Assessment of Degree of Maturity of Compost Produced by Different Kitchen Waste Composting Methods

2013 ◽  
Vol 652-654 ◽  
pp. 1642-1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuang Hung Cheng ◽  
Mei Chuan Huang ◽  
Mei Fang Lu ◽  
Ya Jung Chou ◽  
Jim Jui Min Lin
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Germination Test ◽  
Kitchen Waste ◽  
Aerobic Composting ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Degree Of Maturity

Kitchen waste in general has high water content with various plant required nutrients and organic matters but is non-toxic, and therefore, it is a good composting material. Three different composting methods were applied for experiments twice, which are mechanical aerobic composting, simple bucket composting, and fast composting processor, by using the same source of kitchen waste as the raw composting material. No significant difference was found between the compositions of the two kitchen waste samples. The major components of the two kitchen waste samples of this study were water content (averaged 72.7%), followed by combustible constituent (about 25.6%). The carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio was between 15 and 25. Since the operation and parameters of these three composting methods were different, the compositions of compost products were different. Among these three composting methods, compost produced by the simple bucket composting method had the highest water content (an average of 25%), while compost by the fast composting processor had the lowest (about 11%). For C/N ratio, compost produced by the fast composting processor had the highest C/N ratio (an average of 26), compost by the mechanical aerobic composting method the second (about 22), and compost by the bucket composting method the lowest (about 12). It is stipulated by the Council of Agriculture that for the miscellaneous types of compost, the C/N ratio should be between 10 and 20 to ensure that the compost has reached maturity. For the germination test, compost produced by the mechanical aerobic composting method had an average of 84%, compost by the fast composting processor had 81%, and compost by the bucket composting method had an average of 95%. Although all three methods can yield compost with a maturity level greater than the minimum requirement (80%), compost produced by the simple bucket method had better maturity. When comparing the three compost samples produced by different methods to the standards given by the Council of Agriculture, only the simple bucket compost qualified all the criteria.

Distributive Characteristics of Soil Microorganisms at Wetland on Mongolian Plateau in Inner Mongolia (E1483)

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 2624-2629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Zhao ◽  
Hui Min ◽  
Yu Qin Shao ◽  
Zi Long Zhao ◽  
Qi Ming Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
High Water ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Mongolian Plateau ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Air Ventilation ◽  
Survival And Reproduction

This research is to study the distributive characteristics of soil microorganisms at river wetland on Mongolian Plateau in Inner Mongolia. The results showed that the quantities distribution of various floras of soil microorganisms in different plots (such as bump-top and in-between-bumps in enclosed and grazing regions, low floodplain and high floodplain) at wetland of the Xilin River are the same, which is bacteria＞actinomycetes＞fungi.In enclosed region, the amounts of bacteria are higher than that of other regions. Since is under natural restoration process in enclosed region, there is no significant difference between bump-top and in-between-bumps. At bump-top, it is seasonally flooded, and at in-between-bumps, there is always ponded water to cause high water content. Since high water content is not in favor to the survival of actinomycetes, the number of actinomycetes at bump-top is higher than that at in-between-bumps. Though there is low requirement of water for fungi, the number of fungi at bump-top is higher than that at in-between-bumps. In grazing region, there are more soil microorganisms at bump-top due to shorter flooded time and better air ventilation. At bump-top, organic matter is much richer, due to resupplied from animal manure, withered grass and falling leaves, which is in favor to the reproduction of actinomycetes and fungi. Since there are mostly hydrophilic plants and less biodiversity at in-between-bumps, the number of soil microorganisms is smaller. In floodplain region, the amount of bacteria at low floodplain is higher than that at high floodplain, due to higher water content, which is in favor to the reproduction of bacteria. Actinomycetes are basophilic bacteria. The amount of actinomycetes at low floodplain is higher than that at high floodplain, since high water content has led low floodplain to alkali soil. The amount of fungi at high floodplain is higher due to more suitable environment for survival and reproduction.

scholarly journals Oxidation Lipid on Fish Cake Catfish (Pangasius sp.) Dissolved in The Extract of Bay Leaf (Eugenia polyantha)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Mahiastuti Tribuana Tungga Dewi ◽  
Boedi Setya Rahardja ◽  
Agustono Agustono
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
High Water ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Quality Score ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
White Meat ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference

Catfish (Pangasius sp.) As a source of animal protein. Fish catfish have a thick white meat so that it can be processed into a wide range of diversified products. The process of fried fish cake can result in fat or autooxidation process. Autooxidation can be inhibited by the presence of antioxidant compounds. One source of natural antioxidants are bay leaf Eugenia polyantha.This research was carried out by experimental methods and the use of experimental design of randomized Complete Design (RAL). RAL is used when the material and condition of the experiment are homogeneous. This research consists of four concentrations of extract treatment bay leaf, namely 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%. Fish cake has been fried done soaking for 30 minutes. Water content showed no significant difference (p> 0.05) at 24 hours to 28, this indicated that the addition of bay leaf extract did not affect the moisture content during storage. The high water content at 0 hour is caused by the process of soaking the fish cake  in the extract solution. The highest value is shown by the concentration of 30% at the hour to 0 that is 52.78%, this indicates that the fish cake by soaking can meet the quality score SNI 7757:2013 which is a maximum of 60%. The fat content in the fish cake continues to decrease, indicating the occurrence of oxidation during storage. Levels of TBA in fish cake continue to increase that can be slowed by the extract of bay leaves with a concentration of 30%.

