Literature review: Economic value of utilization of crab shell waste (Case study of PT. Toba Surimi Industri in Tanjungpinang City, Riau Island Province)

Writing this scientific paper aims to determine the economic value of the potential waste of crab shells produced by PT. Toba Surimi Industry in Tanjungpinang City, Riau Islands Province. The company has not utilized crab shell waste. In contrast, crab shell waste can provide economic value that provides a lot of additional value. Crab shell waste can be processed into chitosan, which has many functions in various sectors, both in the fisheries, automotive and health industries, and other sectors. Chitosan is produced from the chitin substance contained in crab shells through deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation. The economic value that can generate from the utilization of crab shell waste PT. Toba Surimi Industry when processed into chitosan with a crab shell weight of 270 kg/day, which is Rp. 40.500.000/day.

Temperature Effect of Water Coagulation Bath on Chitin Fiber Prepared through Wet-Spinning Process

Chitin was chemically extracted from crab shell waste and dissolved in N,N-dimethyl acetamine/5% lithium chloride (DMAc/5% LiCl) at room temperature to obtain 1% and 2% concentrations of chitin solution. Chitin fibers were prepared by phase inversion at different temperatures of water coagulation bath at 5, 20, and 60 °C. The deconvolution of FTIR spectra indicated that the area portion of the intermolecular hydrogen bonding NH…OC increased at 60 °C due to the higher density of the chitin segment in the fiber. As a result, scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurement suggests that a denser structure of the chitin fiber was observed when the temperature of the coagulation bath increased. In addition, the resultant chitin fibers generated better mechanical properties relative to the amount of chitin concentration and temperature. At 2% of chitin solution, the tensile strength significantly increased from 80 to 182 MPa for the fiber obtained at temperatures of 5 and 60 °C of the water coagulation bath, respectively. Meanwhile, the water content in the fiber significantly decreased from 1101% to 335%. This green synthesis route has high potential for the fabrication of the fiber as future material of interest for biomedical application.

Extraction and Characterization of Silver Nitrate Modified Biopolymer and its Antimicrobial Mode of Action

Biopolymer (chitosan) was isolated from crab shell waste through the processes of demineralization, deproteinization, decolourization and deacetylation. The resulting chitosan (CHS) was further treated with silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution at various concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 M) in order to enhance the antimicrobial activity of chitosan. The crab shell powder (CSP) and (CHS) were characterized using X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The antimicrobial mode of action of AgNO3 treated chitosan was performed using serial dilution (1:2) technique for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and tested against four microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphlococcusaureus and Pseudopodium). The result of proximate analysis of CHS and chitin (CHN) showed % crude protein to be 12.24±001 and 20.54±0.03 respectively, % ash was found to be 4.1±0.01 for CHS and 3.80±0.01 for CHN. The FTIR spectra of CHS and CHN showed their characteristic absorption peaks and the diffractograms of CSP and CHS showed CaCO3 to be the major mineral present in the samples. The antimicrobial evaluation revealed that untreated chitosan extract (UCHSE) showed no antimicrobial activity against the four tested microorganisms. The results of MIC and MBC showed that the organisms responded to the antimicrobial agent at different dilution concentration. It was observed that CHS treated with 0.5 M AgNO3 (0.5 SNCHSE) inhibited the growth of E. coli at 1000 µg/mL, S. aureus at 500 µg/mL while it exhibited bactericidal (MBC) activity against all the organisms at 1000 µg/mL.

Recovery Kitin Dari Limbah Cangkang Rajungan

The small crab animal is important for the fisheries sector in Indonesia, but usually the small crab industry only takes meat and allows the crab shell to become a pile of waste. To reduce the potential for pollution caused by a small crab shell waste, the waste can be reused to obtain chitin. Small crab shell waste still contains quite a lot of chemical compounds, including protein, minerals (CACO), and chitin. The study conducted chitin extraction with a process preceded by deproteination and then demineralization. Chitin was characterized using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that chitin was successfully extracted from the small crab shell through the deproteination and demineralization process with FTIR l, which results the characteristic spectrum of chitin compounds such as waves of 3433 cm 'for -OH, -NH groups. The absorption around the wave number 3433 cm occurs because of the overlap between the absorption -NH and -OH and the wave number 701 cm 'for the b-1,4-glycosidic group.

