Recent Advances in Study of Ginsenoside Biosynthetic Pathway in Panax ginseng

2013 ◽  
Vol 773 ◽  
pp. 368-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Kun Jin ◽  
Shou Jing Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Panax Ginseng ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Methylerythritol Phosphate ◽  
Genetic Level ◽  
Bioactive Ingredients ◽  
Increasing Demand

Ginsenosides, the major bioactive ingredients of P. ginseng can improve the anti-disease abilities of human being, and generate significant social and economic benefits. However, along with gradually or rapidly or dramatically increasing demand of the ginsenosides, extensive studies have focused on regulating the ginsenoside biosynthetic pathway on a genetic level. This review provides the latest research progress on biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides, including the mevalonate (MVA) and the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, which is newly discovered and located in P. ginseng. Moreover, it also indicated lanosterol synthase metabolic flux present in P. ginseng.

Progress in Understanding of the Key Enzyme Genes of Ginsenoside Biosynthesis in Panax ginseng

2013 ◽  
Vol 773 ◽  
pp. 374-379
Author(s):  
Shi Kun Jin ◽  
Shou Jing Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Squalene Epoxidase ◽  
Ginsenoside Biosynthesis ◽  
Oxidosqualene Cyclase ◽  
Cycloartenol Synthase ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Genetic Level ◽  
Bioactive Ingredients ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Dammarenediol Synthase

Ginsenosides, the major bioactive ingredients of P. ginseng can improve the anti-disease abilities of human being, and generate significant social and economic benefits. However, along with gradually or rapidly or dramatically increasing demand of the ginsenosides, extensive studies have focused on regulating the ginsenoside biosynthetic pathway on a genetic level. In this article, ginsenoside biosynthesis of key enzyme genes are described, including squalene synthase (SS), squalene epoxidase (SE), oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), dammarenediol synthase (DS), β-amyrin synthase (β-AS), lanosterol synthase (LAS), cycloartenol synthase (CAS) and P450. Additionally, this review critically analyzes and evaluates the background and theoretical basis of the previous researches, as well as the deficiencies of these researches.

scholarly journals The Effects of Tourism on Traditional Craftsmanship for The Sustainable Development of Historic Environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Özlem Karakul
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Intangible Cultural Heritage ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Transmission Of Knowledge ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
Increasing Demand

Improving the quality of life and creating various economic benefits, conservation of cultural heritage can contribute to sustainable development as a concept having environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects. Intangible cultural heritage as the chief reason of cultural diversity particularly guarantee sustainable development. In recent years, the increase in the concern about local ways of life, festivities, has motivated the conservation of intangible cultural heritage specifically, and contributed to the continuity of the implementation of traditional craftsmanship as a domain of intangible cultural heritage and guaranteed the sustainable development. The conservation of traditional craftsmanship necessitates providing the transmission of knowledge between master and apprentice and the continuity of practice. Through 20th century, rapidly changing life conditions, the demand for traditional craftsmanship has noticeably decreased causing the decrease in the number of practitioner craftsmen. It needs to regenerate the organic relationships of crafts with the changing life conditions for their conservation. Tourism can be a motivating force to regenerate interrelations with the increasing demand of tourists for traditional crafts. This paper aims to present the effects of tourism on crafts and discuss specific conservation approach focusing on the sustainable development of historic environments particularly focusing on 17 sustainable development goals highlighted within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development published by United Nations General Assembly in 2015.Keywords: Traditional craftsmanship, tourism, conservation, historic environments, sustainable development

scholarly journals Combined Biosynthetic Pathway Engineering and Storage Pool Expansion for High-Level Production of Ergosterol in Industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Jiao Sun ◽  
Jia-Zhang Lian ◽  
Li Zhu ◽  
Yi-Qi Jiang ◽  
Guo-Si Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Pathway Engineering ◽  
Ergosterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Sterol Esters ◽  
Storage Pool ◽  
Ergosterol Content ◽  
Dry Cell Weight

