EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON MORTALITY AND RECOVERY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) EXPOSED TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (10) ◽  
pp. 941-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen ◽  
Carl W. Nystrom
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Feeding Inhibition ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On

AbstractSpruce budworm larvae were bioassayed against Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner to study the effect of temperature on the expression of toxicity. Temperatures between 16 and 28°C did not affect the ultimate level of toxicity (LC50). However, LT50’s increased from 2–8 days at 28°C to 11–20 days at 16°C, depending on concentration of the pathogen. When larvae were force-fed with a single dose, temperature had a similar effect on the time course of mortality without affecting the level of mortality. Feeding inhibition of force-fed larvae commenced immediately after dosing. Larvae that did not recover died without further feeding, even at lower temperatures when death occurred 2–3 weeks after dosing. Recovering larvae resumed feeding after 2 (28°C) to 6 (13°C) days. Recovered larvae took longer to develop and produced lighter pupae than untreated larvae. Our data suggest that temperature-dependent feeding and recovery did not contribute to quicker death at higher temperatures. Expression of the toxin itself appears to depend on temperature, possibly through the influence of temperature on metabolic rate of affected gut cells. Implications of these findings for the efficacy of spruce budworm control operations are discussed.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND EXPOSURE TIME ON TOXICITY OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER SPRAY DEPOSITS TO SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEMENS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Limited Effect

AbstractExperiments were conducted using balsam fir twigs treated with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner to examine the influence of temperature and exposure time on mortality of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens. Twigs were sprayed with a commercial formulation (8.4 BIU/L) using droplets of 40–70 μm diameter at densities, ranging from 0.5 to 5.5 droplets per needle. Temperature affected progression but not the level of cumulative mortality during 14 days of feeding on sprayed foliage. The LT50 decreased from 12–17 days at 13°C to 2–4 days at 25°C, depending on droplet density. Temperature between 13 and 25°C had a limited effect on dose acquisition because 40–60% of the larvae were able to acquire a lethal dose within 1 day of feeding on foliage with 0.5–1.5 droplets per needle, regardless of temperature. Under these conditions dose acquisition was not limited by temperature-dependent consumption of foliage, but rather by feeding inhibition associated with the dose initially ingested. This also limited the influence of exposure time; a 7- or 14-fold increase in exposure time increased larval mortality at most by 25%. Implications of these findings for improving efficacy of B. thuringiensis in forestry applications are discussed.

The effect of temperature on high-resolution TEM image contrast

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 640-641
Author(s):  
T. Geipel ◽  
W. Mader ◽  
P. Pirouz
Keyword(s):  
Form Factor ◽  
Inelastic Scattering ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Waller Factor ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Debye Waller Factor ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Atomic Form Factor

Temperature affects both elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons in a crystal. The Debye-Waller factor, B, describes the influence of temperature on the elastic scattering of electrons, whereas the imaginary part of the (complex) atomic form factor, fc = fr + ifi, describes the influence of temperature on the inelastic scattering of electrons (i.e. absorption). In HRTEM simulations, two possible ways to include absorption are: (i) an approximate method in which absorption is described by a phenomenological constant, μ, i.e. fi; - μfr, with the real part of the atomic form factor, fr, obtained from Hartree-Fock calculations, (ii) a more accurate method in which the absorptive components, fi of the atomic form factor are explicitly calculated. In this contribution, the inclusion of both the Debye-Waller factor and absorption on HRTEM images of a (Oll)-oriented GaAs crystal are presented (using the EMS software.Fig. 1 shows the the amplitudes and phases of the dominant 111 beams as a function of the specimen thickness, t, for the cases when μ = 0 (i.e. no absorption, solid line) and μ = 0.1 (with absorption, dashed line).

