Processability Behaviour of Dual Filler Systems Reinforced Epoxised Natural Rubber

2014 ◽  
Vol 974 ◽  
pp. 195-198
Author(s):  
Teku Zakwan Zaeimoedin ◽  
Mazlina Mustapha Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Processing Condition ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Flow Behaviour ◽  
Viscosity Data ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Testing Instruments

Rheological studies of polymers are of great importance in optimizing the processing conditions and in designing processing equipments like injection molding machines, extruders, and dies required for various products. Melt rheological studies give us valuable viscosity data that will be helpful in optimizing the processing conditions. Parameters like melt viscosity as a function of shear rate or shear stress and temperature have become more and more important. Previous study indicated that the flow behaviour of the compound depends on the filler loading. Lesser elastic torque was found with compound containing lower filler content as compared to higher filler content. In this work, effect of dual filler, based on Carbon Black / Silica filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR) compound was investigated. A total of 80phr of filler content based on passenger tyre tread formulation was used in the experiment. The compounds were prepared by melt mixing in tangential type of an internal mixer. The rheological and the processability properties of the compounds were determined using three different testing instruments namely Capillary Rheometer, Mooney viscometer and Rubber Process Analyzer (RPA). A variation of shear rates (ranging from low to high) was performed, in order to better reflect the actual processing condition in rubber manufacturing. It was found that ENR mix with ratio silica to carbon black 70:10 exhibited the best flow behaviour and processability properties as compared to control and other mixes.

Effect of particulate fillers on natural rubber/high-density polyethylene blends for roofing application

2020 ◽  
pp. 096739112093461
Author(s):  
WVWH Wickramaarachchi ◽  
S Walpalage ◽  
SM Egodage
Keyword(s):  
Impact Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomer ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Barium Sulphate ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
High Density ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Excellent Property

Blending of two or more polymers generates a new material, which is more cost-effective than a newly synthesised material. Blending-type thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) is produced by melt-mixing of a thermoplastic with a rubber. These blends have high demands associated with excellent property combinations of the parent materials. Particulate fillers are used in the rubber and plastic industry for property modification and cost reduction. In this work, six particulate fillers, namely, calcium carbonate, barium sulphate (BaSO4), kaolin, talc, Snobrite clay and dolomite were used to develop natural rubber (NR)/high-density polyethylene (HDPE) TPE blends, and the most suitable filler for roofing application was identified. A series of NR/HDPE 20/80 blends were prepared by varying filler loading from 10 phr to 30 phr at 10 phr intervals using a Plasticorder. Mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, hardness, impact strength and tear strength, and gel content of the blends were investigated. The addition of talc, dolomite and kaolin to NR/HDPE blend showed reduced impact strength, which is the most important property for a roofing application. The other three fillers showed improved impact strength at specific loadings. The blend with 30 phr of BaSO4 was identified as the best blend, as per the overall performance.

scholarly journals Characteristics of natural rubber – carbonized pawpaw seed composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2951-2964
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Osabohien ◽  
Ufuoma Soya ◽  
Nduka Obichukwu Ojeifo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Physicomechanical Properties ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Aromatic Solvents ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Industrial Grade ◽  
Swelling Characteristics

