Study on the Rheological Behaviour of Sisal Fibre/HDPE Composites with Flame Retardant

2017 ◽  
Vol 737 ◽  
pp. 307-312
Author(s):  
Apaipan Rattanapan
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Shear Viscosity ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Rheological Behaviour ◽  
Elongation Rate ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Sisal Fibre ◽  
Elongation Viscosity

The rheological behaviour of sisal fibre/HDPE composites containing two types of flame retardants as magnesium hydroxide and ammonium polyphosphate was studied using a capillary rheometer. The mass ratio of HDPE to sisal fibre was set as 20 phr. Flame retardants were added at 10, 20 and 30 phr. Results showed that the composites exhibited pseudoplastic behaviour as the shear viscosity decreased with increasing shear rate. Shear stress and real shear viscosity increased with increasing flame retardant, with magnesium hydroxide giving higher values than ammonium polyphosphate. Therefore, magnesium hydroxide had a marked effect on the processing power, while ammonium polyphosphate did not greatly affect the shear viscosity of the composites. An increase in elongation rate reduced the elongation viscosity. The flame retardant contents had no significant effect on the elongation viscosity at high elongation rate. The materials showed increased extrudate swell with increasing apparent shear rate, but this significantly decreased with the addition of flame retardant. The power law index (n) for all composites was less than 1 and the flow consistency index K was higher for composites with flame retardant than those without. Moreover, magnesium hydroxide was more effective than ammonium polyphosphate causing an increase in the K value.

Flame Retardant Polyamide 6 Composites Using NMH or NMH/MCA/APP

2011 ◽  
Vol 189-193 ◽  
pp. 1208-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Shen ◽  
Shao Guo Wen ◽  
Ji Hu Wang ◽  
Hong Bo Liu ◽  
Hai Liang Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Orthorhombic Crystal ◽  
Orthorhombic Crystal Structure ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

In this paper, flame retardant Polyamide 6 (PA6) composites were prepared by nano-magnesium hydroxide (NMH) or its composites with melamine cyanurate(MCA) and ammonium polyphosphate(APP). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the structure of nano-magnesium hydroxide. The properties including tensile properties, molten index (MFI), rockwell hardness and density of flame retardant PA6 were analyzed. Orthogonal experiments were used to study flame retardancy of PA6 with NMH, MCA and APP. The results showed NMH had hexagonal orthorhombic crystal structure with size of 300×200×100nm. Density of polyamide 6 showed an upward trend when the content of NMH was increasing, the mechanical properties and hardness changed little while processing performance serious declined. The flame retardance of nitrogen-phosphorus -inorganic flame retardants was not desirable.

Rheological Behavior and Extrudate Swell of Polypropylene/Silicon Carbide Composites

2013 ◽  
Vol 747 ◽  
pp. 595-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apaipan Rattanapan ◽  
Nuttaphong Sornsuwit ◽  
Rapeephun Dangtungee
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Shear Viscosity ◽  
Rheological Behavior ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Elongation Rate ◽  
Capillary Rheometer ◽  
Extrudate Swell ◽  
Elongation Viscosity ◽  
Sic Composites

The rheological behavior and extrudate swell of polypropylene (PP)/silicon carbide (SiC) composites were investigated. Polypropylene-grafted-maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) was introduced into blending system as a compatibilizer. The effect of silicon carbide loading and surface modification on the rheological behavior of PP/SiC composites were studied using a capillary rheometer and SEM analysis. The results showed that the composites exhibit pseudoplastic behavior as the shear stress and extrudate swell increased with increasing shear rate, while shear viscosity decreased. Moreover, an increasing elongation rate leads to reduce elongation viscosity. The addition of PP-g-MA in PP/SiC composites has significantly decreased the apparent shear stress, apparent shear viscosity and percentage of extrudate swell.

Rheological Properties and Extrusion Performance Evaluation of Silica Filled Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) Compounds as Compared to Natural Rubber/Butadiene Rubber (NR/BR) Compound

2016 ◽  
Vol 1133 ◽  
pp. 236-240
Author(s):  
Teku Zakwan Zaeimoedin ◽  
Mazlina Mustafa Kamal ◽  
Ahmad Kifli Che Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Shear Viscosity ◽  
Rheological Behaviour ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Lower Shear ◽  
Internal Mixer

In tyre industries, rheological and processability properties of rubber and polymer are great of importance since there are alot extrusion processes involved in the tyre manufacturing other than calendaring and moulding processes. Uniformity and consistency in the flow behaviour and processability of rubber are essential in providing the solution to the rubber industries in order to improve productivity, products quality and energy conservation. In this works, effects of silane coupling agent on rheological behaviour and extrusion performance of silica filled ENR tread compounds were studied and compared to NR/BR tread compound. The compounds were prepared by melt mixing in tangential internal mixer, while the rheological properties of compounds were determined by Capillary Rheometer, Cure Rheometer and Mooney viscometer. The compound were further examined for its extrudability performance evaluation by extruded the rubber through 30mm cold feed extruder machine using ASTM Extrusion Die, ‘Garvey’ type. Results showed that, ENR/silica compounds exhibit higher shear viscosity curves as compared to NR/BR compound at low shear rate regime. However an opposite trend was observed towards high shear rate regime tested which ENR/silica compounds gave slightly lower shear viscosity curve compared to NR/BR compound. As for extrudability performance evaluation, NR/BR compound gave better extrusion characteristics and appearance as compared to ENR/silica compounds.

