Furnace Operation: “A Gold Mine in your Casthouse”

2009 ◽  
Vol 630 ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Girard ◽  
J. Barresi ◽  
C. Dupuis ◽  
G. Riverin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Furnace Operation ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Gold Mine ◽  
Scrap Rate ◽  
Operation Knowledge ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Insight Into

Scrap rate, throughput, alloy recovery and raw materials are all areas of the casthouse which usually get substantial attention as means of either increasing profits or reducing costs. However, furnaces, which are often overlooked by the casthouse, can also deliver surprisingly high savings. Moreover, these potential savings can only magnify as energy costs and pressures to reduce carbon footprint increase. This paper gives an insight into where savings can be achieved by a casthouse with proper furnace operation. Knowledge of how a furnace should be operated is often neglected but as this paper tries to highlight, developing this knowledge can be extremely worthwhile.

A New Aluminium Silicon-Boron Nitride Abradable for Compressor Components

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Boddenberg ◽  
B. Kock ◽  
M. Dorfman ◽  
L. Russo ◽  
M. Nestler
Keyword(s):  
Boron Nitride ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Air Separation ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Abradable Coatings ◽  
Optimization And Performance

Abstract Air separation plants use centrifugal compressors where air and electrical energy are the only raw materials used in the production process. So energy costs play a crucial role and the compressors are heavily penalized when guaranteed performance levels are not achieved. In order to better generate performance, abradable coatings, previously used in the gas turbine industry, have been designed into turbocompressors. This paper will show the optimization and performance improvements of a new aluminium silicon-boron nitride material.

scholarly journals Evalution of Carbon Footprint

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 282-285
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Footprint Analysis ◽  
The One ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Building Operation

Due to manufactured technology enchantment the living being has much convenience and luxury. Though, at the same time, our current existence is doing damage to the environment. Like water pollution, air pollution and Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on so forth. But CO2 emissions are the one of the major reason polluting the environment. Furthermost of what we utilise in our daily life lead to emitting CO2 into the environment. Due to this it leads to global warming and climate change problems. Therefore, carbon auditing (Carbon Footprint Analysis) is the first essential step to review the use of energy, to improve energy conservation and to allow building to go green. For this reason we need carbon audit to reduce usage raw materials, waste generation so on so forth to minimise GHG emissions .“CARBON AUDIT” is conducted within the building’s boundary which includes the following stages:- People Survey to gather employee-level data, Building Survey to gather building-operation data, Carbon Footprint Analysis to evaluate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and Final Carbon Audit Report to provide tailored recommendations for going green along with action plan to get started

scholarly journals ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЭНЕРГОТЕХНОЛОГИЙ ПРОЦЕССОВ ОБЕЗВОЖИВАНИЯ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО СЫРЬЯ

2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
А. В. Гаврилов ◽  
Ігор Віталійович Безбах ◽  
Всеволод Петрович Мордынский ◽  
Олег Григорьевич Бурдо
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Microwave Range ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Dairy Food ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Tomato Paste ◽  
Vacuum Microwave