The search for eco-friendly and less expensive fillers and additives has necessitated the use of renewable natural resources of plant origin in rubber compounding. This research work utilized carbonized pawpaw (Carica papaya) seeds as filler in natural rubber compounds in a bid to determining the reinforcing potentials. The carbonized pawpaw seeds (CPS) and dried raw pawpaw seeds (RPS) were separately pulverized, screened with a 75 μm sized test sieve and incorporated into natural rubber, Standard Nigerian Rubber (SNR 10), loaded between 0 – 50 parts per hundred (Phr) of the rubber. The cure characteristics, physicomechanical properties as well as the percentage swelling characteristics of vulcanizates were measured as a function of filler loading and compared with the values obtained using industrial grade carbon black (N330) as a standard reinforcing filler. Results showed that the CPS and RPS filled SNR 10 influenced the cure characteristics and physicomechanical properties of rubber vulcanizates. The scorch and cure times of the vulcanizates decreased as filler loading is increased while maximum torque increased with increase in filler loading. Tensile strength and modulus at 100% strain for all SNR 10 filled vulcanizates increased to optimum level at 40 phr respectively, thereafter decreased, and elongation at break decreased as filler loading is increased. The hardness and abrasion resistance of the vulcanizates increased with increase in filler loading, while compression set and percentage swelling in both petroleum and aromatic solvents decreased as filler loading is increased. The vulcanizates tend to swell more in aromatic solvents than in petroleum solvents. Percentage swelling of the vulcanizates (N330 – SNR 10 < CPS – SNR 10 < RPS – SNR 10) and in the order benzene > toluene > kerosene > diesel solvents. The research work showed that CPS and RPS fillers exhibited considerable reinforcing potentials but somewhat inferior to carbon black, N330. Keywords: Natural rubber, pawpaw seeds, fillers, vulcanizates and reinforcement.

scholarly journals Conductive silicone elastomers electrodes processable by screen printing

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Enrico Q. Quinsaat ◽  
Iurii Burda ◽  
Ronny Krämer ◽  
Daniel Häfliger ◽  
Frank A. Nüesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Binary Mixture ◽  
Screen Printing ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Dielectric Elastomer ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Conductive Composites ◽  
Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

Abstract Conductive inks consisting of graphene and carbon black conductive fillers into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix, which can be processed into thin films by screen printing are developed. The influence of filler composition and content on mechanical and electrical properties of the conductive composites is investigated. The best composites were evaluated as electrode material for dielectric elastomer actuators and for piezoelectric sensors. With increasing filler content, the electrical properties of the resulting composites of graphite nanoplates (GNPs) or a binary mixture of GNPs and carbon black (CB) with PDMS (Mw = 139 kg/mol) are enhanced. Hence, PDMS composites filled with GNPs (42 wt.%) or a binary mixture of GNPs/CB (300/150 ratio, 30 wt.% of total filler loading) exhibited constant contact resistance values of 0.5 and 5 Ω determined in life-cycle test, respectively, thus rendering them suitable as electrode materials for piezosensors. On the other hand, dielectric elastomer actuators require more flexible electrode materials, which could be tuned by varying the polymer molecular weight and by reducing the filler content. Therefore, a composite consisting of PDMS (Mw = 692 kg/mol) and a binary filler mixture of GNPs/CB (150/75 ratio, 18 wt.% of total filler loading) was used for producing the electrodes of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). The produced DETs with different electrode thicknesses were characterized in terms of their performance. The negligible hysteresis of the electrode materials is favorable for sensor and actuator applications.

scholarly journals Studies on the Physicochemical and Physico-Mechanical Properties of Activated Palm Kernel Shell blended with Carbon Black filled NR Vulcanizates

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dosu Malomo ◽  
Abdulhakeem D Olasupo ◽  
Abayomi M Adesigbin ◽  
Owen Egharevba ◽  
Sulaiman O Adewuyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Young Modulus ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

Palm kernel shell was activated using chemical activation of H3PO4 and KOH. Various amounts of activated palm kernel shell (APKS) couple with carbon black (CB) and other conventional ingredients were used to produce natural rubber vulcanizates (NR vulcanizates). The NR vulcanizates were compounded on a two-row mill and tested for its physico-mechanical properties. The results for characterization of physicochemical properties carried out on APKS  were ash content (2.06%), moisture content (8.06%), %carbon (54.41%), particle size (4.00, 3.35, 2.00, 1.18mm), bulk density (0.62g/ml) and pH (5.3).The results show significant values for all, the moisture and ash content were within the recommended standard of ASTM (3-10max) and (< or =8) respectively. The filler loading concentrations CB/APKS were labeled as mixes 1 to 7. The composition of CB/APKS filler loading ratios were 30:0, 25:5, 20:10, 15:15, 10:20, 5:25, and 0:30 samples 1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 respectively. Results obtained showed that CB/APKS filled vulcanizates exhibited improvement in the physico-mechanical properties investigated. The results obtained for CB/APKS across the samples filler loading shows that CB composition possess higher UTS, EB and rubber fatigue test while APKS filler loading composition exhibited higher hardness and young modulus. Abrasion resistance was excellent for both CB and APKS filler loading composition.Keywords: Activated Palm Kernel Shell, filler, carbon black, Chemical Activation, Natural Rubber.