Hydrogels as Antibacterial Biomaterials

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 843-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiguo Xu ◽  
Shujun Dong ◽  
Yuping Han ◽  
Shuqiang Li ◽  
Yang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Oxygen Permeability ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
High Water ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Biomedical Field

Hydrogels, as a class of materials for tissue engineering and drug delivery, have high water content and solid-like mechanical properties. Currently, hydrogels with an antibacterial function are a research hotspot in biomedical field. Many advanced antibacterial hydrogels have been developed, each possessing unique qualities, namely high water swellability, high oxygen permeability, improved biocompatibility, ease of loading and releasing drugs and structural diversity. In this article, an overview is provided on the preparation and applications of various antibacterial hydrogels. Furthermore, the prospects in biomedical researches and clinical applications are predicted.

Microwave-Induced Thermoacoustic Imaging for Embedded Explosives Detection in High-Water Content Medium

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 4803-4810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiong Wang ◽  
Tao Qin ◽  
Yexian Qin ◽  
Ahmed H. Abdelrahman ◽  
Russell S. Witte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
High Water ◽  
Explosives Detection ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Thermoacoustic Imaging

scholarly journals Deep mantle melting, global water circulation and its implications for the stability of the ocean mass

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun-ichiro Karato ◽  
Bijaya Karki ◽  
Jeffrey Park
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Circulation ◽  
Mantle Melting ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Mineral Physics ◽  
Deep Mantle ◽  
Global Water

AbstractOceans on Earth are present as a result of dynamic equilibrium between degassing and regassing through the interaction with Earth’s interior. We review mineral physics, geophysical, and geochemical studies related to the global water circulation and conclude that the water content has a peak in the mantle transition zone (MTZ) with a value of 0.1–1 wt% (with large regional variations). When water-rich MTZ materials are transported out of the MTZ, partial melting occurs. Vertical direction of melt migration is determined by the density contrast between the melts and coexisting minerals. Because a density change associated with a phase transformation occurs sharply for a solid but more gradually for a melt, melts formed above the phase transformation depth are generally heavier than solids, whereas melts formed below the transformation depth are lighter than solids. Consequently, hydrous melts formed either above or below the MTZ return to the MTZ, maintaining its high water content. However, the MTZ water content cannot increase without limit. The melt-solid density contrast above the 410 km depends on the temperature. In cooler regions, melting will occur only in the presence of very water-rich materials. Melts produced in these regions have high water content and hence can be buoyant above the 410 km, removing water from the MTZ. Consequently, cooler regions of melting act as a water valve to maintain the water content of the MTZ near its threshold level (~ 0.1–1.0 wt%). Mass-balance considerations explain the observed near-constant sea-level despite large fluctuations over Earth history. Observations suggesting deep-mantle melting are reviewed including the presence of low-velocity anomalies just above and below the MTZ and geochemical evidence for hydrous melts formed in the MTZ. However, the interpretation of long-term sea-level change and the role of deep mantle melting in the global water circulation are non-unique and alternative models are reviewed. Possible future directions of studies on the global water circulation are proposed including geodynamic modeling, mineral physics and observational studies, and studies integrating results from different disciplines.

scholarly journals Torrefaction of Woody and Agricultural Biomass: Influence of the Presence of Water Vapor in the Gaseous Atmosphere

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
María González Martínez ◽  
Estéban Hélias ◽  
Gilles Ratel ◽  
Sébastien Thiéry ◽  
Thierry Melkior
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Biomass Degradation ◽  
Moist Atmosphere ◽  
Thermochemical Transformation ◽  
Degradation Reactions

Biomass preheating in torrefaction at an industrial scale is possible through a direct contact with the hot gases released. However, their high water-content implies introducing moisture (around 20% v/v) in the torrefaction atmosphere, which may impact biomass thermochemical transformation. In this work, this situation was investigated for wheat straw, beech wood and pine forest residue in torrefaction in two complementary experimental devices. Firstly, experiments in chemical regime carried out in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) showed that biomass degradation started from lower temperatures and was faster under a moist atmosphere (20% v/v water content) for all biomass samples. This suggests that moisture might promote biomass components’ degradation reactions from lower temperatures than those observed under a dry atmosphere. Furthermore, biomass inorganic composition might play a role in the extent of biomass degradation in torrefaction in the presence of moisture. Secondly, torrefaction experiments on a lab-scale device made possible to assess the influence of temperature and residence time under dry and 100% moist atmosphere. In this case, the difference in solid mass loss between dry and moist torrefaction was only significant for wheat straw. Globally, an effect of water vapor on biomass transformation through torrefaction was observed (maximum 10%db), which appeared to be dependent on the biomass type and composition.

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