Water Conservation in Conditions of Water Withdrawal from Surface Water Sources

2018 ◽  
Vol 769 ◽  
pp. 377-382
Author(s):  
Alexander Strelkov ◽  
Svetlana Teplykh ◽  
Pavel Gorshkalev ◽  
Anastasia Bystranova
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Real Object ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Fish Stock ◽  
Biological Water ◽  
Current State

The paper aims to assess fish fauna current state and water withdrawal impact on biological water resources. It also describes a plan of fish stock restoration designed for a certain real object to compensate for the damage caused and analyses results of its implementations.

scholarly journals Genetic Investigation of Beta-Lactam Associated Antibiotic Resistance Among Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Water Sources

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Ranjbar ◽  
Mehrdad Sami
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Surface Water Resources ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is an important factor threatening human health. It is widely accepted that antibiotic resistant bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) released from humans and animals into the water sources, can introduce their resistance genes into the natural bacterial community. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of blaTEM, blaCTX, blaSHV, blaOXA and blaVEB associated-antibiotic resistance among E. coli bacteria isolated from different water resources in Iran. Methods: The study contained all E. coli strains segregated from different surface water sources. The Kirby-Bauer method and combined discs method was determined in this study for testing antimicrobial susceptibility and strains that produced Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL), respectively. DNA extraction kit was applied for genomic and plasmid DNA derivation. Finally the frequency of resistant genes including blaTEM, blaCTX, blaSHV, blaOXA and blaVEB in ESBL producing isolates were studied by PCR. Results: One hundred E. coli strains were isolated and entered in the study. The highest antibiotic resistance was observed on clindamycin (96%). Moreover, 38.5% isolates were ESBL producers. The frequency of different ESBLs genes were 37%, 27%, 27%, and 25% for blaTEM, blaCTX, blaSHV, and blaOXA, respectively. The blaVEB wasn’t found in any isolates. Conclusion: The study revealed a high prevalence of CTX-M, TEM, SHV and OXA genes among E. coli strains in surface water resources. In conclusion, these results raised a concern regarding the presence and distribution of these threatening factors in surface water sources and its subsequent outcomes.

scholarly journals Analysis of water security and source preferences in rural Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tula M. Ngasala ◽  
Susan J. Masten ◽  
Mantha S. Phanikumar ◽  
Emiliana J. Mwita
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Deep Wells ◽  
Water Poverty Index ◽  
Shallow Wells

Abstract The public health and well-being of people in many rural communities in developing countries suffer due to poor water resources management and undesirable agricultural practices. This study was conducted in a pastoral community in northern Tanzania. The objective was to identify the most reliable water source in terms of quality and access from three main water sources: surface water, shallow wells, and deep wells. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was used to assess the overall water quality and was determined to be 1,876, 875 and 157, respectively, for surface water, shallow wells, and deep wells (<50 – excellent, >300 – poor). A Water Poverty Index (WPI) tool was used to quantify five factors that limit access to water: (1) seasonal availability, (2) distance to water sources, (3) cost of purchasing water, (4) preference, and (5) water quality. WPI scores indicated that surface water has the highest score followed by shallow wells; deep wells had the lowest score. In conclusion, in terms of access and quantity, deep wells and shallow wells were the least reliable, and surface water although highly contaminated, is the most reliable. Improving water quality and access of existing water resources is critical to improving the well-being of rural populations.

scholarly journals PCR-GLOBWB 2: a 5 arcmin global hydrological and water resources model

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2429-2453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin H. Sutanudjaja ◽  
Rens van Beek ◽  
Niko Wanders ◽  
Yoshihide Wada ◽  
Joyce H. C. Bosmans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Groundwater Depletion ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Source Codes ◽  
Model Components