Ergosterol, a terpenoid compound produced by fungi, is an economically important metabolite serving as the direct precursor of steroid drugs. Herein, ergsosterol biosynthetic pathway modification combined with storage capacity enhancement was proposed to synergistically improve the production of ergosterol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae strain S1 accumulated the highest amount of ergosterol [7.8 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW)] among the wild-type yeast strains tested and was first selected as the host for subsequent metabolic engineering studies. Then, the push and pull of ergosterol biosynthesis were engineered to increase the metabolic flux, overexpression of the sterol acyltransferase gene ARE2 increased ergosterol content to 10 mg/g DCW and additional overexpression of a global regulatory factor allele (UPC2-1) increased the ergosterol content to 16.7 mg/g DCW. Furthermore, considering the hydrophobicity sterol esters and accumulation in lipid droplets, the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway was enhanced to expand the storage pool for ergosterol. Overexpression of ACC1 coding for the acetyl-CoA carboxylase increased ergosterol content from 16.7 to 20.7 mg/g DCW. To address growth inhibition resulted from premature accumulation of ergosterol, auto-inducible promoters were employed to dynamically control the expression of ARE2, UPC2-1, and ACC1. Consequently, better cell growth led to an increase of ergosterol content to 40.6 mg/g DCW, which is 4.2-fold higher than that of the starting strain. Finally, a two-stage feeding strategy was employed for high-density cell fermentation, with an ergosterol yield of 2986.7 mg/L and content of 29.5 mg/g DCW. This study provided an effective approach for the production of ergosterol and other related terpenoid molecules.

scholarly journals Modulating the Precursor and Terpene Synthase Supply for the Whole-Cell Biocatalytic Production of the Sesquiterpene (+)-Zizaene in a Pathway Engineered E. coli

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Aguilar ◽  
Thomas Scheper ◽  
Sascha Beutel
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Mevalonate Pathway ◽  
Terpene Synthase ◽  
Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway ◽  
Main Compound ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Methylerythritol Phosphate ◽  
Cosmetic Industry ◽  
Multiple Copies

The vetiver essential oil from Chrysopogon zizanioides contains fragrant sesquiterpenes used widely in the formulation of nearly 20% of men’s cosmetics. The growing demand and issues in the supply have raised interest in the microbial production of the sesquiterpene khusimol, the main compound of the vetiver essential oil due to its woody smell. In this study, we engineered the biosynthetic pathway for the production of (+)-zizaene, the immediate precursor of khusimol. A systematic approach of metabolic engineering in Escherichia coli was applied to modulate the critical bottlenecks of the metabolic flux towards (+)-zizaene. Initially, production of (+)-zizaene was possible with the endogenous methylerythritol phosphate pathway and the codon-optimized zizaene synthase (ZS). Raising the precursor E,E-farnesyl diphosphate supply through the mevalonate pathway improved the (+)-zizaene titers 2.7-fold, although a limitation of the ZS supply was observed. To increase the ZS supply, distinct promoters were tested for the expression of the ZS gene, which augmented 7.2-fold in the (+)-zizaene titers. Final metabolic enhancement for the ZS supply by using a multi-plasmid strain harboring multiple copies of the ZS gene improved the (+)-zizaene titers 1.3-fold. The optimization of the fermentation conditions increased the (+)-zizaene titers 2.2-fold, achieving the highest (+)-zizaene titer of 25.09 mg L−1. This study provides an alternative strategy to enhance the terpene synthase supply for the engineering of isoprenoids. Moreover, it demonstrates the development of a novel microbial platform for the sustainable production of fragrant molecules for the cosmetic industry.

scholarly journals CtACO1 Overexpression Resulted in the Alteration of the Flavonoids Profile of Safflower

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhua Tu ◽  
Beixuan He ◽  
Songyan Gao ◽  
Dandan Guo ◽  
Xinlei Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Hydroxysafflor Yellow A ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Varying Environments ◽  
Plant Acclimatization

