The Application of Neutron Diffraction Techniques (NDT) in Measuring Residual Strain-Stresses of Engineering Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 1016 ◽  
pp. 1835-1840
Author(s):  
Yan Ling Ma ◽  
Shu Yan Zhang ◽  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Sanjoo Paddea ◽  
Zhi Feng Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Residual Strain ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Dissimilar Material ◽  
Special Technique ◽  
Residual Strains ◽  
Engineering Materials ◽  
Dissimilar Material Welding

In order to quantitatively understand the residual strain distributions and benefits of engineering components following special technique treatment, such as Autofrettaging, Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) and Dissimilar Material Welding (DMW), the Neutron Diffraction Technique (NDT) has been employed recently to measure residual strain and stress distributions on following three cases of (a) Autofrettaged Aluminum 7075 high pressure vessels; (b) Hot Isostatic Pressed (HIPPED) heavy metals of tungsten clad in tantalum plate and (c) Dissimilar Material Welding (DMW) of 316L austenitic stainless steel and ferritic steel AS508 with Alloy 52 weld filler. This paper reports the recent research findings, including (a) NDT can identify optimal Autofrettage pressure level, by which load bearing capacity of the Autofrettaged pressure vessel increased by 215MPa; (b) NDT is able to reveal residual strains within heavy metals of Tungsten clad in Tantalum plate HIPPED and (c) NDT revealed a maximum residual tensile hoop stress value of about 494MPa in the interface between parent material SA508 and the weld seam. This is vital information for the post weld process and subsequent safe use of the dissimilar materials weld. Other researchers’ successful examples of working with NDT are also briefly reviewed. Future prospective of Engineering Materials Diffractometer (EMD) at CSNS is described too with a view to demonstrating the application and importance of NDT in revealing residual strain-stresses that are inevitable within engineering materials and engineering components following any manufacturing process.

scholarly journals Residual Stress Evaluation of Carburized Transmission Steel Gear Using Neutron and Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction and Finite Element Methods

2010 ◽  
Vol 652 ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihisa Sakaida ◽  
Takanori Serizawa ◽  
M. Kawauchi ◽  
M. Manzanka
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Residual Strain ◽  
Stress Fields ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Residual Strains ◽  
Transmission Gear

A motorcycle transmission gear of chromium-molybdenum steel with 0.2%C was carburized in carrier gas. Carburizing process including heating, carburizing, diffusing and quenching was simulated using elastoplastic finite element method. The carbon content, hardness, residual strain and residual stress fields of gear were analyzed. The unstressed lattice plane spacing and residual strains of the interior near the internal spline of gear were experimentally measured by synchrotron x-ray and neutron diffraction methods. As a result, the analyzed carbon content and hardness gradients of gear accorded with the experimental results. The radial, hoop and axial directions of cylindrical gear were found to be not always principal axes of residual stress field. On the other hand, the analyzed residual strains in the radial, hoop and axial directions of gear slightly discorded with the experimental results. Although correlation between the measured three strains was similar to that of the weighted average of analyzed strains, residual strain and stress fields of motorcycle transmission gear could not be accurately predicted at the present finite element analysis. It was concluded that carbon diffusion phenomenon and resultant hardening could be analyzed by the finite element method, and the actual interior residual strain and stress fields should be nondestructively measured by neutron diffraction method.

Measurement of Residual Stress in as Received and Repaired Clad Components

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Ohms ◽  
Chris Truman ◽  
Robert C. Wimpory ◽  
Hans Gripenberg ◽  
David Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Stress Gradient ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Interfacial Cracks ◽  
Residual Strains

The application of welded austenitic stainless steel claddings to thick ferritic steel pressure vessels has been used as a means of protection of pressure vessels operating in corrosive environments for decades. Cladding could — in some ways — be considered a predecessor of modern coating techniques that for many reasons is still applied in “modern” times. The process of cladding introduces considerable residual stresses because of the large amount of thermal energy added to the component locally, and because two dissimilar materials are joined with different thermo-mechanical properties. Such residual stress fields around the materials interface are of considerable interest as they could strongly contribute to the generation and propagation of interfacial cracks. The assessment of such stresses by experimental means is particularly challenging because of the size clad components would normally have and because of the sharp stress gradient that would be expected near the materials interface. Clad components containing weld repairs are even more complicated to investigate. Three residual stress measurement methods applied to various clad components are presented in this paper: neutron diffraction, deep hole drilling and the ring core method. Residual strains and stresses have been measured by these methods in a non-repaired clad component and in three components containing weld repairs of different sizes. The measurement methods are described with giving emphasis to their respective strengths and weaknesses for these particular applications. In the case of neutron diffraction three different experimental approaches have been used. The way, in which the measurement techniques have been applied on the different components, is explained and an overview of the experimental results is given. In several cases good agreement between test results has been obtained. For example, all tests show a high tensile stress in the cladding layer of the non-repaired component. In other cases, stress magnitudes found were not in excellent agreement, amongst others due to differences in specimen preparation. The paper is concluded with a critical revue of the applicability of these stress measurement methods to welded claddings based on the results obtained.

