Wear Resistance of Steels after Diffusion Saturation of Boron, Chrome and Titanium

2019 ◽  
Vol 298 ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Aleksey Guriev ◽  
Michail Alekseevich Guriev ◽  
Sergei Gennadievich Ivanov ◽  
Yan Wei Zhang ◽  
Shun Qi Mei
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Diffusion Saturation ◽  
Alloying Elements ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Mass Percent ◽  
Loss Of Mass ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Fixed Abrasive

In this work, the wear resistance of hardened simultaneous diffusion saturation on S235J0, C45, 55NiCrMoV6, C80W1 and X162CrMoV12 steels with boron, chromium and titanium and rigidly fixed abrasive Al2O3 particles were investigated. Wear was determined by measuring the loss of mass every 30 seconds of the test. Full wear of the layer occurred in 10 minutes with a load on the sample of 9.5 MPa. According to the test results, it is found that the wear resistance of alloyed steels increases as the content of alloying elements and carbon increases, but this increase is not unambiguous because of a decrease in the thickness of the diffusion layer as the degree amplification of alloying steels. Taking into account the economic parameters, such as the cost of steel, the cost of manufacturing products, we can conclude that the greatest economic effect shape can be achieved when using the hardening steels with a carbon content of 0.5 mass percent and the total content of alloying elements up to 5 - 7 mass percent.

THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF IRON ALLOYS WITH VARIOUS CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AFTER DIFFUSIONAL BORONIZING

Tribologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra PERTEK-OWSIANNA
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Boride Layer ◽  
Alloying Elements ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Phase Layer ◽  
The Core

The purpose of the paper was to test how the content of carbon and alloying elements in steels influence the structure and properties of boronized layers. The following grades of steels were used during the tests: C45, C99U, 41Cr4, 42CrMo4, 45SG, 50HS, 60G, and 102Cr6. In the process of boronizing, the two-phase layer of borides of FeB and Fe2B were obtained on the tested steels with a hardness from 1900 HV0.1 for boride FeB to 1600 HV0.1 for Fe2B, irrespective of the chemical composition of the core/substrate. As the kontent of carbon and alloying elements in steels increase, the structure of borides becomes more compact, and the needles are thicker. The richer in alloying elements the core and the more carbon in steel, the thinner is the boride layer. After boronizing, the layer of FeB and Fe2B with a thickness of approx. 110 μm for C45 steel to approx. 90 μm for 102Cr6 steel was obtained. The test results indicate that the brittleness of borides increases in steels with the addition of Cr, and it decreases in steels containing Si and Mn. The highest wear resistance was obtained in steel 102Cr6.

ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES OF BIOTECHNOLOGIES USING IN ANIMAL FARMING

1970 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
I. F. Gorlov ◽  
A. A. Mosolov ◽  
G. V. Komlatskiy ◽  
M. A. Nesterenko ◽  
K. D. Nimbona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
State Level ◽  
Modern Level ◽  
Economic Perspectives ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Short Time

The article presents materials on the study of the possibility of reproduction and increase in the herd of highly productive cows through the use of embryo transplantation technology. The classical (in vivo) and more modern, developing (in vitro) methods of embryotransfer, their positive and negative sides are considered in detail. The possibility of accelerating the breeding process by using the method of transplantation, in which from one cow can be obtained from 10 to 100 calves, which will allow for 4-5 years, almost any herd (of any size and breed) with the help of biotechnology to turn into a cattle-breeding enterprise of the most modern level. At the same time, heifers obtained from unproductive cows can be used as "surrogate" mothers who are transplanted with the best donor embryos, which allows to obtain a full-fledged offspring adapted to local environmental conditions. A detailed scheme of obtaining, evaluation, storage, as well as the cost and economic effect of embryo transplantation was calculated, the market was evaluated, the required annual volume of transplants and the number of donor cows for large livestock farms were determined. As a positive example of "Scientific-production enterprise "Centre of biotechnology and embryo transfer" in 2014, implemented a project for accelerated replacement and genetic improvement of the dairy herd, engraftment averaged 57-69%, and the economic effect of the enterprise from getting a single animal by the method of embryo transfer, compared with imports of similar close in quality, ranged from 60 to 100 thousand rubles on his head. It is shown that it is necessary to organize at the state level a developed service for embryo transplantation to reduce the cost of embryo transfer and the possibility of creating in a short time in the country's own highly productive breeding nucleus of dairy and beef cattle, which will reduce, and in the future completely eliminate, import dependence on cattle products.

