Research on Life Cycle Energy Consumption and Environmental Emissions of Light-Duty Battery Electric Vehicles

2015 ◽  
Vol 814 ◽  
pp. 447-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Xia Shen ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Yu Feng Zhang ◽  
Xue Chao Wang ◽  
Qiang Lu ◽  
...  

Based on producing and manufacturing process of key components, a light-duty battery electric passenger vehicle was selected as a research object, and the energy consumption and environmental emissions from raw materials production, electric vehicle manufacture and operation process in depth were analyzed. The results showed that, the energy consumption for the whole life cycle of EV was 438GJ. The production and operation process of EV accounted for 18.5% and 81.5%, respectively. The GHGs (including CO2, CH4and N2O) emission was 39.3tCO2-eq. The production and operation processed of EV account for 17% and 83%, respectively. Five kinds of other gases emissions from the production and operation process of EV were as follows: 305kg SOx, 206kg NOx, 133kg PM, 69.3kg CO, and 14.6kg NMVOCs. The production and manufacture of key parts and components account for the largest share of the total energy consumption and environmental emissions. Battery system is in the next place, while motor system is least.

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1244
Author(s):  
Qi Jiang ◽  
Fusong Wang ◽  
Quantao Liu ◽  
Jun Xie ◽  
Shaopeng Wu

In this paper, the sustainability of induced healing asphalt pavement is demonstrated by comparing the impact of asphalt pavement maintained by induced healing asphalt pavement technology and traditional maintenance methods (such as milling and overlaying). The functional unit selected is a 1-km lane with an analysis period of 20 years. The stages to be considered are material manufacturing, paving, maintenance, milling and demolition. Two case studies were analyzed to assess the impact of different technologies on the energy consumption and environmental performance of each maintenance alternative. By comparing the energy consumption and environmental emissions of the whole life cycle of pavement under the two technical conditions, the results show that the total energy consumption of traditional asphalt pavement is about 2.5 times that of induction-healed asphalt pavement, and the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the former are twice as much as that of the latter.


Author(s):  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Qiang Lu ◽  
Zheng Shen ◽  
Yaokun Yang ◽  
Yunlin Liang

Based on the localized data of environmental load, this study has established the life cycle assessment (LCA) model of battery electric passenger vehicle (BEPV) that be produced and used in China, and has evaluated the energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission during vehicle production and operation. The results show that the total energy consumption and GHG emissions are 438GJ and 37,100kg (in terms of CO2 equivalent) respectively. The share of GHG emissions in total emissions at the production stage is 24.6%, and 75.4% GHG emissions are contributed by the operational stage. The main source of energy consumption and GHG emissions at vehicle production stage is the extraction and processing of raw materials. The GHG emissions of raw materials production accounts for 75.0% in the GHG emissions of vehicle production and 18.0% in the GHG emissions of full life cycle. The scenario analysis shows that the application of recyclable materials, power grid GHG emission rates and vehicle energy consumption rates have significant influence on the carbon emissions in the life cycle of vehicle. Replacing primary metals with recycled metals can reduce GHG emissions of vehicle production by about 7.3%, and total GHG emissions can be reduced by about 1.8%. For every 1% decrease in GHG emissions per unit of electricity, the GHG emissions of operation stage will decrease by about 0.9%; for every 1.0% decrease in vehicle energy consumption rate, the total GHG emissions decrease by about 0.8%. Therefore, developing clean energy, reducing the proportion of coal power, optimizing the production of raw materials and increasing the application of recyclable materials are effective ways to improve the environmental performance of BEPV.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7572
Author(s):  
Gigliola D’Angelo ◽  
Marina Fumo ◽  
Mercedes del Rio Merino ◽  
Ilaria Capasso ◽  
Assunta Campanile ◽  
...  

Demolition activity plays an important role in the total energy consumption of the construction industry in the European Union. The indiscriminate use of non-renewable raw materials, energy consumption, and unsustainable design has led to a redefinition of the criteria to ensure environmental protection. This article introduces an experimental plan that determines the viability of a new type of construction material, obtained from crushed brick waste, to be introduced into the construction market. The potential of crushed brick waste as a raw material in the production of building precast products, obtained by curing a geopolymeric blend at 60 °C for 3 days, has been exploited. Geopolymers represent an important alternative in reducing emissions and energy consumption, whilst, at the same time, achieving a considerable mechanical performance. The results obtained from this study show that the geopolymers produced from crushed brick were characterized by good properties in terms of open porosity, water absorption, mechanical strength, and surface resistance values when compared to building materials produced using traditional technologies.