Infrared Analysis on Pyrolysis Products of Flame Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foam

2014 ◽  
Vol 1033-1034 ◽  
pp. 900-906
Author(s):  
Ze Jiang Zhang ◽  
Li Jun Li ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Jin He ◽  
Zi Qiong Gan
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Antimony Trioxide ◽  
Stretching Vibration ◽  
Flame Retarded

Infrared spectra of the pyrolysis gases of polyurethane foam flame retarded by MPOP, MP, MC, magnesium hydroxide, or antimony trioxide flame retardants was analyzed online by FTIR method. At 600°C, the polyurethane foam flame retarded by MPOP, MP, MC, magnesium hydroxide or antimony trioxide flame retardants released more hydrogen cyanide than the pure polyurethane foam, proved that the MPOP, MP, MC and magnesium hydroxide flame retardants could change the law that the polyurethane released hydrogen cyanide. At 600 °C, the peak of C=O stretching vibration at 1730cm-1did not appear for the flame-retardant polyurethane, indicating that the flame retardants can make the polyurethane rapidly carbonize and the fewer C=O intermediate was produced. The absorbent peaks of the fire-retardant samples at 1604cm-1, 1538 cm-1, 1250 to 1230 cm-1and 1450cm-1implied that the flame retardants could delay the oxidative decomposition of the polyurethane component at 600 °C, so that more components may be carbonized. When increasing the pyrolysis temperature, the perlite would make polyurethane foam release fewer hydrogen cyanide.

scholarly journals Phenomenological Modelling of Non-Monotonous Shear Viscosity Functions

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. David ◽  
P. Filip
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Phenomenological Models ◽  
Shear Viscosity ◽  
Wide Class ◽  
Extreme Points ◽  
Rheological Behaviour ◽  
Viscosity Functions ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to present a new phenomenological rheological model suitable for the description of a wide class of viscoelastic fluids. Classical phenomenological models predict the relation shear viscosity vs. shear rate (or shear stress) for shear-thinning (or thickening) materials exhibiting smooth monotonous passage from the first - upper (lower) - Newtonian plateau to the second - lower (upper) - one. However, present state of non-Newtonian materials used in practice (ranging from aqueous surfactant solutions, bituminous materials, associative polymers, polymer thickeners, lacquers and gels, to some special disperse systems, etc.) evokes the need to describe this - for many materials non-monotonous - relation in the corresponding way, i.e. through the sufficiently simple phenomenological model with a moderate number of parameters. A six-parameter model enabling description of not only monotonous but also non-monotonous course of shear viscosity function against shear rate (stress) is proposed including physical characterisation of the parameters. This model describes not only extreme points (maximum or minimum) but also a possible appearance of intermediate Newtonian plateau or its indication. The meaning and influence of the individual six parameters is documented on the experimental data published in the literature. There is a good agreement of the model proposed with many different experimental data representing different rheological behaviour. The applicability of this model for a wide class of viscoelastic materials is its principal advantage over the hitherto published phenomenological models.

scholarly journals Preparation and Absorption Carbon Monoxide Properties of a Novel Flame Retardants Based Fire-Fighting Foam

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiujuan Li ◽  
Ruisong Guo ◽  
Xiaodong Qian
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Co Concentration

The toxicity of CO threatens the life of people in the fire site. In this study, flame retardants of nano magnesium hydroxide particles and water-soluble flame retardant 8124 are used to be mixed into the aqueous film forming fire extinguishing agent (AFFF). Smoke-suppressed fire extinguishing agent was prepared in Waring-Blender mixing cup and then stirred at 3,000 r/min for 5 min. The new extinguishing agent shows a good performance of absorption of CO and reducing the flue gas temperature. The concentration of CO was decreased below 131 ppm and flue gas temperature was basically kept below 40°C, which was 367 ppm and 83.1°C less than that in free-fire. Using new extinguishing agent can effectively reduce the harm to the trapped personnel and firemen in the fire site. It was of great significance. The harm of CO concentration below 131 ppm and flue gas temperature below 40°C was low. The time to reach the maximum CO concentration and the maximum flue gas temperature was delayed, which ensures that people have more time to escape. Even if there was not enough time to escape, people will not be seriously threatened.