Probiotics in the diets of laying quails

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
O. Merzlyakova ◽  
V. Rogachyev ◽  
V. Chegodaev
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
The Cost

The efficiency of introducing probiotics based on strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and their consortium in the amount of 150 g/t of feed into the diets of laying quails has been studied. The experiment lasting 182 days has been carried out on four groups of quails with 30 heads in each. The quails have been housed in the broiler battery in compliance with the required microclimate conditions. Quails of all groups have been received the main diet (compound feed) developed taking into account their age and physiological characteristics. The quails of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups in addition to the main diet received probiotics (150 g/t compound feed) based on strains Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and their consortium, respectively. It has been found that feeding the laying quails of the consortium of strains Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis had the most significant positive impact on their productive performance, it allowed to increase egg production by 7,81 %, egg laying intensity by 5,0 %, egg mass yield by 9,77 %, while reducing feed expenditures for 10 eggs by 13,35 %. The yield of hatching eggs has been increased by 7,03 %, hatchability of chickens from laid and fertilized eggs by 8,33 and 8,35 %, brooding waste decreased by 21,74 %. Hematological parameters of quails during the whole experiment were within the physiological norm. The economic effect calculated on the basis of data on the cost of compound feed, probiotics and the cost of sold eggs of quail laying was 14,56 % in the 3rd experimental group (in relation to the control group).

Mechanical Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Manufactured by Electron Beam Additive Fabrication

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Ladani ◽  
Lalit Roy
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Lead Time ◽  
Aerospace Industry ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Great Resistance ◽  
Additive Fabrication ◽  
Anisotropy Effect ◽  
The Cost

Additive Layer Fabrication, in particular Electron Beam Additive Fabrication (EBAF), has recently drawn much attention for its special usability to fabricate intricately designed parts as a whole. It not only increases the production rate which reduces the production lead time but also reduces the cost by minimizing the amount of waste material to a great extent. Ti6Al4V is the most common type of material that is currently being fabricated using EBAF technique. This material has been used in aerospace industry for several reasons such as excellent mechanical properties, low density, great resistance to corrosion, and non-magnetism. The effects of build direction of layers (namely, addition of layers along one of the x, y & z directions with respect to the build table) and the anisotropy effect caused by it has not been explored vigorously. This anisotropy effect has been investigated in this work. Different mechanical properties such as Yield Strength (YS), Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS), and Modulus of Elasticity (E) of these three types of Ti6Al4V are determined using tensile tests and are compared with literature. The tensile test results show that YS and UTS for flat-build samples have distinguishably higher values than those of the side-build and top-build samples.

Design of the Automatic Guided Vehicle Control System Applied to Automotive Logistics

2014 ◽  
Vol 644-650 ◽  
pp. 381-384
Author(s):  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Hao Zhou ◽  
Guo Song Liu
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Vehicle Control ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Circuit Performance ◽  
Automatic Driving ◽  
Automatic Guided Vehicle ◽  
Distribution Logistics ◽  
Auto Parts ◽  
The Cost

In order to improve the efficiency of auto parts distribution logistics, to lower the cost of auto production in transportation logistics, and to reduce accidents, in this paper it is designed that an automatic guided vehicle control system to replace the manned tractors in the distribution sites. The system is equipped with an infrared homing device that can ensure the automated guided vehicle (AGV) along a predetermined route automatic driving at a given distribution information, without the needs to manually guided. Test results show that the circuit performance of AGV control system is stable to ensure the accuracy of the tracking in the practical application, and the mean absolute error of the tracking is less than 0.04m.

Novel Anti-Caking Materials in Compound Fertiliezer Based on Waste Animal/Plant Oil

2014 ◽  
Vol 875-877 ◽  
pp. 1454-1457
Author(s):  
Pan Hu ◽  
Yi He Zhang ◽  
Feng Shan Zhou ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Meng Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Synthesis ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Compound Fertilizer ◽  
Application Requirements ◽  
The Cost

A novel anti-caking material (E-Oil) was prepared from waste animal/plant oil and triethanolamine by catalytic synthesis in this study. The E-Oil was analyzed by FTIR and the anti-caking effect of anti-caking materials was described by caking ratio. The FTIR results showed that the reaction product of Waste Animal/Plant Oil and Hydramine was surfactant with anti-caking effect. The anti-caking test results indicated that E-Oil made the caking ratio of compound fertilizer decrease from 39.75% to 16.33%. Taking the cost into consideration, the optimal fraction of E Oil was 5‰ and the caking ratio could reach 16.33%, which could approximately meet the application requirements.