UTILIZATION OF CRAB SHELL WASTE AS A SPHERICAL CHITOSAN (CH-Z SPHERICAL) COMPOSITE TO REDUCE HARD WATER

In this research, have perfomed the synthesis of chitosan from crab shell waste as a Chitosan/Zeolite (Ch-Z spherical) composite to reduce water hardness. The synthesis of chitosan can be done in three stages, namely demineralization, deproteination, depigmentation, and deacetylation. The stages of Chitosan/Zeolite Spherical (Ch-Z Spherical) synthesis were made with variations in the weight of chitosan: zeolite (w /w) 1: 0.5; 1: 1; 1:1.5 using Crosslinking Sodium tripolyphospat. The characterization results by using FT-IR for chitosan-zeolite weight variations at wavelengths of 4000-450 cm-1 show a typical IR spectrum for chitosan / zheolite Spherical (Ch-Z Spherical) successively at wavelengths of 1639 cm-1, 1638 , 71 cm-1, and 1638.58 cm-1 which is the -C⁼N strain or structural change (deformation) of NH2. The chitosan-zeolite spherical (Ch-Z spherical) composite was applied to reduce the metal Ca (II) and Mg (II) which can cause hardness in water. The effectiveness of 0.5 gram Ch-Z Spherical composites, we tested the variation of composite weights 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.2 gr as adsorbents of Ca (II) metal ) and Mg (II) with a concentration of 1000 ppm in 1 hour with the stirring process. The results obtained by a decrease of 99.69% at a weight of 0.6 grams and experienced constant along with an increase in the mass of adsorbent. While the effectiveness of the Spherical Ch-Z composite in reducing the concentration of Mg (II) by 99.4% in a weight variation of 1.2 gr. This shows the formation of active sites contained in the Spherical Ch-Z composite. Metal adsorption capacity of Ca (II) and Mg (II) obtained in this study amounted to 498 mg/g and 23.7 mg /g

Evaluation of Proteolytic and Chitinolytic Activities of Indigenous Bacillus Speciesfrom Crab Shell Waste

The increase of crab meat export activities in Indonesia leads to the accumulation of crab shell waste in a massive amount that can naturally degrade and causing bad odor. Naturally, microorganisms will degrade this waste through fermentation and enzymatic reaction, including protease and chitinase due to its high content of chitin and protein. Bacillus is the most potential bacteria to degrade crab shell waste, and indigenous Bacillus from this waste can increase the degradation rates. The aims of this study were to evaluate the proteolytic and chitinolytic activities of indigenous Bacillus species from crab shell waste. Bacillus cereus BP14 and Bacillus licheniformis CK20 as the chitinolytic bacteria, and Bacillus subtilis AP9 and Bacillus licheniformis AP5 as the proteolytic bacteria were isolated from crab shell waste and identified based on the 16S rDNA sequences. The bacterial isolates were grown in skim milk broth for proteolytic characterization and colloidal chitin broth for chitinolytic characterization. The growth rates of each bacteria were determined through the growth curves. The enzymatic activities were determined based on the international standard for protease and chitinase enzyme activities together with growth curve sampling to determine the best incubation time for obtaining the highest enzymatic activities. From the shortest to the longest generation times of the Bacillus species obtained were B. subtilis AP9, B. licheniformis CK20, B. cereus BP14, and B. licheniformis AP5, respectively. The best incubation time for producing the highest enzymatic activity varied among species. However, the end of the logarithmic phase was similar. All of the Bacillus species obtained from this study exhibited chitinolytic and proteolytic activity. Therefore, it can be used as promising candidates of biodegradation agents inenhancing the degradation rates of crab shell wastes.