Silica precursor as synergist for cotton flame retardancy

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Marija Grancaric ◽  
Lea Botteri ◽  
Jenny Alongi ◽  
Anita Tarbuk
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Excellent Thermal Stability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Silica Precursor

Purpose – The cotton and its blends is the most commonly used textile material in the design and production of protective clothing. However, as the cellulose textiles are the most flammable materials it is necessary to improve its flame retardancy. The government regulations have been the driving force for developing durable flame retardants finishes for textile, to improve its performance and to reduce the negative impact on the environment. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper investigates the effect of silica precursor (tetraethoxysilane – TEOS) added in bath with conventional flame retardant urea/ammonium polyphosphate in full and half concentration for achieving environmental-friendly cotton flame retardancy. Silica precursors have excellent thermal stability and high heat resistance with very limited release of toxic gases during the thermal decomposition. Synergistic effect between urea/ammonium polyphosphate and TEOS has been calculated. Thermal properties of treated cotton fabrics were determined by limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC). Findings – TEOS, significantly improves the flame retardancy of cotton when added in the bath with conventional flame retardants urea/ammonium polyphosphate by increasing the LOI values and other thermal properties as increasing char residue measured by TGA and higher heat release rate measured by MCC. Originality/value – This paper represent a good synergistic effect between urea/ammonium polyphosphate and TEOS. This phenomena is evident in better thermal properties when TEOS was added in the bath with conventional flame retardant especially for half concentration of urea/ammonium polyphosphate.

Study on the Hydrophobic Modification of Ammonium Polyphosphate and its Application in Flame Retardant Polypropylene

2016 ◽  
Vol 852 ◽  
pp. 726-732
Author(s):  
Dong Bo Tian ◽  
Yong Jun He ◽  
Ting Ting Wang ◽  
Xiao Ning Gao ◽  
Qing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Hydrophobic Modification ◽  
Hydrophobic Properties ◽  
Hydrophobic Silica ◽  
Limited Oxygen

In this paper, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was modified by methyl hydrogen silicone oil and gas hydrophobic silica, hydrophobic ammonium polyphosphate (HAPP) was prepared. Then, HAPP was separately mixed with starch and melamine were introduced into polypropylene as flame retardants to prepare polypropylene (PP) retardant materials. The hydrophobic retention was of HAPP above 90%. According to the results from testing its wettability, its contact angle was 140.69°, which was increased by about 120°compared with APP, and this indicated the HAPP had better hydrophobic properties than that of the unmodified. And a comprehensive analysis is conducted on the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).The results showed that the surface of APP is coated with methyl hydrogen silicone fluid and gas hydrophobic silica. The limited oxygen index (LOI) of the flame retardant PP material is measured by the oxygen index tester, and at a total flame retardant loading of 33wt%, the LOI value of PP retardant materials can achieve 29%, indicating that this flame retardant can better make the PP into the stable charred layer, and improve the performance of the flame retardant PP material greatly.

Preparation and Characterization of Mg(OH)2 Flame-Retardant with Particular Morphology via Hydrothermal Process

2011 ◽  
Vol 306-307 ◽  
pp. 1311-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian Min Ji ◽  
Li Juan Li ◽  
Zhi Qi Liu ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Feng Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Crystal Morphology ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Organic Modifier

The process of preparing magnesium hydroxide flame retardants with particular morphologies after hydrothermal treatment in the presence of organic modifier ethanediamine was mainly investigated. Influences of such factors as slurry concentration, modifier solution concentration and reaction temperature were studied. Meanwhile, the hydrothermally treated results were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR and TGA. The results indicate that when the reaction temperature was 180°C, and the reaction time ranges from 4 to 8 hours, the magnesium hydroxide and organic modifier solution concentration separately was 5% and 4 mol/L, a spherical crystalline magnesium hydroxide that has a symmetrical and regular crystal morphology was prepared. Such magnesium hydroxide materials were found to give an enhanced powder filtration.

HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANTS FOR WIRE AND CABLE APPLICATIONS

2010 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Wei ◽  
Daniel Murphy ◽  
Carol Barry ◽  
Joey Mead
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Generation ◽  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Environmental And Health Issues ◽  
Halogen Free

Abstract Flame retardants play a very important role in avoiding fire risks in wire and cable applications due to heat generation by current or outside sources. Halogen flame retardants are typically used to ensure good flammability. The halogen flame retardants, however, are under close scrutiny because of their potential to give off corrosive compounds when the materials are burned, as well as other safety, environmental, and health issues. For wire and cable industries, halogen-free flame retardant additives, such as nanoclays, nanotubes, aluminium trihydrate, or magnesium hydroxide are potential alternatives. Types of halogen-free flame retardant additives used in wire and cable constructions are reviewed and discussed.

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