Analysis of Water Purification Efficiency of Graphene Sand Nanocomposite

Graphene oxides are known for their affinity towards ionic components. Hence this property could be utilized to remove the impurities present in water molecules. Moreover, Graphene oxides are popular for their antimicrobial and disinfective properties. Graphene nanocomposite was prepared with reduced sugar and sand mixture at nitrogen atmospheres at 200o C and was characterized using XRD, SEM-EDAX, UV- Visible spectroscopy and Raman’s spectroscopic techniques. Two different water mixtures were used for the purification purpose- ie., sewage and soft drink concentrate (Coca Cola). Graphene Sand Composite (GSC) was loaded for purification at different weight percentage compositions such as 1%, 3% and 5%. Water mixtures were analyzed for their chemical and physical properties before and after treatment with graphene nanocomposite. The microbiological load before and after treatment with the composite was also analyzed. All the characterization shows the presence of graphene functionalities, carbon functionalities, and other elements present in the GSC. The physical, chemical and microbial examination of purified coca cola and sewage water matches the features of pure water with less impurities and absence of pathogen. The current study reveals the importance of water purification application using GSC and the measurement of water purification efficiency with conventional techniques.

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Evaluation of Dexmedetomidine Dosing in Obese Critically Ill Patients

Journal of Pharmacy Practice ◽

10.1177/08971900211021578 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 089719002110215

Author(s):

Sara A. Atyia ◽

Keaton S. Smetana ◽

Minh C. Tong ◽

Molly J. Thompson ◽

Kari M. Cape ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Critically Ill ◽

Critically Ill Patients ◽

Statistical Difference ◽

Ideal Body Weight ◽

Weight Percentage ◽

Before And After ◽

Light Sedation ◽

Icu Sedation ◽

Dose Dependent

Background: Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α2-adrenoreceptor agonist that produces dose-dependent sedation, anxiolysis, and analgesia without respiratory depression. Due to these ideal sedative properties, there has been increased interest in utilizing dexmedetomidine as a first-line sedative for critically ill patients requiring light sedation. Objective: To evaluate the ability to achieve goal intensive care unit (ICU) sedation before and after an institutional change of dosing from actual (ABW) to adjusted (AdjBW) body weight in obese patients on dexmedetomidine. Methods: This study included patients ≥ 18 years old, admitted to a surgical or medical ICU, required dexmedetomidine for at least 8 hours as a single continuous infusion sedative, and weighed ≥ 120% of ideal body weight. Percentage of RASS measurements within goal range (−1 to +1) during the first 48 hours after initiation of dexmedetomidine as the sole sedative agent or until discontinuation dosed on ABW compared to AdjBW was evaluated. Results: 100 patients were included in the ABW cohort and 100 in the AdjBW cohort. The median dosing weight was significantly higher in the ABW group (95.9 [78.9-119.5] vs 82.2 [72.1-89.8] kg; p = 0.001). There was no statistical difference in percent of RASS measurements in goal range (61.5% vs 69.6%, p = 0.267) in patients that received dexmedetomidine dosed based on ABW versus AdjBW. Conclusion: Dosing dexmedetomidine using AdjBW in obese critically ill patients for ongoing ICU sedation resulted in no statistical difference in the percent of RASS measurements within goal when compared to ABW dosing. Further studies are warranted.

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Characteristics of Graphene Oxide Films Reduced by Using an Atmospheric Plasma System

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano8100802 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 802 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Chii-Rong Yang ◽

Shih-Feng Tseng ◽

Yu-Ting Chen

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Sheet Resistance ◽

Functional Groups ◽

Pyrolytic Graphite ◽

Chemical Oxidation ◽

Atmospheric Plasma ◽

Graphene Oxides ◽

Plasma Irradiation ◽

Before And After ◽

Bond Peak

The chemical oxidation method can be used to mass-produce graphene oxides (GOs) from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. However, numerous oxygen-containing functional groups (hydroxyl, epoxy, carbonyl, etc.) exist in typical GO surfaces, resulting in serious electrical losses. Hence, GO must be processed into reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by the removal of most of the oxygen-containing functional groups. This research concentrates on the reduction efficiency of GO films that are manufactured using atmospheric-pressure and continuous plasma irradiation. Before and after sessions of plasma irradiation with various irradiation times, shelters, and working distances, the surface, physical, and electrical characteristics of homemade GO and rGO films are measured and analyzed. Experimental results showed that the sheet resistance values of rGO films with silicon or quartz shelters were markedly lower than those of GO films because the rGO films were mostly deprived of oxygen-containing functional groups. The lowest sheet resistance value and the largest carbon-to-oxygen ratio of typical rGO films were approximately 90 Ω/sq and 1.522, respectively. The intensity of the C–O bond peak in typical rGO films was significantly lower than that in GO films. Moreover, the intensity of the C–C bond peak in typical rGO films was considerably higher than that in GO films.