Fermentasi Kitin dari Limbah Cangkang Kepiting Menggunakan Jamur Rhizopus Oryzae pada Berbagai Kadar Air

Chitin on crab shell waste can be obtained by fermentation process use Rhizopus oryzae. The objective of this research are to determine the optimum of water content on crab shell waste fermentation by Rhizopus oryzae for chitin production. Fermentation process is carried out for 72 hours, 5 of pH, 37oC, and 10% (v/w) of inoculum addition. Water content on fermentation process were varried whithin 40%, 50%, and 60% respectively. Fermentation process were carried out by 40% of water content reported as the optimum based on the deproteinization degree and the solubility in acidic solution.

Isolasi Glukosamin dari Limbah Cangkang Rajungan Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus,1758) (Malacostraca:Portunidae) dengan Hidrolisis Asam Klorida

ABSTRAK: Glukosamin merupakan monomer dari kitosan yang dapat diperoleh dari limbah cangkang rajungan (P pelagicus). Glukosamin dibutuhkan dalam pembentukan dan perbaikan tulang rawan dan jaringan tubuh lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik glukosamin dari limbah cangkang rajungan. Proses isolasi kitosan rajungan terdiri dari deproteinasi dengan NaOH 3N, demineralisasi dengan HCl 1N, dan deasetilasi dengan NaOH 50%. Kitosan yang diperoleh dianalisis karakteristik dan derajat deasetilasinya, selanjutnya kitosan dihidrolisis secara kimia dengan larutan HCl 20% pada suhu kamar selama 4 jam. Glukosamin yang dihasilkan dihitung rendemen, loss on drying (LoD), tingkat kelarutan dan derajat deasetilasinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukan rendemen kitosan cangkang rajungan adalah 11,3%, berwarna putih, tidak berbau, kadar air 9,2%, kadar abu 5,4%, dan derajat deasetilisasi 90,8%. Rendemen glukosamin sebesar 8,6%, dengan nilai Loss on Drying 1,3%, kelarutan sebesar 72% dan derajat deasetilisasi sebesar 96,95%. Spektra infrared menunjukan adanya gugus -NH, -OH, -CH dan –C=O yang sesuai dengan yang terdapat pada glukosamin. ABSTRACT: Glucosamine is a monomer from chitosan which can be obtained from small crab shell (P pelagicus) waste. Glucosamine is needed in the formation and repair of cartilage and other body tissues. This study aims to determine the characteristics of glucosamine from small crab shell waste. The process of isolating chitosan from small crab shells consisted of deproteination with 3N NaOH, demineralization with 1N HCl, and deacetylation with 50% NaOH. The chitosan obtained was analyzed its characteristics and degrees of deacetylation, then chitosan was chemically hydrolyzed with 20% HCl solution at room temperature for 4 hours. The resulting glucosamine is then calculated yield, loss on drying (LoD), solubility level and degree of deacetylation. The results showed that the yield of chitosan crab shells was 11.3%, white, odorless, 9.2% moisture content, 5.4% ash content, and 90.8% deacetylation rate. Glucosamine yield was 8.6%, with a Loss on Drying value of 1.3%, solubility of 72% and the degree of deacetylation of 96.95%. Infrared spectra show the presence of -NH, -OH, -CH and -C = O groups that match those found in glucosamine

Utilization of chitin powder as a filler in natural rubber vulcanizates: In comparison with carbon black filler

Natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates were prepared from natural rubber and chitin using a two-roll mill. The chitin was extracted from crab shell waste obtained from a local market in Oron, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria using the chemical extraction method. The effects of the chitin at different contents (0–40 phr) on the mechanical properties of the NR/Chitin vulcanizates with carbon black as reference filler have been investigated. The tensile strength of the chitin filled natural rubber (NCH), and the carbon black filled natural rubber (NCB) vulcanizates were found to increase with an increase in filler content to reach optimum at 30 phr after which it decreased. The hardness, impact and abrasion resistance properties of the NCH and NCB vulcanizates increased as filler content increases. The tensile strength and abrasion resistance of the vulcanizates containing blends of varying percentages of carbon black to chitin (CBCH) increased as more carbon black (CB) is introduced while the hardness and impact strength increased with increase in chitin content. However, carbon black filled vulcanizates showed better property enhancement than the chitin filler.