Рассмотрены мировые тенденции на рынке сушеных продуктов и концентратов. Анализируются энерготехнологии основных процессов обезвоживания – выпарки и сушки. Сравниваются современные технологи обезвоживания и обсуждаются научно-технические противоречия процессов выпарки и сушки. Показаны энергетические преимущества выпарки и ограничения по конечному влагосодержанию готового продукта. Приведены модели материальных балансов при комбинированных технологиях «выпарка - сушка». Представлены инновационные разработки техники обезвоживания – термомеханический агрегат и микроволновой вакуум-выпарной аппарат. Обсуждаются конструктивные варианты агрегата, возможности решать в нем параллельно задачи дробления, плющения, перемешивания и транспортировки продукта. Обоснованы механизмы интенсификации процесса тепломассопереноса в термомеханическом агрегате. Приведены значения коэффициентов теплопередачи в термомеханических агрегатах при обработке сырья в консервных, молочных, пищеконцентратных и винодельческих производствах. Проведено сравнение удельных энергетических затрат в термомеханическом агрегате и в традиционных ленточных и барабанных сушилках. Исследуются инновационные технологии обезвоживания в электромагнитных полях. Показаны перспективы сушилок с электромагнитным подводом энергии микроволнового диапазона. Исследуются процессы выпаривания в традиционных аппаратах и в вакуумных микроволновых.  Приведены модели трансформации, транспорта и потерь энергии в традиционной технологии производства томатной пасты и в установке с термомеханическим агрегатом с ротационным термосифоном. Показано, что инновационная технология позволяет на 40% интенсифицировать процесс выпарки и на 35% снизить удельные расходы энергии. Обоснованы перспективы ступенчатых схем обезвоживания «выпарка - сушка». Проведено развитие методов энергетического менеджмента для исследования энергетической эффективности на основе нового числа подобия – числа энергетического действия.  The world tendencies in the dried products and concentrates market are considered. The energy technologies of the basic processes of dehydration (evaporation and drying) are analyzed. Modern dehydration technologies are compared and the scientific and technical contradictions of the processes of evaporation and drying are discussed. The energy advantages of the evaporation and the limitations by the final moisture content of the finished product are shown. Models of material balances with combined technologies of "evaporation - drying" are given. Innovative developments in dehydration engineering are presented - a thermomechanical unit and a microwave vacuum evaporator. The constructive variants of the unit are discussed, the possibilities of solving in it the tasks of crushing, flattening, mixing and transporting the product in parallel. The mechanisms of intensification of the process of heat and mass transfer in a thermomechanical aggregate are justified. The values of the heat transfer coefficients in thermomechanical aggregates are given for the processing of raw materials in canning, dairy, food-concentrates and wineries. The specific energy costs in a thermomechanical aggregate and in traditional belt and cylinder dryers are compared. Innovative technologies of dehydration in electromagnetic fields are investigated. The prospects of dryers with electromagnetic energy supply of the microwave range are shown. Evaporation processes are studied in conventional apparatuses and in vacuum microwave ones. Models of transformation, transport and energy losses in the traditional technology of tomato paste production and in a device with a thermomechanical unit with a rotary thermosyphon are presented. It is shown that the innovative technology allows to intensify the process of evaporation by 40% and to reduce the energy consumption by 35%. The prospects of stepwise dehydration schemes of "evaporation - drying" are substantiated. Energy management methods have been developed to study energy efficiency based on a new number of similarity – the number of energy actions.

Ceramics

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Herz ◽  
Ervan G. Garrison
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
General Term ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Ceramic Product ◽  
Primary Interest ◽  
Archaeological Ceramics ◽  
Ethnographic Studies ◽  
Insight Into

Archaeological ceramics refers to products made primarily of clay and containing variable amounts of lithic and other materials as well. The term ceramic is derived from the Greek keramos, which has been translated as "earthenware" or "burned stuff." Ceramics include products that have been fired, primarily pottery but also brick, tile, glass, plaster, and cement as well. Since pottery is by far the most important archaeologically, and the methods of sampling and study are largely applicable to the others, this chapter is devoted primarily to pottery. Pottery then is the general term used here for artifacts made entirely or largely of clay and hardened by heat. Today, a distinction is sometimes made between pottery, applied to lower-quality ceramic wares, and the higher-grade product porcelain. No such distinction will be made here, so the term pottery alone will be used. Raw material that goes into the making of a pot includes primarily clay, but also varying amounts of temper, which is added to make the material more manageable and to help preserve the worked shape of the pot during firing. Of primary interest in ceramic studies are 1. the nature and the source of the raw materials—clays, temper, and slip (applied surface pigment)—and a reconstruction of the working methods of ancient potters; 2. the physical properties of the raw materials, from their preparation as a clay-temper body through their transformations during manufacture into a final ceramic product; 3. the nature of the chemical and mineral reactions that take place during firing as a clue to the technology available to the potter; and 4. the uses, provenance, and trade of the wares produced. Much of the information needed to answer these questions is available through standard geochemical and petrographic analysis of ceramic artifacts. Insight into the working methods of ancient potters also has been obtained through ethnographic studies of cultures where, because of isolation or conservative traditions or both, ancient methods have been preserved.

