Research on Modes and Operating Mechanism of Informal Finance

2014 ◽  
Vol 926-930 ◽  
pp. 3898-3901
Author(s):  
Shou Bin Zhou ◽  
Pei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Coordination Mechanism ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Operating Mechanism ◽  
Informal Finance ◽  
Operational Mechanism ◽  
Capital Efficiency ◽  
And Function

Informal finance exists in developed countries and in developing countries, the form of informal finance is diversiform, but operational mechanism of informal finance is essentially similar. Nowadays, in china informal finance’s contribution for whole macro economy is bigger and bigger, but up to the present our central government has not established the interrelated policies and regulations in order to make informal finance legal and rational. In order to make them support the whole macro economy better and make different regions choose suited modes among the different forms of informal finance, this paper study on the informal finance’s modes and operating mechanism from driving mechanism-interest rate mechanism, coordination mechanism-financing method, operating principle, controlling mechanism, security mechanism-withdrawing market mechanism in order to improve further collocating-capital efficiency and function for economic development positively.

scholarly journals Thermal performance of fish is explained by an interplay between physiology, behaviour and ecology

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Neubauer ◽  
Ken H Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Null Model ◽  
Oxygen Limitation ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Metabolic Scope ◽  
And Function ◽  
Temperature Impacts ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
Species Ecology

Abstract Increasing temperatures under climate change are thought to affect individual physiology of fish and other ectotherms through increases in metabolic demands, leading to changes in species performance with concomitant effects on species ecology. Although intuitively appealing, the driving mechanism behind thermal performance is contested; thermal performance (e.g. growth) appears correlated with metabolic scope (i.e. oxygen availability for activity) for a number of species, but a substantial number of datasets do not support oxygen limitation of long-term performance. Whether or not oxygen limitations via the metabolic scope, or a lack thereof, have major ecological consequences remains a highly contested question. size and trait-based model of energy and oxygen budgets to determine the relative influence of metabolic rates, oxygen limitation and environmental conditions on ectotherm performance. We show that oxygen limitation is not necessary to explain performance variation with temperature. Oxygen can drastically limit performance and fitness, especially at temperature extremes, but changes in thermal performance are primarily driven by the interplay between changing metabolic rates and species ecology. Furthermore, our model reveals that fitness trends with temperature can oppose trends in growth, suggesting a potential explanation for the paradox that species often occur at lower temperatures than their growth optimum. Our model provides a mechanistic underpinning that can provide general and realistic predictions about temperature impacts on the performance of fish and other ectotherms and function as a null model for contrasting temperature impacts on species with different metabolic and ecological traits.

scholarly journals Possibilities and limitations of local economic development in Serbia

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-30
Author(s):  
Dušan Aničić ◽  
Jasmina Gligorijević ◽  
Miloje Jelić ◽  
Milosav Stojanović
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Government Influence ◽  
High Unemployment Rate ◽  
Development Concept

The practice in developed countries has shown a necessity for local government's stronger inclusion in local economic development issues. The economic system in Serbia has features of high unemployment rate and low living standard among the population, and therefore local government taking a larger part in local economic development issues is seen as a real possibility for reducing these problems. Although most of the economic policy instruments lie within the central government jurisdiction, which largely restricts local government possibilities, there is still an important area for local government influence on economic development. There are numerous obstacles for a successful application of the local economic development concept in Serbia, which causes the municipality and regional potentials to be used much less than the possibilities allow, and it has a negative reflection, especially in rural and undeveloped areas.

scholarly journals The architecture and operating mechanism of a cnidarian stinging organelle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Gibson ◽  
Ahmet Karabulut ◽  
Melainia McClain ◽  
Boris Rubinstein ◽  
Sean McKinney
Keyword(s):  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Operating Mechanism ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
3D Electron Microscopy ◽  
Genetic Perturbations ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
The Operating Mechanism ◽  
And Function

