scholarly journals Epigenetic changes in health and disease: DNA Methylation in human development, infection and non-communicable diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. J. Perera
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Health And Disease

Epigenetics, Nutrition, Disease and Drug Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 386-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Lundstrom
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Novel Drug

Epigenetic mechanisms comprising of DNA methylation, histone modifications and gene silencing by RNA interference have been strongly linked to the development and progression of various diseases. These findings have triggered research on epigenetic functions and signal pathways as targets for novel drug discovery. Dietary intake has also presented significant influence on human health and disease development and nutritional modifications have proven important in prevention, but also the treatment of disease. Moreover, a strong link between nutrition and epigenetic changes has been established. Therefore, in attempts to develop novel safer and more efficacious drugs, both nutritional requirements and epigenetic mechanisms need to be addressed.

scholarly journals The mercapturomic profile of health and non-communicable diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonçalves-Dias ◽  
Morello ◽  
Semedo ◽  
Correia ◽  
Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Exposure ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cardiometabolic Diseases ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Endogenous Metabolites

The mercapturate pathway is a unique metabolic circuitry that detoxifies electrophiles upon adducts formation with glutathione. Since its discovery over a century ago, most of the knowledge on the mercapturate pathway has been provided from biomonitoring studies on environmental exposure to toxicants. However, the mercapturate pathway-related metabolites that is formed in humans—the mercapturomic profile—in health and disease is yet to be established. In this paper, we put forward the hypothesis that these metabolites are key pathophysiologic factors behind the onset and development of non-communicable chronic inflammatory diseases. This review goes from the evidence in the formation of endogenous metabolites undergoing the mercapturate pathway to the methodologies for their assessment and their association with cancer and respiratory, neurologic and cardiometabolic diseases.

scholarly journals The Effects of Maternal and Postnatal Dietary Methyl Nutrients on Epigenetic Changes that Lead to Non-Communicable Diseases in Adulthood

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raniru S. Randunu ◽  
Robert F. Bertolo
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Epigenetic Alterations ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Nutrient Manipulation ◽  
Methylation Patterns ◽  
Epigenetic Patterns

The risk for non-communicable diseases in adulthood can be programmed by early nutrition. This programming is mediated by changes in expression of key genes in various metabolic pathways during development, which persist into adulthood. These developmental modifications of genes are due to epigenetic alterations in DNA methylation patterns. Recent studies have demonstrated that DNA methylation can be affected by maternal or early postnatal diets. Because methyl groups for methylation reactions come from methionine cycle nutrients (i.e., methionine, choline, betaine, folate), deficiency or supplementation of these methyl nutrients can directly change epigenetic regulation of genes permanently. Although many studies have described the early programming of adult diseases by maternal and infant nutrition, this review discusses studies that have associated early dietary methyl nutrient manipulation with direct effects on epigenetic patterns that could lead to chronic diseases in adulthood. The maternal supply of methyl nutrients during gestation and lactation can alter epigenetics, but programming effects vary depending on the timing of dietary intervention, the type of methyl nutrient manipulated, and the tissue responsible for the phenotype. Moreover, the postnatal manipulation of methyl nutrients can program epigenetics, but more research is needed on whether this approach can rescue maternally programmed offspring.

scholarly journals Low Birthweight as a Risk Factor for Non-communicable Diseases in Adults

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Eugenia Bianchi ◽  
Jaime M. Restrepo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Perinatal Death ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Intrauterine Environment ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Health And Disease

According to studies undertaken over the past 40 years, low birthweight (LBW) is not only a significant predictor of perinatal death and morbidity, but also increases the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the research on LBW as a risk factor for NCDs in adults. The Barker hypothesis was based on the finding that adults with an LBW or an unhealthy intrauterine environment, as well as a rapid catch-up, die due to NCDs. Over the last few decades, terminology such as thrifty genes, fetal programming, developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), and epigenetic factors have been coined. The most common NCDs include cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2), hypertension (HT), dyslipidemia, proteinuria, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Studies in mothers who experienced famine and those that solely reported birth weight as a risk factor for mortality support the concept. Although the etiology of NCD is unknown, Barry Brenner explained the notion of a low glomerular number (nGlom) in LBW children, followed by the progression to hyperfiltration as the physiopathologic etiology of HT and CKD in adults based on Guyton's renal physiology work. Autopsies of several ethnic groups have revealed anatomopathologic evidence in fetuses and adult kidneys. Because of the renal reserve, demonstrating renal function in proportion to renal volume in vivo is more difficult in adults. The greatest impact of these theories can be seen in pediatrics and obstetrics practice.