Research on dynamic characteristics of gear system considering the influence of temperature on material performance

2021 ◽  
pp. 107754632110026
Author(s):  
Zhou Sun ◽  
Siyu Chen ◽  
Xuan Tao ◽  
Zehua Hu
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Gear System ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Meshing Stiffness ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On

Under high-speed and heavy-load conditions, the influence of temperature on the gear system is extremely important. Basically, the current work on the effect of temperature mostly considers the flash temperature or the overall temperature field to cause expansion at the meshing point and then affects nonlinear factors such as time-varying meshing stiffness, which lead to the deterioration of the dynamic transmission. This work considers the effect of temperature on the material’s elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio and relates the temperature to the time-varying meshing stiffness. The effects of temperature on the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio are expressed as functions and brought into the improved energy method stiffness calculation formula. Then, the dynamic characteristics of the gear system are analyzed. With the bifurcation diagram, phase, Poincaré, and fast Fourier transform plots of the gear system, the influence of temperature on the nonlinear dynamics of the gear system is discussed. The numerical analysis results show that as the temperature increases, the dynamic response of the system in the middle-speed region gradually changes from periodic motion to chaos.

scholarly journals Temperature Dependent Friction Modelling: The Influence of Temperature on Product Quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 535-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daan Waanders ◽  
Javad Hazrati Marangalou ◽  
Matthäus Kott ◽  
Sabrina Gastebois ◽  
Johan Hol
Keyword(s):  
Product Quality ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Friction Modelling

Flow Behaviors of High Acyl Gellan Aqueous Solutions as Affected by Temperature, and Calcium and Gellan Concentrations

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqun Huang ◽  
Pawan Singh Takhar ◽  
Juming Tang ◽  
Barry G Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Apparent Viscosity ◽  
Flow Resistance ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Rheological Behaviors ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On

Rheological behaviors of high acyl (HA) gellan are not well understood partially because of its relatively late commercialization compared to low acyl gellan. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature (5-30 °C), calcium (0, 1 and 10 mM) and gellan concentrations (0.0044-0.1000% w/v) on the flow behaviors of high acyl gellan aqueous solutions using rheological tests. Gellan solutions with 0 or 1 mM added Ca++ exhibited shear thinning behavior at gellan concentrations above 0.0125%. The influence of temperature on apparent viscosity (shear rate, 100 s-1) of gellan solutions can be described with an Arrhenius relationship. The apparent viscosity of gellan solution at low concentrations was more sensitive to temperature changes. The addition of Ca++ led to a decrease in flow resistance for a dilute gellan solution (<0.0125%), but an increased resistance for a relatively concentrated gellan solution (>0.0125%).

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER IN LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEM. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 1061-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Peak Abundance

AbstractThe relationship between temperature and pathogenesis of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki in infected larvae of the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem., was investigated to determine if more rapid death of larvae with an increase in temperature could be accounted for by enhanced bacterial growth. Cumulative mortality of larvae force-fed with a lethal dose of HD-1-S-1980 peaked within 2 days at 25 °C, 3 days at 19 °C, 7 days at 16 °C, and 21 days at 13 °C. The progress of bacterial growth in the larvae was followed from spore germination to cell lysis, and was completed within 4 days at 25 °C, 6 days at 22 °C, 12 days at 19 °C, 14 days at 16 °C, and > 28 days at 13 °C. Peak abundance of vegetative cells in the larvae was observed after 1 day at 25 °C, 2 days at 22 °C, 3 days at 19 °C, 7 days at 16 °C, and 21 days at 13 °C, and thus coincided almost exactly with the time required for maximum larval mortality. This correlation suggests that the observed effect of temperature on progression of larval mortality was due to its effect on the proliferation of vegetative cells in the infected larvae, and that bacterial septicemia makes an important contribution to death.