Abstract The stingers of jellyfish, sea anemones and other cnidarians, known as nematocysts, are remarkable cellular weapons used for both predation and defense1. Nematocysts are specialized organelles which consist of a pressurized capsule containing a coiled harpoon-like thread2. These structures are in turn built within specialized cells known as nematocytes3. When triggered4, the capsule explosively discharges, ejecting the coiled thread which punctures the target and rapidly elongates by turning inside out in a process called eversion5,6. Due to the structural complexity of the thread and the extreme speed of discharge, the precise mechanics of nematocyst firing have remained elusive7. Here, using a combination of live and super-resolution imaging, 3D electron microscopy and genetic perturbations, we define the step-by-step sequence of nematocyst operation in the model sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. This analysis reveals the complex biomechanical transformations underpinning the operating mechanism of nematocysts, one of the nature’s most exquisite biological micro-machines. Further, this study will provide insight into the form and function of related cnidarian organelles and serve as a template for the design of bioinspired microdevices.

scholarly journals Prospects of Multifunctionality in Nepalese Agriculture: The Agritourism Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-118
Author(s):  
Kumar Bhatta
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
Household Heads

Multi functionality of agriculture in the developed countries is employed as a means of rural revitalization and economic circulation. Although farm diversification in the developing countries is much more crucial, in most of the rural areas of the developing countries, it is not performed, and it is delayed. In this regard, the main objective of this study is to explore the possibilities of the multi functionality of agriculture for the sustainable rural development for the implementation of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the developing countries. The empirical study was conducted in two of the rural districts of Nepal called Nuwakot and Rasuwa. The author intentionally chose these districts because it is one separate area north of the capital city Kathmandu and bordering to China. Further, even though the location is nearby the capital city, and the rural villages have excessive potentials for tourism activities, the farmers are still focusing on subsistence farming without getting benefits from tourism. Based on the macro data of Nepal government and field visit, the author conducted a case study. This study explored that most of the household heads are working in the agricultural sector, which can be one of the opportunities to launch multi functionality of agriculture. However, due to their weak educational background, they are expecting external supports in terms of knowledge, technology, and more importantly, supportive policy. The federal and central government should give subsidy to the farmers so that they canstart multi functionality in their farms, which lead to sustainable rural development.

The Present Situation and Policy Suggestion of Clean Coal Technology in China

2012 ◽  
Vol 616-618 ◽  
pp. 1120-1123
Author(s):  
Wen Sheng Wang ◽  
Shao Dong Huang ◽  
Jie Long Zou
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Clean Coal ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Clean Coal Technology ◽  
Energy Economy ◽  
Coal Technology ◽  
The Developed Countries

In recent years, our clean coal technology made some breakthrough by means of introduction, digestion, and innovation. But compared with the developed countries, the use of clean coal technology in our country is not common for the unsound policies and standards, the lack of market mechanism, insufficient capital investment, decentralize of trade management and so on. We can effectively promote the development of clean coal technology, promote our country's energy consumption to transform extensive to intensive consumption and gradually realize a coordinated development between the energy, economy and environment by completing the relevant policies, laws and regulations of technology, finance, taxation, environmental protection, perfecting the independent innovations and technology admittance mechanism, increasing financial investment, encouraging private investment and setting up specialized standard managing and setting body of clean coal technology.

scholarly journals Colorectal Cancer: From the Genetic Model to Posttranscriptional Regulation by Noncoding RNAs

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Antonia Lizarbe ◽  
Jorge Calle-Espinosa ◽  
Eva Fernández-Lizarbe ◽  
Sara Fernández-Lizarbe ◽  
Miguel Ángel Robles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Posttranscriptional Regulation ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Colorectal Carcinogenesis ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Epigenetic Alterations ◽  
And Function

Colorectal cancer is the third most common form of cancer in developed countries and, despite the improvements achieved in its treatment options, remains as one of the main causes of cancer-related death. In this review, we first focus on colorectal carcinogenesis and on the genetic and epigenetic alterations involved. In addition, noncoding RNAs have been shown to be important regulators of gene expression. We present a general overview of what is known about these molecules and their role and dysregulation in cancer, with a special focus on the biogenesis, characteristics, and function of microRNAs. These molecules are important regulators of carcinogenesis, progression, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastases in cancer, including colorectal cancer. For this reason, miRNAs can be used as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatments, or even as therapeutic agents, or as targets by themselves. Thus, this review highlights the importance of miRNAs in the development, progression, diagnosis, and therapy of colorectal cancer and summarizes current therapeutic approaches for the treatment of colorectal cancer.

scholarly journals The two faces of human capital and their effect on technological progress