Effect of palmyra palm fiber filler on properties of natural rubber vulcanizate

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 565-574
Author(s):  
J. Nwabanne ◽  
P. Igbokwe ◽  
E. Ezeonyebuchi
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Palm Fiber ◽  
Loading Ratio

The effect of partial replacement of carbon black by Palmyra palm fiber on the cure characteristics, physico-mechanical and swelling properties of natural rubber vulcanizates was studied. The Palmyra palm fibers were extracted, treated and characterized so as to determine pH, moisture content, and ash content, loss on ignition, conductivity, cellulose, lignin, Hemicellulose, cellulose/lignin ratio and Acid soluble lignin. The functional groups in the Palmyra palm fiber was also determined using FTIR. The Palmyra palm powder with an average particle size of 75 μm was used in this study. The natural rubber/carbon black/Palmyra palm fiber (NR/CB/PPF) composites having eight different loadings, 0/70, 10/60, 20/50, 30/40, 40/30, 50/20, 60/10, 70/0, were prepared using a laboratory size two roll mill. The maximum Torque of NR/CB/PPF composites increased with increasing commercial filler loading ratio. The scorch time and cure time of NR/CB/PPF composites decreased as the ratio of CB loading increased. The tensile strength, modulus of elongation, tear strength and abrasion resistance of all the composites increased as the commercial filler loading ratio increased. This is due to the presence of the commercial filler which gave a better filler interaction. Also this behavior can be attributed to the particle size and surface area of the fillers used as the fillers with small particle size usually have a larger surface area which supports better filler-rubber interaction. The hardness increased as the palmyra palm fiber loading increased. The elongation at break decreases as carbon black filler loading increases except for the composite with CB/PPF ratio of 10/60. The effect of filler loading on the swelling behavior of NR/CB/PPF composites was also investigated in aromatic and aliphatic compounds. Result showed that the composites with more carbon black has less absorption than those with more palmyra palm fiber showing that the compounds with more carbon black has better interaction than those with palmyra palm fiber.

Influence of Silanized-Silica and Carbon Black on the Cure and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/Recycled Chloroprene Rubber (NR/rCR) Blends

2016 ◽  
Vol 1133 ◽  
pp. 191-195
Author(s):  
Siti Zuliana Salleh ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
Zulkifli Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber ◽  
Silanized Silica

The loadings effect of carbon black and silanized-silica filled 75/25 phr/phr of natural rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber (NR/rCR) blends were compared with the unfilled NR/rCR blends. Different filler loading between in the range of 10- 40 phr was used. The rubber blends were prepared by using a laboratory two-roll mill and rheometric characteristics were studied using the Monsanto moving die rheometer (MDR 2000) at 150 °C. The addition of CB and silanized-silica showed different trend in scorch and cure time but showed similar trend in torques. The incorporation of both fillers caused higher tensile strength than that unfilled rubber blends. By comparison, the silanized-silica filled NR/rCR blends showed higher tensile strength than CB filled NR/rCR blends. Morphological characterization as observed from SEM justified these results.

