scholarly journals Acute, severe cryptosporidiosis in an immunocompetent pediatric patient

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Tallant ◽  
Patrick Huddleston ◽  
Asim Alshanberri ◽  
Subhasis Misra
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patient ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Diarrheal Illness ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Microbiological Testing ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Microbiological Agents ◽  
Bovine Species

Severe diarrheal illness in children can be attributed to a number of different microbiological agents. Without appropriate microbiological testing of stool samples, patients who present with multiple days of severe diarrhea might have a delay in proper diagnosis and treatment. Here, we report a case of an immunocompetent pediatric patient presenting with acute cryptosporidiosis. Humans and bovine species are known hosts of cryptosporidium and several studies have evaluated the zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidium from cattle to humans. Adding diagnostic tests for cryptosporidium like Ziehl-Neelsen staining of stool or fecal rapid antigen detection techniques should be considered in the workup of patients presenting with undifferentiated, severe diarrheal illness, especially in those who have close contact with livestock.

scholarly journals Assessing Occupational Exposure to Surface Contaminants in Kuwaiti Educational Buildings

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Abdul-Salam Al-Temeemi ◽  
Jamal Al-Hubail ◽  
Ahmad Al-Khayat
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Surface Contaminants ◽  
Microbiological Testing ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
The State Of Kuwait ◽  
Contamination Problem

The prevalence of surface contaminants, such as potentially harmful bacteria, within building environments in the State of Kuwait is not known.To the authors’ knowledge, this article is the frst of such a report. A total of 342 stool samples were collected from 46 secondary schools to evaluate indoor occurrences of E. coli bacteria within selected lavatory surfaces. After microbiological testing, the results for the spread of the E. coli bacteria were categorized by total count, sampling location dependency, contamination level comparison between genders, and lavatory fxtures (i.e. seat and squat toilets). The results revealed that 7 schools have a bacterial contamination problem, there is cross-contamination between surfaces in the lavatory stalls, the boys’ lavatories were less sanitary than the girls’, and that the squat-style toilets are more contaminated than the seat-style. The results suggest that there is signifcant risk of spread of bacterial infection among students via contaminated hands and surfaces in the lavatory area in some schools. Thus, this study emphasizes the need to improve environmental hygiene and enhanced sanitation in these schools. In addition, conclusions can be drawn as to the effectiveness of the janitorial staff employed by the schools and the effcacy of the cleaning regime used in the lavatories. Furthermore, based on the fndings, there are architectural design consequences as squat-style toilets might be excluded in lavatories designed for schools to be constructed in the future.

scholarly journals Potential Biomarkers and Their Applications for Rapid and Reliable Detection of Malaria

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyamvada Jain ◽  
Babina Chakma ◽  
Sanjukta Patra ◽  
Pranab Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Reliable Detection ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Potential Biomarkers

Malaria has been responsible for the highest mortality in most malaria endemic countries. Even after decades of malaria control campaigns, it still persists as a disease of high mortality due to improper diagnosis and rapidly evolving drug resistant malarial parasites. For efficient and economical malaria management, WHO recommends that all malaria suspected patients should receive proper diagnosis before administering drugs. It is thus imperative to develop fast, economical, and accurate techniques for diagnosis of malaria. In this regard an in-depth knowledge on malaria biomarkers is important to identify an appropriate biorecognition element and utilize it prudently to develop a reliable detection technique for diagnosis of the disease. Among the various biomarkers, plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase and histidine-rich protein II (HRP II) have received increasing attention for developing rapid and reliable detection techniques for malaria. The widely used rapid detection tests (RDTs) for malaria succumb to many drawbacks which promotes exploration of more efficient economical detection techniques. This paper provides an overview on the current status of malaria biomarkers, along with their potential utilization for developing different malaria diagnostic techniques and advanced biosensors.

scholarly journals Norovirus genogroup correlation with acute diarrhea severity in Indonesian pediatric patients aged 1-60 months: a cross-sectional study

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2130
Author(s):  
Alpha Fardah Athiyyah ◽  
Katsumi Shigemura ◽  
Koichi Kitagawa ◽  
Nazara Agustina ◽  
Andy Darma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Norovirus Gii ◽  
Mild Diarrhea