scholarly journals Strategies to reduce non-communicable diseases in the offspring: negative and positive in utero programming

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 642-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Rodriguez-Caro ◽  
S. A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Economic Cost ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Unhealthy Diet

AbstractNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a major problem as they are the leading cause of death and represent a substantial economic cost. The ‘Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis’ proposes that adverse stimuli at different life stages can increase the predisposition to these diseases. In fact, adverse in utero programming is a major origin of these diseases due to the high malleability of embryonic development. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature on in utero programming and NCDs highlighting potential medical strategies to prevent these diseases based upon this programming. We fully address the concept and mechanisms involved in this programming (anatomical disruptions, epigenetic modifications and microbiota alterations). We also examine the negative role of in utero programming on the increased predisposition of NCDs in the offspring, which introduces the passive medical approach that consists of avoiding adverse stimuli including an unhealthy diet and environmental chemicals. Finally, we extensively discuss active medical approaches that target the causes of NCDs and have the potential to significantly and rapidly reduce the incidence of NCDs. These approaches can be classified as direct in utero programming modifications and personalized lifestyle pregnancy programs; they could potentially provide transgenerational NCDs protection. Active strategies against NCDs constitute a promising tool for the reduction in NCDs.

scholarly journals Epigenetics, exposome and development of the intestinal microbiota in the neonate

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
Paola Sánchez Benitez ◽  
Rocío Pérez y Terrón
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Intestinal Colonization ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Abdominal Route ◽  
The Relationship

The intestinal microbiota is currently known as a "metabolic organ" that significantly influences the health of the host from the first years of life, being a crucial factor for optimal development of immunity and regulation of different physiological processes such as digestion, absorption, metabolism and synthesis of nutrients. This work aims to show the relationship between epigenetics, the exposome and the development of the intestinal microbiota in the newborn according to the route of birth. A documentary review of the literature of the last 5 years was carried out and it was found that the majority of non-communicable diseases are due to epigenetic modifications that can occur in the prenatal stages, together with environmental factors that also contribute to these epigenetic changes, term known as an exposome. In this sense, the greatest exposure of microorganisms for the development of intestinal colonization is at the time of birth, being Bifidobacterium one of the most important genera that contribute to immune function, found to a lesser extent in newborns born by abdominal route (cesarean section ), this type has been associated with dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota, generating consequences in the development of diseases such as obesity, diabetes, asthma, food allergy and autism spectrum disorder. Allowing to conclude that both epigenetics and the exposome and the intestinal microbiota are simultaneously related from the early stages of life and can be the cause of various non-communicable diseases.

scholarly journals Global socioeconomic inequality in the burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases and injuries: an analysis on global burden of disease study 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrnoosh Emadi ◽  
Sajad Delavari ◽  
Mohsen Bayati
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The World ◽  
Incidence Prevalence

