Epoxidation of Palm Oil Catalyzed by Titanium-Grafted Silica Catalyst

2013 ◽  
Vol 812 ◽  
pp. 30-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Ismail Sharifah Nafisah ◽  
Ahmad Faiza Mohd ◽  
Mohamed Rahmah ◽  
Yhaya Firdaus ◽  
Fauzi Roslinda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Nmr Spectrum ◽  
Epoxidized Palm Oil ◽  
Epoxidation Reaction ◽  
Epoxy Groups ◽  
Scanning Electron

Epoxidation reaction is an important reaction in organic synthesis because the formed epoxides are intermediates that can be converted to a variety of products. Catalytic palm oil epoxidation using titanium-grafted silica, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxoformic acid was carried out at 60 °C in a fixed batch reactor. Titanium-grafted silica with different percentages of silica content was prepared through sol-gel hydrolysis and was utilized in epoxidation of palm oil. Titanium-grafted silica particles and Epoxidized palm oil were characterized by techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The TiOSi bonds were detected at 960 cm-1in Ti-Si 0.5 and exhibited highest yield of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) in the epoxidation process which is 84% conversion of unsaturation in palm oil to epoxy groups. New peaks observed in the range of δ 2.4 ppm to 3.6 ppm in the NMR spectrum of EPO belong to protons of the epoxy cyclic ring group, CH-O-CH confirming successful epoxidation of palm oil using the prepared catalyst.

Curing and Mechanical Properties of Bio-Based Hybrid Thermoset Resins from Unsaturated Polyester and Acrylated Epoxidized Palm Oil

2015 ◽  
Vol 1113 ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Fakhari ◽  
Abdul Razak Rahmat ◽  
Mat Uzir Wahit ◽  
Amirali Khalili ◽  
Zyad Salem Alsagayar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Hybrid Systems ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Thermoset Resins ◽  
Epoxidized Palm Oil ◽  
Flexural Tests ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this study a series of green thermoset resins have been produced from blending acrylated epoxidized palm oil (AEPO) and unsaturated polyester (UPE). The UPE/AEPO ratio was changed between 90/10 and 70/30 wt%. The curing behavior and morphology of hybrid systems were investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moreover, studies on mechanical properties were performed by tensile and flexural tests. The results revealed that, these green thermoset resins exhibit thermo mechanical properties comparable to those of commercial unsaturated polyesters.

Synthesis of New Bio-Based Thermoset Resin from Palm Oil

2014 ◽  
Vol 931-932 ◽  
pp. 78-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Fakhari ◽  
Abdul Razak Rahmat ◽  
Mat Uzir Wahit ◽  
Yeong Shoot Kian
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Epoxy Group ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Thermosetting Resin ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Thermoset Resin ◽  
Epoxidized Palm Oil ◽  
Epoxy Groups

New bio-based thermosetting resin was synthesized from palm oil. In this study the epoxy groups presented on the epoxidized palm oil (EPO) were first acrylated and then further maleinized. The acrylation reaction was done by introducing acrylic acid into epoxy group of the epoxidized palm oil. Hydroquinone and triethylamine were used as inhibitor and catalyst, respectively. This reaction was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). To render acid groups on the resulting monomer, the acrylated epoxidized palm oil (AEPO) was further reacted with maleic anhydride. The resulting maleinated acrylated epoxidized palm oil (MAEPO) was characterized by FTIR and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H NMR).

scholarly journals Tensile Properties of Durian Skin Fibre Reinforced Plasticized Polylactic Acid Biocomposites

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
Hazleen Anuar ◽  
Mohd Syafiq Razali ◽  
Hafizul Adzim Saidin ◽  
Ammelia Fazlina Badrul Hisham ◽  
Siti Nur E’zzati Mohd Apandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Ductile Failure ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrograph ◽  
Epoxidized Palm Oil ◽  
Scanning Electron

This research investigates the effects of plasticizer and durian skin fibre (DSF) loading on tensile and morphological properties of polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites. Epoxidized palm oil (EPO) was added as a plasticizer in this project. The effect of EPO content 0–10 wt% was investigated over the tensile properties of PLA. EPO at 5 wt% was found to provide the highest tensile properties on PLA biocomposite. The plasticized PLA was then investigated for the effect of DSF content by varying the DSF at 1, 3 and 5 wt%. The tensile properties improved by about 7% with 3 wt% DSF. Scanning electron micrograph revealed that a ductile failure was induced in PLA composite with 5 wt% EPO and 3 wt% DSF.

Synthesis and Characterization of Palm Oil Based Polyol

2013 ◽  
Vol 812 ◽  
pp. 275-280
Author(s):  
Yahaya Siti Munira ◽  
Ahmad Faiza Mohd ◽  
Mohamed Rahmah
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Epoxidized Palm Oil ◽  
Ring Opening Reaction ◽  
Epoxy Groups

In this study, palm oil-based polyols were prepared and characterized. In order to prepare the polyol, Epoxidized palm oil (EPO) was reacted with glycerol and undergoes ring opening reaction. The synthesized oil was characterized by oxygen oxirane content titration (OOC), hydroxyl value test (HV), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Based on the FTIR spectrum of polyols, the disappearance of epoxy groups at 825cm-1, 843cm-1 and the emergence of hydroxyl group at 3394cm-1 are obvious indicating that hydroxyl group of the polyols formed. In NMR, the presence of new signal at δ 3.46ppm (-CH-OH) showed the attachment of hydroxyl group onto the epoxidized palm oil.