Analysis of Large Bell Angle in Double Bell System on Burden Material Distribution and Layer Deformation in Mini Blast Furnace with Capacity 250 Ton/Day Using Solid Particle Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 964 ◽  
pp. 185-192
Author(s):  
Sungging Pintowantoro ◽  
Mas Irfan P. Hidayat ◽  
Fakhreza Abdul ◽  
Hamzah Syaifullah
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Peripheral Zone ◽  
Furnace Operation ◽  
Processing Technology ◽  
Particle Model ◽  
Material Distribution ◽  
Large Bell ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Ore Processing

The abundant of nickel ore resources in Indonesia and the regulations of Law of Coals and Minerals No. 4 year 2009 cause the development of nickel ore processing technology. One of the proven nickel ore processing technology is Mini Blast Furnace (MBF). When, the raw materials were fed to the MBF, there is a charging system to ensure good distribution of raw materials in MBF. The double bell charging system has an important role on the distribution of burden material in MBF. By optimizing the distribution and layers of the material burden, it will increase the stability and efficiency of the MBF process. Therefore, this study focused on analyzing the effect of large bell angle on the distribution of burden material in MBF using discrete element method. After analyzed, large bell angle differences produce different burden material distribution. For particle distribution, particles of small density (coal and dolomitee) tend to be concentrated in the center zone and particles of large density (ore) tend to be concentrated in the intermediate and peripheral zone. The larger angle of the large bell will increase particle falling velocity and the kinetic energy of the burden material. The most stable layer in MBF was obtained when using 65o bell angle. The MBF with 65o large bell angle is the best bell angle for MBF with capacity of 250 ton/day due to the greatest possibility of central working furnace operation.

scholarly journals New Insight into Hellenistic and Roman Cypriot Wall Paintings: An Exploration of Artists’ Materials, Production Technology, and Technical Style

Arts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxanne Radpour ◽  
Christian Fischer ◽  
Ioanna Kakoulli
Keyword(s):  
Production Technology ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Technical Characteristic ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
Egyptian Blue ◽  
Natural Minerals ◽  
New Information ◽  
Southwest Region ◽  
Insight Into

A recent scientific investigation on Hellenistic and Roman wall paintings of funerary and domestic contexts from Nea (‘New’) Paphos, located in the southwest region of Cyprus, has revealed new information on the paintings’ constituent materials, their production technology and technical style of painting. Nea Paphos, founded in the late 4th century BC, became the capital of the island during the Hellenistic period (294–58 BC) and developed into a thriving economic center that continued through the Roman period (58 BC–330 AD). A systematic, analytical study of ancient Cypriot wall paintings, excavated from the wealthy residences of Nea Paphos and the surrounding necropoleis, combining complementary non-invasive, field-deployable characterization techniques, has expanded the scope of analysis, interpretation and access of these paintings. The results from in situ analyses, combining X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and fiber-optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), forensic imaging in reflectance and luminescence, and digital photomicrography, were informative on the raw materials selection, application technique(s) and extent of paintings beyond the visible. Data collected through the integration of these techniques were able to: (1) show an intricate and rich palette of pigments consisting of local and foreign natural minerals and synthetic coloring compounds applied pure or in mixtures, in single or multiple layers; (2) identify and map the spatial distribution of Egyptian blue across the surface of the paintings, revealing the extent of imagery and reconstructing iconography that was no longer visible to the naked eye; and (3) visualize and validate the presence of Egyptian blue to delineate facial contours and flesh tone shading. This innovation and technical characteristic in the manner of painting facial outlines and constructing chiaroscuro provides a new insight into the artistic practices, inferring artists/or workshops’ organization in Cyprus during the Roman period.

