The Toxicity of Malathion, Perthane, Maneb and Zineb to Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. McMullen
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Antagonistic Effects ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Wettable Powder

AbstractIn laboratory experiments wettable and emulsifiable malathion and Perthane were most toxic to adult T. vaporariorum and progressively less so to the larval stages in order of development. Eggs were not killed. Perthane was most toxic at low temperatures, malathion at high temperatures. Malathion was more toxic than Perthane and the emulsifiable formulations of both more toxic than the wettable formulations. Against first-instar larvae, at the LD50, level, 70% maneb and 50% Perthane wettable powders were equally toxic but 65% zineb wettable powder was less toxic. Against adults, 70% maneb and 65% zineb wettable powders were one-half and one-third as toxic as 50% Perthane wettable powder at the LD50, level. Tests of spray mixtures against larvae with either 25% malathion or 50% Perthane wettable powders added to either 70% maneb or 65% zineb wettable powders showed neither synergistic nor antagonistic effects.

Survival of the first-stage larvae and infective larvae of Bunostomum trigonocephalum Rudolphi, 1808

Parasitology ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bandana Narain
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Laboratory Facilities

The free-living larval stages of Bunostomum trigonocephalum are better adapted to low temperatures than high temperatures. Most survived at 10°C.In tap water, 1st-stage larvae survived for 11 days at 0°C, 17 days at 5°C, 20 days at 10°C, 15 days at 15°C, 18 days at 20°C, 15 days at 25°C, 9 days at 30°C, 7 days at 34°C, 4 days at 35°C, 16 h at 40°C, 40 min at 45°C and 20 min at 50°C.In tap water infective larvae survived for 40 days at 0°C, 70 days at 5°C, 100 days at 10 and 15°C. 65 days at 20°C, 48 days at 25°C, 38 days at 30°C, 14 days at 34°C, 6 days at 35°C, 5 days at 40°C, 3 h at 45°C and 105 min at 50°C.In tap water at room temperature infective larvae survived for 26 days in January, 20 days in February, 21 days in March, 13 days in April, 10 days in May, 6 days in June, 9 days in July and August, 11 days in September, 12 days in October, 14 days in November and 17 days in December.I thank Professor M. B. Lal for his interest and for providing laboratory facilities in the Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow; Dr Premvati for guidance; and the Scientific Research Committee, U.P., India, for financial help.

Resistance to Low Temperatures of the Overwintering Stages of Two Introduced Parasites of the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (9) ◽  
pp. 701-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Juillet
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Possible Cause

Two introduced hymenopterous parasites of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), are established and widely distributed in southern Ontario: the braconid Orgilus obscurator (Nees) and the ichneumonid Temelucha interruptor (Grav.). Though these two species are economically important in the control of the shoot moth in Europe, they have never become efficient in Canada. A possible cause of their lack of efficiency may be their susceptibility to low temperatures.This paper is a report on an investigation of the ability of these parasites to withstand low winter temperatures. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the resistance of the overwintering larval stages of the parasites to low temperatures. Field observations on the mortality of host and parasites were made at the Waterloo County Reforestation Area, Elmira, near Guelph, Ontario, during the winter of 1958–1959.

The flight activity and settling behaviour of Glossina morsitans Westw. (Dipt., Muscidae) in laboratory experiments

1970 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Barrass
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Experimental Chamber ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Settling Behaviour ◽  
Black Surface

Female tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans Westw.) were more active in an experimental chamber in the laboratory: (a) at high than at low temperatures, (b) in high than in low humidities, and except at high temperatures, (c) when hungry than when replete. Flies were also more active in the chamber when a small area of black surface (1·6%) was present than when a larger black surface (12·8% or 50%) was available. Both black and white surfaces were provided in all experiments, and over the temperature range 25–40°C flies settled on black more frequently than would be expected by chance. This preference for a black resting surface was most marked when the flies were most active: (a) above 35°C in all experiments, (b) at high humidities with teneral flies, and (c) when the flies had not fed. Flies settling on black usually rested longer than those settling on a white surface.

Low solubility of alumina in enstatite and uncertainties in estimated palaeogeotherms

1978 ◽  
Vol 288 (1355) ◽  
pp. 471-486 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Alumina Content ◽  
Equilibrium Solubility ◽  
Low Solubility

Spurious kinks in estimated palaeogeotherms may result from small errors in the calibration of the geothermometers and geobarometers. New data indicate that the equilibrium solubility of alumina in enstatite is even less than shown by recent studies, and that the slopes (d T /d P ) of the isopleths of equal alumina content are steeper than hitherto believed. Consequently, pressures of equilibration estimated from current formulations of the orthopyroxene-garnet geobarometer will be too high at high temperatures (> 1200 °C) and too low at low temperatures.

scholarly journals Environmental temperature during early life affects the personality of mosquitofish in adulthood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifeng Li ◽  
Xinyu ZHang ◽  
Yi Wu ◽  
Feng ZHang ◽  
CHunlin Li
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Behavioral Syndrome ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Behavioral Traits

Abstract Personality has been observed in a variety of animal taxa with important implications in ecology and evolution. Exploring the influence of environmental temperature during early life on personality could help to understand the ontogeny of this phenotypic trait in animals. In this study, we reared newborn mosquitofish Gambusia affinis at high (30°C) and low (25°C) water temperatures and measured their shyness and exploration upon sexual maturity. We tested the repeatability of each behavioral trait; the correlation between them; and the effects of rearing temperature, sex, and body length on the behaviors. When growing up at low temperatures, female fish exhibited repeatability in shyness and exploration, and males exhibited marginal repeatability in shyness. However, neither of the 2 behaviors were repeatable when the fish were reared at high temperatures. There was a negative correlation between shyness and exploration, indicating that the 2 behaviors comprise a behavioral syndrome in this species. Mosquitofish reared at high temperatures were more explorative than those reared at low temperatures, while there was no difference in shyness between the 2 treatments. Body length and sex had no significant effects on the average values of the 2 behaviors. The results indicate that environmental temperature during early life could shape the personality of mosquitofish and modify the average of the behavioral traits. These findings might provide insights to understand the ontogeny of animal personality and how changes in environmental temperature influence animal dispersal by shaping their personality.