Abstract. We present PCR-GLOBWB 2, a global hydrology and water resources model. Compared to previous versions of PCR-GLOBWB, this version fully integrates water use. Sector-specific water demand, groundwater and surface water withdrawal, water consumption, and return flows are dynamically calculated at every time step and interact directly with the simulated hydrology. PCR-GLOBWB 2 has been fully rewritten in Python and PCRaster Python and has a modular structure, allowing easier replacement, maintenance, and development of model components. PCR-GLOBWB 2 has been implemented at 5 arcmin resolution, but a version parameterized at 30 arcmin resolution is also available. Both versions are available as open-source codes on https://github.com/UU-Hydro/PCR-GLOBWB_model (Sutanudjaja et al., 2017a). PCR-GLOBWB 2 has its own routines for groundwater dynamics and surface water routing. These relatively simple routines can alternatively be replaced by dynamically coupling PCR-GLOBWB 2 to a global two-layer groundwater model and 1-D–2-D hydrodynamic models. Here, we describe the main components of the model, compare results of the 30 and 5 arcmin versions, and evaluate their model performance using Global Runoff Data Centre discharge data. Results show that model performance of the 5 arcmin version is notably better than that of the 30 arcmin version. Furthermore, we compare simulated time series of total water storage (TWS) of the 5 arcmin model with those observed with GRACE, showing similar negative trends in areas of prevalent groundwater depletion. Also, we find that simulated total water withdrawal matches reasonably well with reported water withdrawal from AQUASTAT, while water withdrawal by source and sector provide mixed results.

The oasis of Moghrar (southwest Algeria): water resources and management

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2108-2117 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hadidi ◽  
B. Remini ◽  
M. Habi ◽  
D. Saba
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Surface Water Resources ◽  
Drying Up ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Domestic Water Supply

Abstract The oasis of Moghrar is located in the wilaya (province) of Naama, in the southwest of Algeria. It is well known for its Ksours, its palm groves and the good quality of its fruit and vegetables, especially the dates and their varieties. This region contains important groundwater and surface water resources. For several centuries, domestic water supply and irrigation have been carried out using traditional techniques of water harvesting such as pendulum wells and foggaras. Currently, this hydraulic heritage is meeting technical and social problems, particularly with the contribution of drilling and motor-pumps. The main issues are water table drawdown, the drying-up of water sources and degradation and decay of traditional techniques. The objective of this study is to make an inventory of all water sources in the study area, to study the impact of the contribution of modern techniques on ancestral techniques and finally to propose recommendations for safeguarding the hydraulic heritage.

scholarly journals Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM): Maximise Usage and Minimise Wastage of Water Resources

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
Sheikh Mahabub Alam
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Integrated Water Resources Management ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Excess Surface

Following the implementation of GWP (Global Water Partnership) in 1996 by UN the countries around the world began to implement the principles of IWRM to minimize water waste and maximize its beneficial use. The Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperative in Bangladesh also adapted the idea and created IWRM unit in 2003 through WARPO, CEGIC and IWM. Bangladesh is going through serious shortages of fresh water resources. Major reasons are: diversion of natural river flow in the upstream area; rapid siltation on river beds which have seriously reduced water holding capacity causing regular floods destroying crops, making people homeless and even loosing many lives, destroying economic progress; and change of climate pattern, seawater encroachment due to sea level rise destroying fresh water resources and cropping lands due to climate change impact and greenhouse gas emission. To overcome these issues the country must adapt the following steps: implementation of IWRM practices to its maximum capacity. IWRM will include surface water, groundwater, waste water and sewage water resources to design its maximum utilization. In addition WSUD techniques; urgent dredging of rivers; positive negotiation with the neighbors for surface water sharing and storing excess surface water during monsoon at series of reservoirs built in upstream locations and use them during dry season. The biggest task of Bangladesh IWRM is to educate all stake holders; establish proper coordination among all water management sectors and train up end users to transform them as guardian angels of water conservation.

scholarly journals Assessing the impact of climate variability and human activity to streamflow variation

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 5251-5291 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chang ◽  
H. Zhang ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
Y. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Model Parameter ◽  
Vic Model ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Water resources in river systems have been changing under the impacts of both climate variability and human activities. Assessing the respective impacts on decadal streamflow variation is important for water resources management. By using an elasticity-based method, calibrated TOPMODEL and VIC hydrologic models, we have quantitatively isolated the relative contributions that human activity and climate variability made to decadal streamflow changes in Jinhe basin located in northwest of China. This is an important watershed of Shaanxi Province that supplies drinking water for a population of over 6 million. The results from the three methods show that both human activity and climatic differences can have major effects on catchment streamflow, and the estimates of climate variability impacts from the hydrological models are similar to those from the elasticity-based method. Compared with the baseline period of 1960–1970, streamflow greatly decreased during 2001–2010. The change impacts of human activity and climate variability in 2001–2010 were about 83.5 and 16.5% of the total reduction respectively when averaged over the three methods. The maximum contribution value of human activity was appeared in 1981–1990 due to the effects of soil and water conservation measures and irrigation water withdrawal, which was 95, 112.5 and 92.4% from TOPMODEL, VIC model and elasticity-based method respectively. The maximum value of the aridity index (E0/P) was 1.91 appeared in 1991–2000. Compared with 1960–1970 baseline period, climate variability made the greatest contributions reduction in 1991–2000, which was 47.4, 43.9 and 29.9% from TOPMODEL, VIC model and elasticity-based method respectively. We emphasized various source of errors and uncertainties that may occurre in the hydrological model (parameter and structural uncertainty) and elasticity-based method (model parameter) in climate change impact studies.