Influence of Pyrolytic Carbon Black Prepared from Waste Tires on Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

2017 ◽  
Vol 751 ◽  
pp. 332-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarawut Prasertsri ◽  
Sansanee Srichan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Pyrolytic Carbon ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Mooney Viscosity ◽  
Heat Build Up ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

This research aimed to investigate the possibility of pyrolytic carbon black (PCB) used as filler in natural rubber (NR) and its effect on Mooney viscosity, cure characteristics and mechanical properties compared with commercial carbon black (N774). The results revealed that Mooney viscosity, stiffness and heat build-up tended to increase with increasing both PCB and N774 loading, whereas elongation at break decreased. However, the maximum tensile and tear strengths appeared at the optimum filler loading for both PCB and N774. At similar filler content, PCB-filled NR compounds have higher cure time, heat build-up and thermal resistance. Nevertheless, they exhibited lower Mooney viscosity and mechanical properties compared to N774-filled NR. Finally, it can be concluded that PCB could be utilized as filler in NR compound to act as semi-reinforcing filler and was classified as a filler to reduce costs.

scholarly journals Utilization of chitin powder as a filler in natural rubber vulcanizates: In comparison with carbon black filler

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Wisdom Okechukwu Egbujuo ◽  
Placid Ikechukwu Anyanwu ◽  
Henry Chinedu Obasi
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Chemical Extraction ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Crab Shell Waste ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

AbstractNatural rubber (NR) vulcanizates were prepared from natural rubber and chitin using a two-roll mill. The chitin was extracted from crab shell waste obtained from a local market in Oron, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria using the chemical extraction method. The effects of the chitin at different contents (0–40 phr) on the mechanical properties of the NR/Chitin vulcanizates with carbon black as reference filler have been investigated. The tensile strength of the chitin filled natural rubber (NCH), and the carbon black filled natural rubber (NCB) vulcanizates were found to increase with an increase in filler content to reach optimum at 30 phr after which it decreased. The hardness, impact and abrasion resistance properties of the NCH and NCB vulcanizates increased as filler content increases. The tensile strength and abrasion resistance of the vulcanizates containing blends of varying percentages of carbon black to chitin (CBCH) increased as more carbon black (CB) is introduced while the hardness and impact strength increased with increase in chitin content. However, carbon black filled vulcanizates showed better property enhancement than the chitin filler.

scholarly journals Properties Characterization of Vulcanized Natural Rubber Filled with Uncarbonized Particulate Cow Bone

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinlabi Oyetunji ◽  
Isiaka O Bakare ◽  
Reginald Umunakwe ◽  
Adetola O Adeyemo
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Cow Bone

This work investigates the effects of addition of 63 µm uncarbonized particulate cow bone as fillers in vulcanized natural rubber on the tensile properties, hardness and abrasion resistance of the composites. Cow bones were procured from an abattoir, cleaned, crushed, pulverized, ball milled and sieved to obtain the particles that passed through the 63 µm mesh size. Natural rubber composites materials were prepared varying the filler loading as 5, 10, 15 and 20 pphr respectively. The compounded rubber samples were cured in a hot press using compression moulding technique. The control sample was produced using 20 pphr of carbon black. The cured rubber samples were conditioned at room temperature for two weeks before they were characterized. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of the samples filled with cow bone increased with filler loading up to 15 pphr before they started decreasing. Carbon black reinforced sample possessed higher tensile strength, modulus and hardness than the samples filled with uncarbonized particulate cow bone. The hardness for all samples maintained an increasing trend with increase in the filler loadings. Particulate cow bone reinforced natural rubber offered higher elongation than carbon black reinforced samples. At 10, 15 and 20 pphr, cow bone reinforced composites exhibited higher abrasion resistance than carbon black filled sample. The optimal filler loading of uncarbonized particulate cow bone reinforced natural rubber was 15 pphr.  Cow bone reinforced natural rubber can find applications in areas where moderate strength, hardness, elongation and wear resistance are required such as in protective footwear, bouncing balls and cases of children toys.Keywords— carbon black, cow bone, fillers, natural rubber, composites.

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