PENGGUNAAN TiO2 PARTIKEL NANO HASIL SINTESIS BERBASIS AIR MENGGUNAKAN METODA SOL-GEL PADA BAHAN KAPAS SEBAGAI APLIKASI UNTUK TEKSTIL ANTI UV

Arena Tekstil ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Komalasari ◽  
Bambang Sunendar
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Nano Tio2 ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Scanning Electron

Partikel nano TiO2 berbasis air dengan pH basa telah berhasil disintesis dengan menggunakan metode sol-gel dan diimobilisasi pada kain kapas dengan menggunakan kitosan sebagai zat pengikat silang. Sintesis dilakukan  dengan prekursor TiCl4 pada konsentrasi 0,3 M, 0,5 M dan 1 M, dan menggunakan templat kanji dengan proses kalsinasi pada suhu 500˚C selama 2 jam. Partikel nano TiO2 diaplikasikan ke kain kapas dengan metoda pad-dry-cure dan menggunakan kitosan sebagai crosslinking agent. Berdasarkan hasil Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM),diketahui bahwa morfologi partikel TiO2 berbentuk spherical dengan ukuran nano (kurang dari 100 nm). Karakterisasi X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) menunjukkan adanya tiga tipe struktur kristal utama, yaitu (100), (101) dan (102) dengan fasa kristal yang terbentuk adalah anatase dan rutile. Pada karakterisasi menggunakan SEM terhadap serbuk dari TiO2 yang telah diaplikasikan ke permukaan kain kapas, terlihat adanya imobilisasi partikel nano TiO2 melalui ikatan hidrogen silang dengan kitosan pada kain kapas. Hasil analisa tersebut kemudian dikonfirmasi dengan FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) yang hasilnya memperlihatkan puncak serapan pada bilangan gelombang 3495 cm-1, 2546 cm-1, dan 511 cm-1,  yang masing-masing diasumsikan sebagai adanya vibrasi gugus fungsi O-H, N-H dan Ti-O-Ti. Hasil SEM menunjukkan pula bahwa kristal nano yang terbentuk diantaranya adalah fasa rutile , yang berdasarkan literatur terbukti dapatberfungsi sebagai anti UV.

scholarly journals Structural and optical properties of SnO2–Al2O3 nanocomposite synthesized via sol-gel route

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 714-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraj K. Mishra ◽  
Chaitnaya Kumar ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Manish Kumar ◽  
Pratibha Chaudhary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Structural And Optical Properties ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractA nanocomposite of 0.5SnO2–0.5Al2O3 has been synthesized using a sol-gel route. Structural and optical properties of the nanocomposite have been discussed in detail. Powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction spectroscopy confirm the phase purity and the particle size of the 0.5SnO2–0.5Al2O3 nanocomposite (13 to 15 nm). The scanning electron microscopy also confirms the porosity in the sample, useful in sensing applications. The FT-IR analysis confirms the presence of physical interaction between SnO2 and Al2O3 due to the slight shifting and broadening of characteristic bands. The UV-Vis analysis confirms the semiconducting nature because of direct transition of electrons into the 0.5SnO2–0.5Al2O3 nanocomposites.

A Novel Hydroxyapatite Carrier for Enrichment of Hydrocarbon Degradation Bacteria

2007 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 1914-1917
Author(s):  
Lei Yang ◽  
Zhen Yi Zhang ◽  
Xiao Shan Ning ◽  
Guang He Li
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Hydrocarbon Degradation ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bacterial Enrichment ◽  
Bet Method ◽  
The One ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this paper, a novel and highly efficient hydroxyapatite (HA) carrier for cultivating hydrocarbon degradation bacteria (HDB) is introduced. The HA particles synthesized through a sol-gel method and different heat treatments were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET method. The microbial amount and activities of HDB cultivated on HA carriers were quantitatively investigated in order to assess their enriching capabilities. The results showed that HA synthesized at 550°C and the one without calcination could enrich HDB 3 and 2 magnitude orders more than the activated carbon, respectively. Mechanisms of bacterial enrichment on HA and activated carbon were also studied, and it is believed that the high bioactivity and the surface morphology of HA were responsible for the efficient reproduction of HDB. It is concluded that HA is a potential candidate to replace the conventionally used activated carbon as a novel carrier applied in the filed of bioremediation for oil contaminated soil.

Grain growth and sintering in Bi–(Pb)—Sr—Ca—Cu—O superconductors made by sol-gel

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunsong Ma ◽  
Alain C. Pierre
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Gel Processing ◽  
Scanning Electron

Bi—(Pb)—Sr—Ca—Cu—O superconductors were synthesized by sol-gel processing from nitrates by complexation with citric acid. Their grain growth and sintering above 800 °C were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer, Emmett, Teller (BET) porosimetry. The sintering was limited by anisotropic grain growth, and microcracks in 2212 phase grains were created due to the formation of 2223 phase.

Study on optical and magnetic properties of FexNi1-xMn2O4 materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Hang Pham Vu Bich ◽  
Yen Nguyen Hai ◽  
Mai Phung Thi Thanh ◽  
Dung Dang Duc ◽  
Hung Nguyen Manh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Phase ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Vibrating Sample Magnetometer ◽  
Raman Scattering Spectrum ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scattering Spectrum ◽  
Diffraction Diagram ◽  
Optical And Magnetic Properties ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this study, we present the process of synthesis FexNi1-xMn2O4 (x = 0; 0.1; 0.3; 0.5; 0.7; 0.9; 1) by method sol-gel. Scanning electron microscope results shows that the particle size is about 50 nm. The X-ray diffraction diagram shows that the samples are single phase, changing structure clearly as the x ratio increases from 0 to 1. The lattice constant, the bond length also changes with x-value as shown on the Raman scattering spectrum. The results of the vibrating sample magnetometer show that the magnetism of the material FexNi1-xMn2O4 changes with the value of x and reaches a maximum in the range x from 0.5 to 0.7.

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