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Efficient removal of arsenic from water by dielectrophoresis-assisted adsorption

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2018.155 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 1066-1072

Author(s):

Q. H. Jin ◽

C. Y. Cui ◽

H. Y. Chen ◽

Y. Wang ◽

J. F. Geng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Removal Efficiency ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Residual Concentration ◽

Initial Concentration ◽

Weight Percentage ◽

Before And After ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Plant Ash ◽

Adsorbent Dose

Abstract Adsorption (ADS) and dielectrophoresis (DEP) techniques were combined (ADS/DEP) to efficiently remove As(V) in industrial wastewater. Fly ash, activated carbon, corncob and plant ash were tested to determine the best adsorbent by their adsorption capacity. Plant ash showed the highest adsorption capacity compared with the others. Different parameters such as solution pH and adsorbent dose were explored. The maximum As(V) removal efficiency was 91.4% at the optimized conditions (pH 9.0, adsorbent dose 5 g/L) when the initial concentration of As(V) was 15 mg/L. With the ADS/DEP technique, the plant ash particles with adsorbed As(V) were trapped on the electrodes in a DEP device. The ADS/DEP process could increase the removal efficiency of As(V) to 94.7% at 14 V even when the initial concentration of As(V) was 15 mg/L. And the residual concentration of As(V) decreased to 0.34 mg/L after two series of the ADS/DEP process. The adsorbents before and after DEP were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. After the DEP process, the weight percentage of As(V) on the adsorbent surface increased to 0.96% from 0.5%. The ADS/DEP process could be a new efficient way to remove arsenic pollutant at high concentrations.

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Structural changes in clays subjected to heat treatment: an analysis by structural refinement using the Rietveld method

Revista Mexicana de Física ◽

10.31349/revmexfis.67.061602 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 67 (6 Nov-Dec) ◽

Author(s):

Mauro Quiroga Agurto ◽

Elvira Leticia Zeballos Velásquez ◽

Felipe Americo Reyes Navarro

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Rietveld Method ◽

Mineralogical Composition ◽

Structural Factors ◽

Expansive Clay ◽

Structural Refinement ◽

Weight Percentage ◽

Before And After ◽

Cerro De Pasco

Structural factors in clays influence their physical properties. Therefore, it is particularly important to understand the effects of heat treatment on the structure of the material during the ceramic process. In this work, we have analyzed clays from quarries in the Cerro de Pasco region, Peru, to evaluate their characteristics and the structural changes produced by heating, particularly in the interlaminar region. The samples were thermally treated between 150 oC and 800 oC with intervals of 50 oC. To evaluate the structural changes produced by temperature, X-ray diffraction were carried out before and after each heat treatment. The qualitative analysis of the measurements allowed to identify the mineralogical composition of the samples, finding phases of calcium montmorillonite, kaolinite, illite and quartz. The quantitative analysis by the Rietveld method found structural changes, particularly in the Ca-montmorillonite expansive clay. It was also possible to determine the decrease in the weight percentage of the kaolinite until the collapse of its structure between 450 °C and 500 °C. The illite presented greater thermal stability, with slight variations in its weight percentage during heat treatment, without compromising its structure. Although the quartz phase did not show relevant structure changes, it slightly increased its weight percentage with increasing temperature.

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Water Treatment and Purification in Fiqh Perspective

Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) ◽

10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.913 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 594-603

Author(s):

Wan Ainaa Mardhiah Wan Zahari, Et. al.

Keyword(s):

Water Purification ◽

Pure Water ◽

Primary Source ◽

Document Analysis ◽

Sewage Water ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Contaminated Water ◽

Water Usage ◽

Purification Method ◽

Muslim Communities

Water is the primary source needed to ensure human and other creature life continuity. There are a lot of water on this planet, but increasingly this water is not where it is needed or it is of inadequate quality (purity) for human consumption or other beneficial for example industrial, agricultural and so on purposes. Contaminated water supply causing harm to human body health and also contributes to extinction to the certain creature. Thus, water-saving or wise water usage is an important matter in Islam. Reuse of wastewater or sewage water is a solution to the water crisis problem faced nowadays. The contaminated water is purified and treated by certain processes. Water purification or treatment water is introduced to produce pure and clean water. However, discussions and debates among experts and societies continue to occur because the water is categorised as pure water but not purify (musta'mal) and impure water and not purify (mutanajjis). Therefore, this study aims to identify the concept and method of water purification and treatment (تطهير الماء) according to Fiqh perspective. Methodology of this study is qualitative approach by using document analysis by analysing several classic Fiqh books by four mazhab (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafie and Hanbali). Hence, this study can discover the water purification method suggested in Fiqh perspective to be applied by Muslim communities in Malaysia.