Analysis of Ferroelectric Microcapacitors by Scanning Probe Microscope

2004 ◽  
Vol 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhiro Kin ◽  
Koichiro Honda
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Ferroelectric Material ◽  
Scanning Probe Microscope ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Electrical Heater ◽  
Device Processing ◽  
Probe Microscope ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTTo develop higher density FRAM requires reducing cell size. Therefore, the size effects resulting from device processing and the material's physical properties must be measured. Therefore, analyzing the electric characteristics of a single bit cell capacitor has become important. Two known characteristics of ferroelectric material are that the Vc increases at low temperatures, and the Pr falls at high temperatures. To further evaluate the impact of temperature on ferroelectrics, we constructed a new evaluation system based on a scanning probe microscope, that can measure the electric characteristics of a single bit cell capacitor. This system can be used in the temperature range from −120 degrees to 300 degrees C. We accomplished this by circulating liquid nitrogen around a SPM stage and by using an electrical heater. We measured the electrical properties of ferroelectric microcapacitors by using a sample with IrOx/PZT/Pt structure. Our measurements revealed that 2Pr really increases at low temperatures, and Pr decreases at high temperatures. That is, we have shown that Vc increases 30% at low temperatures and Pr decreases 10% also in an actual FRAM single bit cell capacitor.

Effects of ternary additions on the deformation behavior of single crystals of MoSi2

2000 ◽  
Vol 646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruyuki Inui ◽  
Koji Ishikawa ◽  
Masaharu Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Yield Strength ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Creep Strain ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Creep Strain Rate ◽  
Compression Creep ◽  
Ternary Additions

ABSTRACTEffects of ternary additions on the deformation behavior of single crystals of MoSi2 with the hard [001] and soft [0 15 1] orientations have been investigated in compression and compression creep. The alloying elements studied include V, Cr, Nb and Al that form a C40 disilicide with Si and W and Re that form a C11b disilicide with Si. The addition of Al is found to decrease the yield strength of MoSi2 at all temperatures while the additions of V, Cr and Nb are found to decrease the yield strength at low temperatures and to increase the yield strength at high temperatures. In contrast, the additions of W and Re are found to increase the yield strength at all temperatures. The creep strain rate for the [001] orientation is significantly lower than that for the [0 15 1] orientation. The creep strain rate for both orientations is significantly improved by alloying with ternary elements such as Re and Nb.

Consideration of the Cross-Anisotropy of Different Materials of the Asphalt Surface Layer and Temperature to Determine Pavement Responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-151
Author(s):  
Minrui Guo ◽  
Xinglin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Compressive Strain ◽  
Fatigue Cracking ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Temperature Relationship ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Cross Anisotropy

The effects of the cross-anisotropy of different materials of the asphalt surface layer and the depth-temperature relationship on pavement responses and damage are investigated. A three-dimensional Finite-Element Model (FEM) of the pavement, which considers the depth-temperature relationship of the surface layer under moving tire load, is developed. Pavement damage models are established to evaluate the damage ratio for primary rutting and fatigue cracking. The results show that the compressive strain at the bottom of the surface layer increases as the temperature increases, and the cross-anisotropy (n-value) decreases, indicating that a decrease in the horizontal modulus of different materials of the surface layer increases the damage ratio for primary rutting at high temperatures. The tensile strain at the bottom of the surface layer declines as the n-value increases to 1. For the same change in the n-value, the rate of change of the damage ratio for fatigue cracking is greater at low temperatures than at high temperatures, demonstrating that the number of allowable load repetitions is more sensitive at low temperatures. In addition, the effect of cross-anisotropy and temperature on the vertical stress are larger on the top of the base than in the subbase and subgrade.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) isolates on fig moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker) Larvae

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 943-951
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Ephestia Cautella ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Paper Method

The following dilution 5×10-1, 10-1, 10?2 , 10-3 gm/L for the indigenous isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria and the commercially isalate were used for experiments against the different stages of fig moth of E.cautella which exposed by filter paper method. The results showed that mortality of larval stages was increased with the increasing concentration of the biocide, in addition to increase in the mortality of the larval stages reached to the highest percentage in the third days of treatment of the larval stage in comparison with the first and second days of exposure. The results also showed that the sensitivity of larval stages was increased in first and second instars while reduced in the last instars .The high percentage of first instar mortality for the indigenous isolate in the concentration of 5×10-1 was 72.8% , while the low percentage of mortality showed in the concentration of 5×10-1 for the fifth instar larvae which was 13.3% in third days of treatment while a high percentage of mortality was showed for the first instar larvae for the commercially isulate in the concentration of 5×10-1 was 59.4% Furthermore, low percentage of mortality was shown in the concentration of 5×10-1 in fifth instar larval which was 8.3% in the third days of treatment. The results also showed that the indigenous isolated was more effective than the commercially produced bacteria for killing larval instars of fig moth E.cautella .The total percentage of larval instar mortality reached to 44.5 % after the third days of treatment in concentration 5×10-1 in the indigenous isolate , and it was 33.8 % in the commercially produced bacteria .

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