Background: Flavonoids with various structures play a vital role in plant acclimatization to varying environments as well as in plant growth, development, and reproduction. Exogenous applications of ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC), could affect the accumulation of flavonoids. Very few attempts have been made to investigate the effect of 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO), a unique enzyme that catalyzes ACC to ethylene, on genes and metabolites in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. In this study, two ACOs in safflower (CtACOs) were cloned, and then transgenic safflower with overexpressed CtACO1 was generated through the Agrobacterium-mediated floral dipping method. Results: CtACO1 and CtACO2 were both characterized by the 2-oxoglutarate binding domain RxS and the ferrous iron binding site HxDxnH as ACOs from other plants. However, the transcript levels of CtACO1 in flowers at stages I, II, III, and IV were all higher than those of CtACO2. At the cellular level, by using electroporation transformation, CtACO1 was found to be localized at the cytomembrane in onion epidermal cells. CtACO1 overexpression had varying effects on genes involved in the ethylene and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. The metabolites analysis showed that CtACO1 overexpression lines had a higher accumulation of quercetin and its glycosylated derivatives (quercetin 3-β-d-glucoside and rutin). In contrast, the accumulation of quinochalcones (hydroxysafflor yellow A and carthamin), kaempferol glycosylated derivatives (kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside and kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucoside), apigenin, and luteolin in CtACO1 overexpression lines were decreased. Conclusion: This study confirmed the feasibility of applying the floral dipping method to safflower and showed a novel regulatory effect of CtACO1 in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. It provides hypothetical and practical groundwork for further research on regulating the overall metabolic flux of flavonoids in safflower, particularly hydroxysafflor yellow A and other quinochalcones, by using appropriate genetic engineering strategies.

A review of the research progress on the bioactive ingredients and physiological activities of rice bran oil

2014 ◽  
Vol 238 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Liang ◽  
Yu Gao ◽  
Qinlu Lin ◽  
Feijun Luo ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran ◽  
Rice Bran Oil ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Bioactive Ingredients

scholarly journals Wild tobacco genomes reveal the evolution of nicotine biosynthesis

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (23) ◽  
pp. 6133-6138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuqing Xu ◽  
Thomas Brockmöller ◽  
Aura Navarro-Quezada ◽  
Heiner Kuhl ◽  
Klaus Gase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Tropane Alkaloids ◽  
Nicotiana Attenuata ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Ethylene Response Factor ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Binding Motifs ◽  
Genetic Features ◽  
Nicotine Biosynthesis

Nicotine, the signature alkaloid of Nicotiana species responsible for the addictive properties of human tobacco smoking, functions as a defensive neurotoxin against attacking herbivores. However, the evolution of the genetic features that contributed to the assembly of the nicotine biosynthetic pathway remains unknown. We sequenced and assembled genomes of two wild tobaccos, Nicotiana attenuata (2.5 Gb) and Nicotiana obtusifolia (1.5 Gb), two ecological models for investigating adaptive traits in nature. We show that after the Solanaceae whole-genome triplication event, a repertoire of rapidly expanding transposable elements (TEs) bloated these Nicotiana genomes, promoted expression divergences among duplicated genes, and contributed to the evolution of herbivory-induced signaling and defenses, including nicotine biosynthesis. The biosynthetic machinery that allows for nicotine synthesis in the roots evolved from the stepwise duplications of two ancient primary metabolic pathways: the polyamine and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) pathways. In contrast to the duplication of the polyamine pathway that is shared among several solanaceous genera producing polyamine-derived tropane alkaloids, we found that lineage-specific duplications within the NAD pathway and the evolution of root-specific expression of the duplicated Solanaceae-specific ethylene response factor that activates the expression of all nicotine biosynthetic genes resulted in the innovative and efficient production of nicotine in the genus Nicotiana. Transcription factor binding motifs derived from TEs may have contributed to the coexpression of nicotine biosynthetic pathway genes and coordinated the metabolic flux. Together, these results provide evidence that TEs and gene duplications facilitated the emergence of a key metabolic innovation relevant to plant fitness.

scholarly journals Biocentrism as one of the main categories of everyday biopolitical discourse

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
А. Y. Kravets
Keyword(s):  
Political Behavior ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Political Sphere ◽  
Definition Of