2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
A. Kalbusch ◽  
E. Ghisi

Abstract The main objective of this paper is to propose a method for quantifying the energy consumption in the life cycle of different plumbing fixtures. The method can be used to estimate the energy consumption in the production, use and disposal phases of plumbing fixtures. This allows for the comparison between the performances of different plumbing fixtures and the identification of the share of each phase on the energy consumption over the life cycle. The method was applied in a case study in Southern Brazil to quantify the energy consumption in the life cycle of two types of taps installed on a university campus. The total energy consumption in the life cycle of ordinary and self-closing taps used in the study was respectively, 177.71 MJ and 164.11 MJ over 4 years. Production accounted for 33% of the energy consumption share of the ordinary tap, while the use phase accounted for 65% and the disposal phase for 2%. For the self-closing tap, the production phase accounted for 46% of the energy consumption share, the use phase for 52% and the disposal phase for 2%. Therefore, considering the energy consumption in the life cycle, self-closing taps should be preferred over ordinary taps.


Author(s):  
Juliana Monteiro Lopes ◽  
Ilton Curty Leal Junior ◽  
Vanessa De Almeida Guimarães

Currently, concerns with sustainable development lead organizations to improve their production processes in order to reduce greenhouse gases emission and energy consumption. Since the bioethanol supply chain is a CO2 emitter and depends on several energy sources, it becomes important to analyze how to improve this chain regarding environmental issues. Thus, this paper presents a comparative study of scenarios with bioethanol supply chain configurations which use different modal alternatives and renewable energy in all its mid-stages. The analysis was based on LCA (life cycle analysis) concepts and in a partial application of LCI (life cycle inventory), so that we can identify which of these scenarios is most appropriate in terms of lower total energy consumption, greater share of renewable energy use and lower CO2 emissions. Based on concepts found in the bibliographic research, the methodology used and the data collected from documental research, this paper analyzes the supply chain that begins with sugarcane plantation and bioethanol production in the south central region of Brazil with destination to export. Based on the results, we concluded that it is possible to improve the performance of the supply chain in environmental terms with a combination of renewable energy sources and modes of transport that are more suitable to the product studied.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6082
Author(s):  
Zahra Payandeh ◽  
Ahmad Jahanbakhshi ◽  
Tarahom Mesri-Gundoshmian ◽  
Sean Clark

Eco-efficiency has become a cornerstone in improving the environmental and economic performance of farms. The joint use of life cycle assessment (LCA) and data envelopment analysis (DEA), known as LCA + DEA methodology, is an expanding area of research in this quest. LCA estimates the environmental impacts of the products or services, while DEA evaluates their efficiency, providing targets and benchmarks for the inefficient ones. Because energy consumption and environmental quality are highly interdependent, we carried out a study to examine energy efficiency and environmental emissions associated with rain-fed barley farms in Kermanshah Province, Iran. Fifty-four rain-fed barley farms were randomly selected, and production data were collected using questionnaires and interviews. DEA and LCA were used to quantify and compare environmental indicators before and after efficiency improvements were applied to the farms. To accomplish this, efficient and inefficient farms were identified using DEA. Then environmental emissions were measured again after inefficient farms reached the efficiency limit through management improvements. The results showed that by managing resource use, both energy consumption and environmental emissions can be reduced without yield loss. The initial amount of energy consumed averaged 13,443 MJ/ha while that consumed in the optimal state was determined to be 12,509 MJ/h, resulting in a savings of 934 MJ/ha. Based on the results of DEA, reductions in nitrogen fertilizer, diesel fuel, and phosphate fertilizer offered the greatest possibilities for energy savings. Combining DEA and LCA showed that efficient resource management could reduce emissions important to abiotic depletion (fossil fuels), human toxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity, global warming (GWP100a), freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, and terrestrial ecotoxicity. This study contributes toward systematically building knowledge about crop production with the joint use of LCA + DEA for eco-efficiency assessment.


2017 ◽  
Vol 898 ◽  
pp. 1970-1977
Author(s):  
Yao Li ◽  
Xian Zheng Gong ◽  
Qing Hua Zhang ◽  
Chong Qi Shi

External wall thermal insulation system protects the major structure of building effectively. In this study, a student dormitory building with typical external wall thermal insulation system in Beijing was chosen as the research object and the energy consumption analysis was conducted to identify the optimal external thermal insulation system during the whole life cycle. The results show: for brick-concrete buildings, the consumption of clay brick, reinforced concrete and cement mortar account for more than 95% of the total materials consumption, where reinforced concrete contributes most to energy consumption. The external insulation system with similar heat transfer coefficient but consist of different insulation materials mainly affects energy consumption in materials production phase (the difference of building production energy consumption is about 7.2%), while has no significant effect in building operation phase and whole life cycle. With the increase of heat transfer coefficient, the energy consumption decreases in materials production phase, accounting for 16.3%-21.9% of the life cycle energy consumption, increases in building operation phase, accounting for 78.1%-83.7%, and can be neglected in the disposal phase. And there exists an optimization value in building whole life cycle, at which the minimum value of the energy consumption reaches, when the heat transfer coefficient is 0.3W / (m2 • K), equivalent to 127mm EPS insulation thickness or 151mm rock wool insulation thickness.