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen López-Pueyo ◽  
Sara Barcenilla ◽  
Gregorio Giménez
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Endogeneity Bias ◽  
Innovation And Technology ◽  
Penn World Table ◽  
Capital Efficiency ◽  
Innovation And Diffusion

The aim of the paper is to investigate the effect of a new international estimate of human capital on the process of innovation and technology catch-up in developed countries. The new human capital variable is a measure of average human capital efficiency per hour worked that considers the role of both the quantity and quality of education. Our methodology is based on the framework proposed by Jess Benhabib and Mark A. Spiegel (2005) that uses a logistic function of technology diffusion. The analysis employs panel econometrics and tackles the endogeneity bias. Empirical results show robust evidence of the significance of this human capital variable as a driver of innovation and diffusion. The effects of cognitive skills on technological progress are higher the closer the economies are to the technology frontier. Furthermore, as technological progress has been measured using the improved total factor productivity (TFP) variables built in Penn World Table (PWT) 8.0, we confirm the existence of social returns to human capital.

scholarly journals The respiratory microbiome and nontuberculous mycobacteria: an emerging concern in human health

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (160) ◽  
pp. 200299
Author(s):  
Christina S. Thornton ◽  
Madeline Mellett ◽  
Julie Jarand ◽  
Leila Barss ◽  
Stephen K. Field ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Lung Microbiome ◽  
Disease Rates ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are diverse microbial species encompassing commensals and pathogens with the ability to cause pulmonary disease in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. In contrast to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which has seen a reduction in disease rates in developed countries, the incidence and prevalence of NTM disease is increasing. NTM are difficult to treat with standard antimicrobial regimens and may contain both virulence and antibiotic-resistance genes with potential for pathogenicity. With the advent of molecular techniques, it has been elucidated that these organisms do not reside in isolation and are rather part of a complex milieu of microorganisms within the host lung microbiome. Over the last decade, studies have highlighted the impact of the microbiome on host immunity, metabolism and cell–cell communication. This recognition of a broader community raises the possibility that the microbiome may disrupt the balance between infection and disease. Additionally, NTM disease progression and antimicrobial therapy may affect the healthy steady state of the host and function of the microbiome, contributing to further dysbiosis and clinical deterioration. There have been limited studies assessing how NTM may influence the relationship between microbiome and host. In this review, we highlight available studies about NTM and the microbiome, postulate on virulence mechanisms by which these microorganisms communicate and discuss implications for treatment.

scholarly journals Introducing Municipal Bond Markets in Malaysia : An Assessment of Present Market Characteristics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukaramah Harun ◽  
Ting Ding Hooi ◽  
Hussin Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Municipal Bonds ◽  
Municipal Bond ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Capital Financing ◽  
Basic Infrastructure

In developed countries, urban growth has multiplied the demand for investment in basic infrastructure services such as water supply, waste removal, roads and mass transportation. At the same time, decentralization strategies have shifted the responsibility for much of these investments to the local governments. This decentralized investment requires the development of decentralized capital financing. No longer can a central government pay for local investment by raising national taxes or borrowings on international markets and using the funds simply to construct projects at the local level. The introduction of municipal bonds is one of the alternative source of funds to finance the escalating costs of financing local governments. This paper discusses the conditions underlying the development of municipal credit markets, which Malaysia can use to provide a vehicle to narrow the local government’s resource gap through debt funding.  

scholarly journals Corporate governance, structure and accountability as affected by national government infrastructure in developing countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 224-231
Author(s):  
Shame Mugova ◽  
Paul R. Sachs
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Corporate Governance Structure ◽  
Business Operations ◽  
Financial Infrastructure

Businesses in developing countries face different challenges than those in economically developed countries. Markets and supply chains are less well-established. Dissemination of information is uneven. Because governmental infrastructure has limited ability to support business operations, businesses take on responsibilities that elsewhere are handled by a central government. This study reviews key elements of corporate governance. The study then reviews the banking and manufacturing sectors in Zimbabwe with attention to the presence or absence of financial infrastructure, legal infrastructure, market challenges, supply chain and government involvement to support corporate governance structures and systems. Recommendations for policy and practice changes are recommended. The present analysis of Zimbabwe can guide research on and policy recommendations for governance in other developing countries

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