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between norovirus genogroup and severity of acute diarrhea in pediatric patients at the Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 31 participants aged 1-60 months admitted to the hospital with acute diarrhea from April 2012 to March 2013. Norovirus genogroups (GI and II) were identified from patient stool using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Severity was measured using the Ruuska and Vesikari scoring system. Results: In total, 91 stool samples were obtained, of which 31 (19%) were norovirus positive. Norovirus GI was found in one sample with mild diarrhea. Norovirus GII was found in 30 samples (96.8%); one sample with mild diarrhea (3.3%), 20 samples with moderate diarrhea (66.7%), and nine samples with severe diarrhea (30%). Conclusion: Norovirus GII was the most prevalent cause of acute diarrhea and 30% of the cases manifested as severe diarrhea.

scholarly journals Reconstitution and Transmission of Gut Microbiomes and Their Genes between Generations

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Eugene Rosenberg ◽  
Ilana Zilber-Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Biological Entity ◽  
Strong Basis ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Level Of Selection

Microbiomes are transmitted between generations by a variety of different vertical and/or horizontal modes, including vegetative reproduction (vertical), via female germ cells (vertical), coprophagy and regurgitation (vertical and horizontal), physical contact starting at birth (vertical and horizontal), breast-feeding (vertical), and via the environment (horizontal). Analyses of vertical transmission can result in false negatives (failure to detect rare microbes) and false positives (strain variants). In humans, offspring receive most of their initial gut microbiota vertically from mothers during birth, via breast-feeding and close contact. Horizontal transmission is common in marine organisms and involves selectivity in determining which environmental microbes can colonize the organism’s microbiome. The following arguments are put forth concerning accurate microbial transmission: First, the transmission may be of functions, not necessarily of species; second, horizontal transmission may be as accurate as vertical transmission; third, detection techniques may fail to detect rare microbes; lastly, microbiomes develop and reach maturity with their hosts. In spite of the great variation in means of transmission discussed in this paper, microbiomes and their functions are transferred from one generation of holobionts to the next with fidelity. This provides a strong basis for each holobiont to be considered a unique biological entity and a level of selection in evolution, largely maintaining the uniqueness of the entity and conserving the species from one generation to the next.

scholarly journals A foodborne norovirus outbreak in a nursing home and spread to staff and their household contacts

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Parrón ◽  
J. Álvarez ◽  
M. Jané ◽  
T. Cornejo Sánchez ◽  
E. Razquin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Gastroenteritis Outbreak ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Cleaning Staff

AbstractOn 16 March 2018, a nursing home notified a possible acute gastroenteritis outbreak that affected 11 people. Descriptive and case–control studies and analysis of clinical and environmental samples were carried out to determine the characteristics of the outbreak, its aetiology, the transmission mechanism and the causal food. The extent of the outbreak in and outside the nursing home was determined and the staff factors influencing propagation were studied by multivariate analysis. A turkey dinner on March 14 was associated with the outbreak (OR 4.22, 95% CI 1.11–16.01). Norovirus genogroups I and II were identified in stool samples. The attack rates in residents, staff and household contacts of staff were 23.49%, 46.22% and 22.87%, respectively. Care assistants and cleaning staff were the staff most frequently affected. Cohabitation with an affected care assistant was the most important factor in the occurrence of cases in the home (adjusted OR 6.37, 95% CI 1.13–36.02). Our results show that staff in close contact with residents and their household contacts had a higher risk of infection during the norovirus outbreak.

Selected methods of pain evaluation in a pediatric patient based on Emergency Response Teams

Ból ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Karolina Wodzień ◽  
Dorota Ozga
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Pediatric Patient ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Pain Evaluation ◽  
Multidimensional Evaluation ◽  
Proper Diagnosis

Pain is defined as the unpleasant sensory and emotional sensation associated with actual or potential tissue damage. In analgesic care over children carried out by emergency response teams it is important to provide analgesia adequate to the painful symptoms. Comprehensive multidimensional evaluation is a prerequisite for a proper diagnosis and effective treatment of pain. It is essential to understand the essence of pain in a child based on its appropriate evaluation.