The main aim of the article is the conceptualization of the categorical apparatus of biopolitics. The focus is on biocentrism as one of the main categories of modern biopolitical discourse. It is stated that biopolitics today offers a variety of research directions and a specific categorical apparatus, while fluctuations in the interpretations of the main terms and categories should be noted. The main terms are considered: «biopolitics», «political man», biopower and biocentrism. The definition of the above terms in the biopolitics is systematized and proposed author’s definitions. «Homo Politicus» as a phenomenon was a complicated and problematic subject of scientific conceptualization. Proposed particulars of the biopolitical view on «Homo Politicus»: «Homo Politicus» is genetically related with another biological species and this definitely has influence to his behaviour in social and political sphere. For instance, any human being as any social primates has genetic inclination to adaptation, domination, subjugation. In case with «Homo Sapiens» this has a form of genetic and social adaptation, political domination and subjugation. The inclination to the domination from one side to the subjugation to another side is genetically «imprinted» in to the nature of the «Homo Politicus». However it is important to be mentioned that nevertheless the «Homo Sapiens» shares inclination of social primates for hierarchical social organization, at the same time he developed capabilities which are unique in animal world, such as: language, culture and morale. Thus, ideas and values created by the human being commenced changing of his behavior in social and political sphere. Author’s definitions: «Political man» as an individual with innate properties of the brain and the psyche that affects his social and political behavior can be adjusted in the process of socialization and education and change in accordance with the challenges of the twenty-first century. Biopolitics as a new evolutionary paradigm of contemporary political science that explores the «political man» as a biological species with an emphasis on psycho-physiological mechanisms of political behavior and their influence on the political process. Biopower as a new model of power relations, enshrined at the legislative level, designed to protect life in all its forms and manifestations. Biocentrism is aimed at protecting life in all spheres, understanding that a person is only part of the overall biodiversity, and therefore has no right to destroy the biosphere guided by economic benefits.

scholarly journals Research on the development of space tourism:problems and prospects

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
The State ◽  
Space Tourism ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Increasing Demand

An increasing demand for space travel, the creation of commercial enterprises and travel agencies in the field of space industry, the development of vehicles intended solely for the transportation of tourists to space – all this suggests that space can soon turn from a matter of scientific research into a tourist destination. Therefore, today the study of the state and prospects of space tourism development is a hot topic. The subject of research in the article is the development of space tourism in the world. The goal is to identify the main factors constraining the development of space tourism in the world. The objectives are to explore the economic benefits of space tourism development and the possibility of increasing commercial enterprises in the field of space industry; to evaluate key concepts involved in developing ways to reduce or eliminate social, economic problems arising in the field of space tourism. General scientific methods used: system analysis and factor analysis. The results of this study: the main economic advantages, disadvantages and problems of space tourism have been revealed; the state have been analyzed, and prospects for the development of space tourism have been identified; the need to study the fundamentals of space tourism development in the future have been determined, its impact on society and those who participate in it, the importance of upcoming efforts and possible policy recommendations have been evaluated. Special attention is paid to the review of space law treaties, agreements and conventions on space tourism. The authors conclude that space tourism is showing rapid development, and the space industry remains one of the promising investment sectors which may become the main direction of development of space activities in the future. Because space tourism is a certain market niche that can contribute to the use of infrastructure in space, especially due to the upcoming discoveries.

scholarly journals A stable beneficial symbiotic relationship between endophytic fungus Schizophyllum commune and host plant Panax ginseng

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Zhai ◽  
Ling Chen ◽  
Min Jia ◽  
Changhui Li ◽  
Hui Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Panax Ginseng ◽  
Hairy Roots ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Chemical Substance ◽  
Stable Relationship ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Ginsenoside Rc

AbstractEndophytes and plants can establish specific long-term symbiosis through the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Interactions between microbial inhabitants represent a novel area of study for natural products research. In this study, a strain of endophyte 3R-2 that can enhance the biomass and contents of ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rg2 and ginsenoside Rg3 of Panax ginseng hairy roots was screened out via HPLC, which was identified as Schizophyllum commune through the morphological and molecular identification. On the base, we found the infection of the endophyte were obviously observed widely in the P. ginseng and the strain formed a stable relationship with P. ginseng hairy roots in parenchyma cells around through tissues embedding slicing, HE ammonium silver staining and immunofluorescence staining. On the other hand, elicitors of fungus 3R-2 can also significantly promote hairy root growth and contents of several ginsenosides, even several times higher than 3R-2 mycelium did. Moreover, S. commune 3R-2 mycelium and its elicitor could enhance the transcriptional activity of key genes during the ginsenosides biosynthetic pathway dramatically. Thus, endophyte S. commune 3R-2 and its elicitor change the chemical substance content by regulating the expression of genes involved in the secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathway.

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