scholarly journals Application of the optimally alloyed cast irons in order to increase the durability and to ensure the cost reduction of mining and metallurgical products

2021 ◽  
Vol 303 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Dmitry Lubyanoi ◽  
Evgeny Pudov ◽  
Evgeny Kuzin ◽  
Olga Semenova
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Cast Irons ◽  
Metallurgical Production ◽  
Alloyed Cast ◽  
Alloyed Cast Iron ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Working Bodies ◽  
The Cost

The article shows the relevance of the use of alloyed cast iron in mining and metallurgical engineering. The article discusses the technologies for producing naturally alloyed cast iron. For working bodies and friction units of mining machines, such as pumps, coal pumps, hydrocyclones, crushers and mills. The main type of wear for them is abrasive. To increase the wear resistance of cast iron the production of cast iron has not been sufficiently studied yet. Although the use of cast iron in a complex alloyed with manganese, silicon, chromium, titanium and vanadium has been studied. The article studies the influence of manganese, titanium and vanadium on the mechanical properties and performance of machine parts and products of mining and metallurgical production in contact with high-temperature and highly abrasive media. The rational content of titanium and vanadium in gray cast irons is established in the range of 0.05-0.1%, which ensures their heat resistance and increases their wear resistance. The content of these elements can be increased to 0.07-0.12%. Bushings made of this cast iron have the required wear resistance and can increase the operational reliability of the equipment in the conditions of mining and metallurgical production. They also replace non-ferrous metals, as well as products obtained by powder metallurgy methods.

scholarly journals STUDY OF EDGE PROTECTING ANCHORS INFLUENCE ON SOIL HEAVING OF THE MINE WORKING

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (443) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Demin Vladimir, ◽  
◽  
Mussin Ravil, ◽  
Demina Tatiana, ◽  
Zhumabekova Aila, ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mine Working ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Technical Result ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Mine Workings ◽  
Anchor Bolts ◽  
Sectional Shape ◽  
The Cost

To achieve the objective with the claimed technical result, a method of fastening mine workings of predominantly rectangular cross-sectional shape with anchor bolts was used, while the applied task of reducing the heaving of soil rocks is to increase the efficiency of mine workings by ensuring that the mine workings. Ensuring the possibility of reliable and of good quality fortified rocks along the contour of making within the boundaries of the zone of possible collapse of rocks. The length of the soil anchors did not significantly affect the condition of the soil rocks. Consequently, that on the deformations and stresses both in the lateral and in the soils are not soil, but lateral anchors. The use of these technological developments will reduce the cost of conducting and maintaining workings by 7–10% with soil anchors (reducing maintenance costs by 7–10%) and will provide an economic effect of 10–15 thousand tenge per running meter of output.

scholarly journals The influence of the training system directed to increase stress resistance on the economic efficiency of sports horses` training

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
І. O. Каbasova ◽  
◽  
M. P. Petryshko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Training System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Activity Types ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Complex Methods

The economic efficiency of the applying the complex to increase the stress resistance of horses during participation in competitions and demonstrative performances has been determined in this work. Thus, the sports success of horses with application of complex methods to increase the stress resistance during participation in competitions and demonstrative performances and horses trained on the usual training system has been compared; the economic effect of applying some complex methods to increase the stress resistance of horses during participation in competitions and demonstrative performances has been investigated. The research has been carried out on 10 heads of horses of the jumping group of Dergachy child and youth horse racing school. Based on the results of horses` participation in competitions and taking into account the higher nervous activity types, two equivalent groups – control and experimental by five heads in each have been formed. The complex methods to increase the stress resistance have been introduced in training system of horses of the experimental group; training of horses of the control group remained unchanged. The calculation of expenses for participation in competitions has been carried out by drawing up expenditures for transportation of horses, nutrition and accommodation of the team, starting contributions and the cost of renting stables. The total number of starts has been determined by multiplying the number of heads of horses by the number of starts of one head during the period of competitions. The number of successful starts has been calculated by a percentage of starts with the prize places from the total number of starts. To determine the economic efficiency of the application of the complex methods to increase the stress resistance of horses the amount of expenses per successful start by dividing the total amount of costs for the number of successful starts was calculated. It has been established that the economic efficiency of the applying of the complex methods to increase the stress resistance of horses is 1194,75 UAH for one successful start. The results of the research allowed to recommend the application of the developed method to increase the stress resistance in the training system of horses in order to increase the effectiveness of participation in competitions and reducing costs for each successful start.

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