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Synthesis, characterization and thermal degradation kinetics of azomethine-based halogen-free flame-retardant polyphosphonates

High Performance Polymers ◽

10.1177/0954008317752073 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 86-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R Vini ◽

S Thenmozhi ◽

SC Murugavel

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Thermal Degradation ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Degradation Kinetics ◽

Thermal Degradation Kinetics ◽

Spectroscopic Techniques ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Weight Percentage ◽

Ul 94

In this study, azomethine polyphosphonates were synthesized by solution polycondensation of phenylphosphonic dichloride with various azomethine diols such as [4-(4-hydroxy phenyl) iminomethyl] phenol, [(4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy phenyl) iminomethyl)] phenol and [4-(4-hydroxy-3-ethoxy phenyl) iminomethyl] phenol using triethylamine catalyst at ambient temperature. The structure of the synthesized polymers was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and 1H-, 13C- and 31P- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. Thermal properties of the polymers were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry under nitrogen atmosphere. The TGA data showed that the synthesized polyphosphonates produce high char yield at 600°C due to the presence of phosphorous atom in the polymer chain and hence have good flame-retardant properties. One of the synthesized polyphosphonate was blended with commercial diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) resin in various weight percentage and cured with commercial curing agent triethylene tetramine (TETA). The polyphosphonates-blended epoxy thermosets have tensile strength in the range of 5–41 MPa and the percentage of elongation at breaks was 4–18. It was found that the incorporation of polyphosphonates into epoxy thermoset decreased the tensile strength from 41 MPa to 5 MPa, whereas the elongation at break value increased with increase in the weight percentage of polyphosphonate. The influence of polyphosphonates on the flame retardancy of blended thermosets was examined by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning (UL-94) tests and found that the polymer samples achieved an increased UL-94 rating and the LOI values were in the range of 24–26. Broido and Horowitz–Metzger methods have been used to study the thermal degradation kinetic parameters.

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Biomimetic Membrane Simulation for Water Desalination

Volume 10: Micro- and Nano-Systems Engineering and Packaging ◽

10.1115/imece2018-86664 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Peter Ozaveshe Oviroh ◽

Rokhsareh Akbarzadeh ◽

Tien-Chien Jen

Keyword(s):

Water Purification ◽

Saline Water ◽

New Technology ◽

Pure Water ◽

Water Desalination ◽

Membrane Thickness ◽

Nanoporous Membranes ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Biomimetic Membrane ◽

Low Efficiency

Reverse Osmosis (RO) for the desalination of saline water is associated with tremendous energy costs and low efficiency. Improvements in nanotechnology have led to the development of a variety of nanoporous membranes for water purification. Biomimetic membrane is an emerging new technology for water purification. Consequently, there is still much to study about the function and structure of these kinds of membranes. The purpose of this work was to determine which factors influence membrane performance. The focus was on those factors affecting membranes in pure water. Biomimetic membrane using MoS2 which has a higher rate of ion rejection and higher water permeability was studied through molecular dynamics simulations using reactive force fields (ReaxFF). The behaviour of the membrane before subjecting it to desalination was studied. The effect of water temperature, atmospheric pressure and membrane thickness on performance of membrane was studied. The permeability flux was calculated and compared in different conditions and the relation between these factors was revealed.

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The Effects of Tribulus Terrestris on Body Composition and Exercise Performance in Resistance-Trained Males

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.10.2.208 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 208-215 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Jose Antonio ◽

John Uelmen ◽

Ramsey Rodriguez ◽

Conrad Earnest

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Bench Press ◽

Mood States ◽

Tribulus Terrestris ◽

Weight Percentage ◽

Leg Press ◽

Before And After

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the herbal preparation Tribulus terrestris (tribulus) on body composition and exercise performance in resistance-trained males. Fifteen subjects were randomly assigned to a placebo or tribulus (3.21 mg per kg body weight daily) group. Body weight, body composition, maximal strength, dietary intake, and mood states were determined before and after an 8-week exercise (periodized resistance training) and supplementation period. There were no changes in body weight, percentage fat, total body water, dietary intake, or mood states in either group. Muscle endurance (determined by the maximal number of repetitions at 100—200% of body weight) increased for the bench and leg press exercises in the placebo group (p < .05; bench press ±28.4%. leg press ±28.6%), while the tribulus group experienced an increase in leg press strength only (bench press ±3.1 %, not significant; leg press ±28.6%, p < .05). Supplementation with tribulus does not enhance body composition or exercise performance in resistance-trained males.

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