Temperature induced phase transition in fluorescence active zein nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
Charlie Joe Croxford ◽  
Rajpreet Kaur ◽  
Kultar Singh ◽  
Mandeep Singh Bakshi
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Controlled Precipitation

Stable colloidal zein nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by using controlled precipitation method. They were made fluorescence active by incorporating a small amount of fluorescence quinolinium surfactant. The incorporation of fluorescence surfactant provided both the colloidal stability and the fluorescence ability to determine the phase transition in zein NPs under the effect of temperature variation. Maintaining colloidal stability under the effect of temperature variation is an essential aspect of zein NPs applicability as a source of vegetarian protein supplement in different food suspensions. Different techniques such as fluorescence, DLS size, zeta potential, and FTIR measurements were applied to determine the influence of temperature on the colloidal stability of zein NPs. Zein NPs undergo phase transition well above room temperature while maintaining their size in nanometer range, and the phase transition temperature decreased with the amount of zein used in the synthesis of zein NPs. The results highlighted the potential use of zein NPs as a vegetarian supplement protein in different food products.

Effect of Temperature on the Predator, (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Anthocordiae) Feeding on Cryptolestes pusillus (Schon.) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae)

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Rahman ◽  
W Islam ◽  
KN Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Cryptolestes Pusillus

Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) is one of the dominant predators of many stored product insect pest including Cryptolestes pusillus. The influence of temperature on predator development, survival and some selected life history parameters was determined. Eggs laid/female (27.27±2.52) and egg hatching rate (%) (88.25±2.19) were highest at 30°C and lowest at 20°C (5.43±1.19 and 30.79±4.63%) respectively but no eggs laid at 15°C. Mortality among immature stages (%) was highest (51.71±1.48) at 35°C and lowest (24.25c±1.14) at 25°C. Developmental times decreasing with the increasing of temperature. Maximum numbers of progeny/female/day (3.55±0.76) were produced at 25°C and minimum (0.83±0.04) were at 20°C.The sex ratios (% female) of X. flavipes were 47.04, 56.68, 51.66 and 50.07 for 20, 25, 30 and 35°C respectively. Survivorship of ovipositing females was highest at 25°C but lowest at 35°C respectively. Key words: Xylocoris flavipes, Cryptolestes pusillus, life history, temperature, developmental time   doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2201 J. bio-sci. 15: 41-46, 2007

Effect of Temperature on Crater Formation and Ejecta Composition in Aluminum Alloy Targets

2012 ◽  
Vol 706-709 ◽  
pp. 768-773
Author(s):  
Masahiro Nishida ◽  
Koichi Hayashi ◽  
Junichi Nakagawa ◽  
Yoshitaka Ito
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Crater Formation ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Gas Gun ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The influence of temperature on crater formation and ejecta composition in thick aluminum alloy targets were investigated for impact velocities ranging from approximately 1.5 to 3.5 km/s using a two-stage light-gas gun. The diameter and depth of the crater increased with increasing temperature. The ejecta size at low temperature was slightly smaller than that at high temperature and room temperature. Temperature did not affect the size ratio of ejecta. The scatter diameter of the ejecta at high temperature was slightly smaller than those at low and room temperatures.

Temperature Influence on the Viscoelastic Electromechanical Deformation of Dielectric Elastomer

2014 ◽  
Vol 1052 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Jun Jie Sheng ◽  
Yu Qing Zhang ◽  
Shu Yong Li ◽  
Hua Ling Chen
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Elastomer ◽  
Electric Load ◽  
Temperature Influence ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Dielectric Elastomer Actuators ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Electromechanical Instability ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Electromechanical Deformation

Temperature can significantly affect the performance of a viscoelastic dielectric elastomer (DE). In the current study, we use a thermodynamic model to characterize the influence of temperature on the viscoelastic electromechanical response undergoing a constant electric load by taking into account the temperature dependent elastic modus and dielectric constant. Due to the significant viscoelasticity in the dielectric elastomer, DE membrane creeps in time and the inelastic stretch of DE is smaller than that of the total stretch. The results show that the total stretch of the viscoelastic electromechanical deformation increases with the increasing temperature until suffering electromechanical instability at a high temperature; the actuation performance is dominated by the moduli of the elastomer. This may be used to guide the design of dielectric elastomer actuators undergoing temperature variation.

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