scholarly journals Neutron diffraction strain mapping in engineering materials

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C732-C732
Author(s):  
Edward Payzant ◽  
Lindsay Sochalski-Kolbus
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Strain Mapping ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Lattice Strains ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Residual Strains ◽  
Engineering Materials ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Ods Alloy

Bragg peak positions with precisions of a few parts in 10^4 are typically necessary to provide the strain resolution required for measurement of the residual strains in bulk materials. Neutron diffraction, mainly because of its high penetration in many engineering materials, provides a unique non-destructive capability for strain measurement. Dedicated instruments for mapping lattice strains using neutron diffraction, a technique first demonstrated in the 1980s, are found at all major neutron scattering facilities around the world. Residual stresses typically arise during synthesis, forming, joining, thermal processing, or use of engineering materials and can significantly impact the strength and performance of the final part. We present two recent examples of strain-mapping experiments conducted at the HB-2B beamline at the High Flux Isotope Reactor. Strain-mapping data collected on a friction stir welded ODS alloy reveals changes in texture and stress resulting from the FSW process, and dependent on the FSW process variables. Mapping experiments on steel conduit intended for the ITER project show the strain distribution from the forming operations, and the partial reduction of these strains through high temperature annealing.

Neutron Diffraction Residual Strain Measurements in Plasma Sprayed Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Coatings for Orthopaedic Implants

2010 ◽  
Vol 652 ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehan Ahmed ◽  
Nadimul Haque Faisal ◽  
Stefan M. Knupfer ◽  
Anna Maria Paradowska ◽  
Michael E. Fitzpatrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Residual Strain ◽  
Strain Measurements ◽  
Strain Profile ◽  
Hydroxyapatite Coatings ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Residual Strains ◽  
Biomedical Coatings ◽  
Plasma Sprayed

Residual strains in plasma sprayed and heat-treated hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings deposited on a titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) substrate were investigated by means of neutron diffraction. Strain measurements were performed in vertical scan (“z-scanning”) mode to provide a through thickness strain profile in the coating and substrate materials. Results are discussed in terms of the influence of heat-treatment on the residual strain profile of these biomedical coatings. This investigation concluded that the heat-treatment had a significant effect on the residual strain profile in HA coatings.

Residual Strain Measurement of C/C-SiC Tubes at High Temperature

2006 ◽  
Vol 524-525 ◽  
pp. 665-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Wimpory ◽  
Carsten Ohms ◽  
P. Horňák ◽  
Dimitar Neov ◽  
Anastasius Youtsos
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Residual Strain ◽  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Vacuum Furnace ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Residual Strains

As part of the European project “high and ultrahigh temperature heat exchangers” (HITHEX) the prediction and experimental assessment of the lifetime behaviour, characterisation and qualification of particular CMC materials, including carbon fibre reinforced carbonsiliconcarbides (C/C-SiC), has been executed. Part of the programme of the HITHEX project was the measurement of the strain development within the C/C-SiC tubular specimens from room to high temperature, the results of which are presented here. Residual strains have been determined in several specimens by neutron diffraction at the High Flux Reactor (HFR) of the Joint Research Centre in Petten, The Netherlands. At the HFR two facilities are available for residual strain investigations. Both instruments were utilised in the investigations. The first facility at beam tube HB5, the combined stress and powder diffractometer, employs a constant neutron wavelength of 0.257 nm, and the second facility at HB4, the Large Component Neutron diffraction facility, LCNDF, has a flexible wavelength. The installation of a vacuum furnace has enabled the residual strain measurement of specimens at high temperature on HB4. The furnace had to fulfil three main criteria for the investigation of these specimens; high-temperature, good neutron penetration and negligible oxidation of the specimens. The ceramic specimens, which have outer and inner diameters of 50 and 40 mm, respectively, and a length of 100 mm have been measured to temperatures of up to 1450°C. Measurements were carried out in two directions on the SiC phase of several specimens, i.e. in the radial and tangential (hoop) directions. The implications of these results with respect to the structural integrity assessment of these components at high temperatures are discussed.

scholarly journals Research on heavy metal level and co-occurrence network in typical ecological fragile area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiwei Zhao ◽  
Liangmin Gao ◽  
Fugeng Zha ◽  
Xiaoqing Chen ◽  
Xiaofang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Soil Parent Material ◽  
Sampling Points