scholarly journals PCR-GLOBWB 2: a 5 arc-minute global hydrological and water resources model

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin H. Sutanudjaja ◽  
Rens van Beek ◽  
Niko Wanders ◽  
Yoshihide Wada ◽  
Joyce H. C. Bosmans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Groundwater Depletion ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Source Codes ◽  
Model Components ◽  
Main Components

Abstract. We present PCR-GLOBWB 2, a global hydrology and water resources model. Compared to previous versions of PCR-GLOBWB, this version fully integrates water use. Sector-specific water demand, groundwater and surface water withdrawal, water consumption and return flows are dynamically calculated at every time step and interact directly with the simulated hydrology. PCR-GLOBWB 2 has been fully rewritten in Python and PCRaster-Python and has a modular structure, allowing easier replacement, maintenance, and development of model components. PCR-GLOBWB 2 has been implemented at 5 arc-minute resolution, but a version parameterized at 30 arc-minute resolution is also available. Both versions are available as open source codes on https://github.com/UU-Hydro/PCR-GLOBWB_model. PCR-GLOBWB 2 has its own routines for groundwater dynamics and surface water routing. These relatively simple routines can alternatively be replaced by dynamically coupling PCR-GLOBWB 2 to a global two-layer groundwater model and 1D-2D-hydrodynamic models, respectively. Here, we describe the main components of the model, compare results of the 30 arcminute and the 5 arc-minute versions and evaluate their model performance using GRDC discharge data. Results show that model performance of the 5 arc-minute version is notably better than that of the 30 arc-minute version. Furthermore, we compare simulated time series of total water storage (TWS) of the 5 arc-minute model with those observed with GRACE, showing similar negative trends in areas of prevalent groundwater depletion. Also, we find that simulated water withdrawal, by source and sector, matches reasonably well with reported water withdrawal from AQUASTAT.

scholarly journals Model of Eco-Water Driving Force Affecting the Evolvement of Runoff in the Upper Minjiang River Basin

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (s1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Huang ◽  
Wunian Yang ◽  
Li Peng ◽  
Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Hydrologic Cycle ◽  
Underlying Surface ◽  
Minjiang River ◽  
Land Surface Water

Abstract The amount of eco-water resources reflects the land surface water conservation capability, and the underlying surface condition in the hydrologic cycle. In the upper Minjiang River Basin, the amounts of eco-water resources were retrieved from remotely sensed data during 1992 to 2005. Through regression analysis between the retrieved eco-water data and the climate hydrological data mainly including the temperature, the precipitation, and the runoff in the same period, the model of eco-water driving force affecting the evolvement of runoff was established. The accuracy analysis indicates that the model can well describe the relationship between dry season runoff and its driven factors, the measured data validation proves that the model has high precision and good practicability. The eco-water remote sensing inversion provides a valid method to quantify the land surface water conservation capability, and suggests an interesting approach for the driving function quantitative researches of underlying surface factor in the hydrologic cycle.

Managing the impacts of mining on Ghana’s water resources from a legal perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasirudeen Abdul Fatawu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Legal Perspective

Recent floods in Ghana are largely blamed on mining activities. Not only are lives lost through these floods, farms andproperties are destroyed as a result. Water resources are diverted, polluted and impounded upon by both large-scale minersand small-scale miners. Although these activities are largely blamed on behavioural attitudes that need to be changed, thereare legal dimensions that should be addressed as well. Coincidentally, a great proportion of the water resources of Ghana arewithin these mining areas thus the continual pollution of these surface water sources is a serious threat to the environmentand the development of the country as a whole. The environmental laws need to be oriented properly with adequate sanctionsto tackle the impacts mining has on water resources. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure needs to bestreamlined and undertaken by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and not the company itself.

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