Factory Carbon Footprint Design

2014 ◽  
Vol 907 ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achim Kampker ◽  
Peter Burggräf ◽  
Tobias Welter ◽  
Sebastian Kamp ◽  
Johannes Thul
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Process Chain ◽  
Activity Based Costing ◽  
Efficiency Increase ◽  
Chain Level

Energy consumption and emissions are the two main sustainability issues of German companies. The main reasons for efficiency increase and emission reduction are not, as often proclaimed, energy costs, but the demands of customers and legislators for low carbon emissions. Particularly at machine level and process chain level various methods for analysis and improvement of the energy efficiency already exist. At factory level there is no systematic approach. The method Factory Carbon Footprint Design is an appropriate tool for that issue. The method is derived from the activity-based costing method and has two main parts: The Activity-based Carbon Footprint Accounting and the Target Carbon Footprint Design. Using the Activity-based Carbon Footprint Accounting, the carbon footprint of all energy consumers can be allocated to the goods produced in the factory. This contains not only the carbon footprint of the manufacturing machines, but also the periphal equipment and the administration and other indirect parts of the factory. The Target Carbon Footprint Design is a systematic approach to reduce the overall carbon footprint of a factory.

WORKING WITH CLAY

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary A. Joyce ◽  
Julia A. Hendon ◽  
Jeanne Lopiparo
Keyword(s):  
Communities Of Practice ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Craft Production ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
North Central ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractEvidence from sites in the lower Ulua valley of north-central Honduras, occupied betweena.d.500 and 1000, provides new insight into the connections between households, craft production, and the role of objects in maintaining social relations within and across households. Production of pottery vessels, figurines, and other items in a household context has been documented at several sites in the valley, including Cerro Palenque, Travesía, Campo Dos, and Campo Pineda. Differences in raw materials, in what was made, and in the size and design of firing facilities allow us to explore how crafting with clay created communities of practice made up of people with varying levels of knowledge, experience, and skill. We argue that focusing on the specific features of a particular craft and the crafter's perspective gives us insight into the ways that crafting contributed to the reproduction of social identities, local histories, and connections among members of communities of practice who comprised multicrafting households.

scholarly journals Pigments—Lead-based whites, reds, yellows and oranges and their alteration phases

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Gliozzo ◽  
Corina Ionescu
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lead Chromate ◽  
Lead White ◽  
Mineral Phases ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Red Lead ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThis review summarises the state-of-the-art of lead-based pigment studies, addressing their production, trade, use and possible alteration. Other issues, such as those related to the investigation and protection of artworks bearing lead-based pigments are also presented. The focus is mineralogical, as both raw materials and degradation products are mineral phases occurring in nature (except for very few cases). The minerals described are abellaite, anglesite, blixite, caledonite, challacolloite, cerussite, cotunnite, crocoite, galena, grootfonteinite, hydrocerussite, laurionite, leadhillite, litharge, macphersonite, massicot, mimetite, minium, palmierite, phosgenite, plattnerite, plumbonacrite, schulténite, scrutinyite, somersetite, susannite, vanadinite and an unnamed phase (PbMg(CO3)2). The pigments discussed are lead white, red lead, litharge, massicot, lead-tin yellow, lead-tin-antimony yellow, lead-chromate yellow and Naples yellow. An attempt is made to describe the history, technology and alteration of these pigments in the most complete manner possible, despite the topic's evident breadth. Finally, an insight into the analytical methods that can (and should) be used for accurate archaeometric investigations and a summary of key concepts conclude this review, along with a further list of references for use as a starting point for further research.

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