AbstractDue to the special sensitivity of typical ecologically fragile areas, a series of human life, mining, and other activities have a greater impact on the environment. In this study, three coal mines in Ordos City on the Loess Plateau were selected as the study area, and the pollution levels of heavy metals in the area were studied by measuring As, Hg, Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb in the soil of 131 sampling points. Combined with the concept of “co-occurrence network” in biology, the level of heavy metals in soil was studied using geostatistics and remote sensing databases. The results showed that the concentrations of Hg, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb in more than half of the sampling points were higher than the local environmental background value, but did not exceed the risk control value specified by China, indicating that human factors have a greater influence, while Cd and As elements are mainly affected Soil parent material and human factors influence. Heavy metal elements have nothing to do with clay and silt but have an obvious correlation with gravel. Cd, Pb, As and Ni, Cd, Cr are all positively correlated, and different heavy metals are in space The distribution also reflects the autocorrelation, mainly concentrated in the northeast of the TS mining area and the middle of the PS mining area.

Residual Stresses in Overlapping Friction Taper Stud Welds

2010 ◽  
Vol 652 ◽  
pp. 111-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. Hattingh ◽  
Axel Steuwer ◽  
M. Neil James ◽  
I.N. Wedderburn
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Creep Damage ◽  
Local Damage ◽  
Planar Defects ◽  
Repair Technique ◽  
Damage Repair ◽  
Stud Welding ◽  
Residual Strains

This paper presents microstructural, hardness and residual strain information for solid-state welds in creep-resistant Cr-Mo steel, made using the new local damage repair technique offered by friction taper stud welding (FTSW). The technique is suitable for making single welds to repair, for example, localised creep damage but can also be extended to deal with planar defects through the use of overlapping welds. Neutron diffraction was used to measure residual strains at a number of positions along a series of 5 overlapping FTS welds.

Investigation of Residual Strains of the Second Kind in Plastically Deformed Metallic Materials

1994 ◽  
Vol 376 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vrána ◽  
P. Klimanek ◽  
T. Kschidock ◽  
P. Lukáš ◽  
P. Mikula
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Stacking Faults ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Line Broadening ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Neutron Diffractometer ◽  
Residual Strains ◽  
Good Agreement

ABSTRACTInvestigation of strongly distorted crystal structures caused by dislocations, stacking-faults etc. in both plastically deformed f.c.c. and b.c.c. metallic materials was performed by the analysis of the neutron diffraction line broadening. Measurements were realized by means of the high resolution triple-axis neutron diffractometer equipped by bent Si perfect crystals as monochromator and analyzer at the NPI Řež. The substructure parameters obtained in this manner are in good agreement with the results of X-ray diffraction analysis.

Analytical model for neutron diffraction peak shifts due to the surface effect

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 628-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Šaroun ◽  
Joana Rebelo Kornmeier ◽  
Michael Hofmann ◽  
Pavol Mikula ◽  
Miroslav Vrána
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Perfect Crystal ◽  
Optimum Configuration ◽  
Gauge Volume ◽  
Spurious Peak ◽  
Incomplete Filling ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
Residual Strains

Residual strains measured by neutron diffraction near sample boundaries can be biased by the surface effect as a result of incomplete filling of the instrumental gauge volume. This effect is manifested as anomalous shifts of diffraction lines, which can be falsely interpreted as a lattice strain unless appropriate data corrections are made. A new analytical model for the surface effect has been developed, which covers a broad variety of instrumental arrangements, including flat mosaic and bent perfect crystal monochromators, narrow slits, and Soller and radial collimators. This model permits the spurious peak shifts to be predicted quantitatively, and also allows the optimum configuration parameters, such as curvature of a focusing monochromator, which lead to suppression of the surface effect, to be calculated. The model has been thoroughly validated by comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations and experiments on a stress-free calibration sample. Predictions of the model proved to be very accurate, often within the interval of experimental errors, which makes it suitable for use in data analysis.

Variation of Residual Stresses in Drawn Copper Tubes

2008 ◽  
Vol 571-572 ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele Carradò ◽  
D. Duriez ◽  
Laurent Barrallier ◽  
Sebastian Brück ◽  
Agnès Fabre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Material Flow ◽  
Cold Drawing ◽  
Axisymmetric Deformation ◽  
Tube Length ◽  
Inhomogeneous Deformation ◽  
Drawing Process ◽  
Process Step ◽  
Residual Strains

Seamless tubes are used for many applications, e.g. in heating, transport gases and fluids, evaporators as well as medical use and as intermediate products for hydroforming and various mechanical applications, where the final dimensions normally are given by some cold drawing steps. The first process step – piercing of the billet, for example by extrusion or 3-roll-milling - typically results in ovality and eccentricity in the tube causing non-symmetric material flow during the cold drawing process, i.e. inhomogeneous deformation. Because of this non-axisymmetric deformation and of deviations over tube length caused by moving tools, this process step generates residual stresses. To understand the interconnections between the geometrical changes in the tubes and the residual stresses, the residual strains in a copper tube had been measured by neutron diffraction.

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