2014 ◽  
Vol 787 ◽  
pp. 106-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhu Li ◽  
Xian Zheng Gong ◽  
Zhi Hong Wang ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Li Ping Ma ◽  
...  

Although outer wall thermal insulation technology is an effective measure for building energy-saving, the production of thermal insulation materials causes serious impacts on environment. In the present investigation the resource, energy consumption and environmental emission of the two kinds of thermal insulation materials were analyzed, from the acquisition of raw materials to production process based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The result show that life cycle energy consumption of rock wool board is 415MJ per functional unit, proximately twice of EPS board’s (220MJ). Overall, environmental impact indicators caused by rock wool board is more serious than EPS.


Author(s):  
Lucas Rosse Caldas ◽  
Rosa Maria Sposto ◽  
Alexandre Mendonça Souto Lopes ◽  
Werner Castro Tavares

RESUMO: Como forma de mensurar o consumo de energia ao longo do ciclo de vida dos diversos sistemas construtivos existentes, entre eles o light steel framing (LSF), tem sido aplicado a avaliação do ciclo de vida energético (ACVE). A ACVE foi aplicada em diversos estudos nacionais e internacionais, e no caso do LSF já foi verificado em alguns estudos nacionais. No entanto, ainda existe uma lacuna de estudos relacionados com o desempenho térmico e com os isolantes térmicos utilizados, principalmente por meio de simulações termoenergéticas. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a energia consumida ao longo do ciclo de vida de uma habitação de LSF, comparando o desempenho térmico deste sistema sem e com três isolantes térmicos, sendo eles: lã de vidro, lã de rocha e poliestireno expandido (EPS). A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica e simulação computacional em um software de simulação termoenergético. Ao final foi levantada a energia incorporada dos materiais utilizados nas fachadas, energia consumida nos transportes e energia gasta pelos equipamentos eletrônicos (energia operacional). A soma de todos estes consumos resultou na energia total, esta que foi maior para o sistema sem isolamento térmico e menor para o sistema com EPS. Neste sentido, a principal contribuição deste trabalho foi apresentar um critério de sustentabilidade energética para a especificação de isolantes térmicos para o sistema de LSF. Este critério poderá subsidiar, durante a etapa de projeto, a escolha do sistema mais vantajoso tanto do ponto de vista térmico como do consumo de energia ao longo do ciclo de vida da edificação. ABSTRACT: As a way to measure the energy consumption over the life cycle of the various existing building systems, including light steel framing (LSF), has been applied to evaluate the life cycle energy assessment (LCEA). The LCEA was applied in several national and international studies, and in the case of LSF has already been verified in some national studies. However, there is still a lack of research related to thermal performance and thermal insulation used, mainly through thermal-energetic simulations. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the energy consumed throughout the life cycle of a LSF house, comparing the thermal performance of this system without and with three thermal insulations, which are: glass wool, rock wool and polystyrene expanded (EPS). The methodology used was the bibliographical research and computer simulation on a thermal-energetic simulation software. It was assessed the embodied energy of the materials used on the facades, energy consumed in transport and energy consumed by electronic equipment (operating energy). The sum of all these resulted in total energy consumption, this one was higher for the system without thermal insulation and lower to the system with EPS. In this sense, the main contribution of this paper is to present an energy sustainability criteria for the specification of thermal insulation for the LSF system. This criteria can support, during the design stage, the choice of the most advantageous system in terms of the thermal performance and the energy consumption throughout the life cycle of the building.


2013 ◽  
Vol 694-697 ◽  
pp. 3239-3242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhen Wang ◽  
Shu Lian Yu ◽  
Qi Zhen Wang ◽  
Yu Bing Luan ◽  
Jing Zhen Wang ◽  
...  

In view of high energy consumption situation in the apparel industry in the background of cyclic economy, the author conducts technical experiment for clothing style change according to transformation design of clothing structure elements, and establishes the environmental protection philosophy of enabling raw materials for one garment to satisfy the function of raw materials for two or more garments. This not only maximizes the energy efficiency of clothing materials, but also optimizes life cycle of products, and accordingly promotes the energy-saving and environment-friendly eco-civilization construction in the apparel industry.


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