. For the second step, the dependence of the rate factor on temperature is evaluated. That separation of the curve fitting from the analysis of the rate factor resulted to be very flexible since it proved to work for previous crystallization studies and now for thermal degradation of cellulose.

scholarly journals A kinetic model of ferrous iron oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in a batch culture

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragisa Savic ◽  
Miodrag Lazic ◽  
Vlada Veljkovic ◽  
Miroslav Vrvic
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans ◽  
Ferrous Iron ◽  
Bubble Column ◽  
Iron Oxidation ◽  
Yield Coefficient ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
Ferrous Iron Oxidation ◽  
Menten Kinetic ◽  
Kinetics Of

The batch oxidation kinetics of ferrous iron by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans were examined at different oxygen transfer rates and pH in an aerated stirred tank and a bubble column. The microbial growth, oxygen consumption rate and ferrous and ferric iron were monitored during the biooxidation. A kinetic model was established on the basis of the Michaelis-Menten kinetic equation for bacterial growth and the constants estimated from experimental data (maximum specific growth rate 0.069 h-1, saturation constant 2.9 g/dm3, and biomass yield coefficient based on ferrous iron 0.003 gd.w./gFe). Values calculated from the model agreed well with the experimental ones regardless of the bioreactor type and pH conditions.

scholarly journals Modified/Unmodified Nanoparticle Adsorbents of Cellulose Origin With High Adsorptive Potential for Removal of Pb(II) From Aqueous Solution

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (27) ◽  
pp. 425
Author(s):  
Azeh Yakubu ◽  
Gabriel Ademola Olatunji ◽  
Folahan Amoo Adekola
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Kinetics Of Adsorption ◽  
Kinetics Of

This investigation was conducted to evaluate the adsorption capacity of nanoparticles of cellulose origin. Nanoparticles were synthesized by acid hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose/cellulose acetate using 64% H3PO4 and characterized using FTIR, XRD, TGA-DTGA, BET and SEM analysis. Adsorption kinetics of Pb (II) ions in aqueous solution was investigated and the effect of initial concentration, pH, time, adsorbent dosage and solution temperature. The results showed that adsorption increased with increasing concentration with removal efficiencies of 60% and 92.99% for Azeh2 and Azeh10 respectively for initial lead concentration of 3 mg/g. The effects of contact time showed that adsorption maximum was attained within 24h of contact time. The maximum adsorption capacity and removal efficiency were achieved at pH6. Small dose of adsorbent had better performance. The kinetics of adsorption was best described by the pseudo-second-Order model while the adsorption mechanism was chemisorption and pore diffusion based on intra-particle diffusion model. The isotherm model was Freundlich. Though, all tested isotherm models relatively showed good correlation coefficients ranging from 0.969-1.000. The adsorption process was exothermic for Azeh-TDI, with a negative value of -12.812 X 103 KJ/mol. This indicates that the adsorption process for Pb by Azeh-TDI was spontaneous. Adsorption by Azeh2 was endothermic in nature.

scholarly journals KINETIC MODEL OF THIOUREA DIOXIDE DECOMPOSITION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENT ACIDITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 87-93
Author(s):  
Yuri V. Polenov ◽  
Gleb A. Shestakov ◽  
Elena V. Egorova
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Mercury Electrode ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
F Test ◽  
Thiourea Dioxide ◽  
Dropping Mercury Electrode ◽  
The Individual

A stoichiometric mechanism for full thiourea dioxide decomposition in aqueous solution under pH of 4.0 is proposed based on dependences of concentrations of thiourea dioxide and its decomposition products on the time and literature data. The concentration of thiourea dioxide was measured via iodometry, while the intermediates were quantified using the polarography. Polarography was carried out in glass two-electrode electrochemical cell by means of PU-1 polarograph in differential mode. Dropping mercury electrode was used as working one and silver chloride as a reference one. Rate constants for individual stages are obtained via mathematical modeling, presented a system of differential equations. Absolute errors of rate constants, correlation coefficients, and F-factors were also calculated. Verification of supposed kinetic model was conducted using the comparison between experimental and calculated concentrations, F-test and the calculated values of correlation coefficients of the individual stages of the process. Supposed kinetic model of decomposition consists of a number of consequent stages including various compounds such as sulfur monoxide, thiosulfuric, sulfuric, dithionic, hydrosulfuric acids as intermediates was used for previously obtained data for pH of 8.85. To test the universality of supposed model, we simulated kinetics of thiourea dioxide decomposition reaction at pH of 8.85. Experimental kinetic data were taken from literature. The initial approximations of the individual stages constants were taken from previous calculations. Analysis of calculated data: concentration values, F-test, correlation coefficients allowed to conclude about the applicability of proposed mechanism for the process of thiourea dioxide decomposition in a weakly alkaline medium.

scholarly journals KINETICS OF OZONE REACTIONS WITH ADENINE AND CYTOSINE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Aigul A. Maksyutova ◽  
Elvina R. Khaynasova ◽  
Yuriy S. Zimin
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Activation Parameters ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Temperature Dependences ◽  
Ozone Reactivity ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Ozone Reactions

The ultraviolet spectroscopy method has been applied to study the kinetics of the ozone reactions with nitrogenous bases (NB), namely adenine and cytosine in aqueous solutions. At the first research stage, the range of NB working concentrations has been determined. It was found that linear dependences between optical densities and concentrations of nitrogenous bases aqueous solutions are quite reliable, with correlation coefficients r ≥ 0.998, are satisfied up to [NB] = 2.3 ∙ 10–4 mol/l. According to the Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law, adenine and cytosine extinction coefficients in aqueous solutions were determined and subsequently used to calculate their residual concentrations. At the next stage, the kinetics of nitrogenous bases ozonized oxidation was studied with equal initial concentrations of the starting substances ([NB]0 = [О3]0). The results revealed that the kinetic consumption curves of the starting reagents are fairly well linearized (r ≥ 0.996) in the second-order reaction equation coordinates. As found with the bubbling installation, 1 mol of the absorbed ozone falls on 1 mol of the used NB. Thus, the reactions of ozone with adenine and cytosine explicitly proceed according to the second-order kinetic laws (the first – according to О3 and the first – according to NB). The rate constants were calculated by the integral reaction equations, the values of which indicate a higher ozone reactivity in relation to nitrogen bases. The temperature dependences of the second-order rate constants was studied ranging 285-309 K, and the activation parameters (pre-exponential factors and activation energies) of the ozone reactions with adenine and cytosine in aqueous solutions were determined.

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