Abstract Background Examining the distribution of the burden of different communicable and non-communicable diseases and injuries worldwide can present proper evidence to global policymakers to deal with health inequality. The present study aimed to determine socioeconomic inequality in the burden of 25 groups of diseases between countries around the world in 2019. Methods In the current study data according to 204 countries in the world was gathered from the Human Development Report and the Global Burden of Diseases study. Variables referring to incidence, prevalence, years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD) and disability adjusted life years (DALY) resulting by 25 groups of diseases and injuries also human development index was applied for the analysis. For measurement of socioeconomic inequality, concentration index (CI) and curve was applied. CI is considered as one of the popular measures for inequality measurement. It ranges from − 1 to + 1. A positive value implies that a variable is concentrated among the higher socioeconomic status population and vice versa. Results The findings showed that CI of the incidence, prevalence, YLL, YLD and DALY for all causes were − 0.0255, − 0.0035, − 0.1773, 0.0718 and − 0.0973, respectively. CI for total Communicable, Maternal, Neonatal, and Nutritional Diseases (CMNNDs) incidence, prevalence, YLL, YLD and DALY were estimated as − 0.0495, − 0.1355, − 0.5585, − 0.2801 and − 0.5203, respectively. Moreover, estimates indicated that CIs of incidence, prevalence, YLL, YLD and DALY for Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) were 0.1488, 0.1218, 0.1552, 0.1847 and 0.1669, respectively. Regarding injuries, the CIs of incidence, prevalence, YLL, YLD and DALY were determined as 0.0212, 0.1364, − 0.1605, 0.1146 and 0.3316, respectively. In the CMNNDs group, highest and lowest CI of DALY were related to the respiratory infections and tuberculosis (− 0.4291) and neglected tropical diseases and malaria (− 0.6872). Regarding NCDs, the highest and lowest CI for DALY is determined for neoplasms (0.3192) and other NCDs (− 0.0784). Moreover, the maximum and minimum of CI of DALY for injuries group were related to the transport injuries (0.0421) and unintentional injuries (− 0.0297). Conclusions The distribution of all-causes and CMNNDs burden were more concentrated in low-HDI countries and there are pro-poor inequality. However, there is a pro-rich inequality for NCDs’ burden i.e. it was concentrated in high-HDI countries. On the other hand, the concentration of DALY, YLD, prevalence, and incidence in injuries was observed in the countries with higher HDI, while YLL was concentrated in low-HDI countries.

scholarly journals The burden of non-communicable diseases in relation to economic status of countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1967-1974
Author(s):  
Ruqiya Pervaiz ◽  
Özlem Ercantan
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
National Human ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Health Organization

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and national human development index (HDI) of a country, as well as investigate the correlation between premature mortality from NCDs and national HDI. Method: Data for age-standardized mortality rate (ASRM) of NCDs and premature mortality (before age 70 years) in percentage for total NCDs in 2015 were obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO) databases. National HDI data for the year 2015 were obtained from the 2015 Human Development Report. Linear regression model was used for assessment of correlation between HDI and mortality. One-way ANOVA was used to test the difference in mean mortality of various HDI group countries; P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The results suggested an inverse correlation between HDI and ASRM for both men and women. The negative relation was also reported for percentage premature mortality and HDI. Tukey post hoc test (p < 0.001) indicated that countries with very high HDI have low ASRM and premature mortality (compared to those with high HDI and so on). The greatest mortality was observed in low HDI countries. Conclusion: Management of non-communicable diseases is one of the greatest challenges for low and middle HDI countries. In order to control the disease burden, governments should pay serious attention to their economic development.

scholarly journals Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Impact of environmental dust exposure in modulating microbiome and its association with non-communicable diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 545-556
Author(s):  
Delicia Shu-Qin Ooi ◽  
Cheryl Pei-Ting Tan ◽  
Michelle Jia-Yu Tay ◽  
Siong Gim Ong ◽  
Elizabeth Huiwen Tham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Dust Exposure ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Impact

AbstractNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) including obesity, diabetes, and allergy are chronic, multi-factorial conditions that are affected by both genetic and environmental factors. Over the last decade, the microbiome has emerged as a possible contributor to the pathogenesis of NCDs. Microbiome profiles were altered in patients with NCDs, and shift in microbial communities was associated with improvement in these health conditions. Since the genetic component of these diseases cannot be altered, the ability to manipulate the microbiome holds great promise for design of novel therapies in the prevention and treatment of NCDs. Together, the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease concept and the microbial hypothesis propose that early life exposure to environmental stimuli will alter the development and composition of the human microbiome, resulting in health consequences. Recent studies indicated that the environment we are exposed to in early life is instrumental in shaping robust immune development, possibly through modulation of the human microbiome (skin, airway, and gut). Despite much research into human microbiome, the origin of their constituent microbiota remains unclear. Dust (also known as particulate matter) is a key determinant of poor air quality in the modern urban environment. It is ubiquitous and serves as a major source and reservoir of microbial communities that modulates the human microbiome, contributing to health and disease. There are evidence that reported significant associations between environmental dust and NCDs. In this review, we will focus on the impact of dust exposure in shaping the human microbiome and its possible contribution to the development of NCDs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document