scholarly journals Techniques of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy—Do We Need to Change Anything?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
Prakash Zacharias ◽  
Hasim Ahamed
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractNovel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread to different parts of the world and was declared a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO). Health care workers are at increased risk of contracting the disease due to their nature of work and close contact with the patients. Staff in endoscopy need to be aware of this risk due to the aerosol-generating nature of procedures and the presence of virus particles in stool samples of infected persons. The risk of asymptomatic patients spreading the disease is also a cause for concern. This article intends to provide guidance and recommendations for techniques and practice of gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy to prevent infection in endoscopy unit.

scholarly journals Investigation of a food-borne outbreak of gastroenteritis in a school canteen revealed a variant of sapovirus genogroup V not detected by standard PCR, Sollentuna, Sweden, 2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria-Pia Hergens ◽  
Joanna Nederby Öhd ◽  
Erik Alm ◽  
Helena H Askling ◽  
Sofia Helgesson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Pcr Screening ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
School Canteen ◽  
Microbiological Testing ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Specific Food

A food-borne outbreak of gastroenteritis with more than 650 suspected cases occurred in April 2016 in Sollentuna, Sweden. It originated in a school kitchen serving a total of 2,700 meals daily. Initial microbiological testing (for Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, adeno-, astro-, noro-, rota- and sapovirus) of stool samples from 15 symptomatic cases was negative, despite a clinical presentation suggestive of calicivirus. Analyses of the findings from both the Sollentuna municipality environmental team and a web-based questionnaire suggested that the source of the outbreak was the salad buffet served on 20 April, although no specific food item could be identified. Subsequent electron microscopic examination of stool samples followed by whole genome sequencing revealed a variant of sapovirus genogroup V. The virus was not detected using standard PCR screening. This paper describes the epidemiological outbreak investigation and findings leading to the discovery.

scholarly journals Unexpected Role of Rotavirus G3P[8] Infection in Causing Severe Diarrhea in a Major Tertiary Referral Hospital in the Prevaccine Era

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wassim Chehadeh
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Sequences ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Referral ◽  
Tertiary Referral Hospital ◽  
Rotavirus A ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Severe Gastroenteritis ◽  
Stool Samples

Background: Rotavirus A species is associated with severe gastroenteritis in children. Rotavirus G1P[8] was the most prevalent genotype found in Kuwait in a study conducted between 2005 and 2006. The RotaTeq vaccine was included in the Kuwait national immunization program at the end of 2017. Objectives: Since there is no available data on the rotavirus genotypes circulating before the introduction of the vaccine, we conducted a study to investigate the role of rotaviruses in causing severe diarrhea in children hospitalized in a major tertiary referral hospital in Kuwait during the year 2016. Methods: Viral RNA was isolated from the stool samples of 101 children under five years of age, hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis. Rotavirus VP4 and VP7 dsRNA were detected by RT-PCR, and their partial sequences were analyzed by phylogenic analysis. Results: Rotavirus dsRNA was detected in 24.7% of children with median age of 1 year. The genotype G3P[8] accounted for 47% of cases, followed by G1P[8] (26%), G9P[8] (10.5%), G4P[8] (10.5%), and G9P[4] (5%). Only VP7 nucleotide sequences of rotavirus G3 or G4 type clustered in the same lineage as RotaTeq vaccine, while most VP4 nucleotide sequences of rotavirus P[8] type clustered in a different lineage compared to Rotarix and RotaTeq vaccines. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the role of rotavirus G3P[8] in causing severe diarrhea and invites future investigations to know whether the recent introduction of RotaTeq vaccine in Kuwait selects certain genotypes and subgenomic lineages.

scholarly journals Use of secnidazole and homeopathy for giardiasis control in dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. e2004
Author(s):  
Patrícia Glombowsky ◽  
Gabriela Campigotto ◽  
Maiara Sulzbach-Marchiori ◽  
Jorge A. Favaretto ◽  
Gabriela Miotto-Galli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
First Record ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Homeopathic Drug ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Homeopathic Drugs

Dogs with Giardia infections have diarrhea that persists for days, even after treatment. We managed canine giardiasis using two distinct approaches: treatment with the antiprotozoan secnidazole alone; and secnidazole plus a homeopathic product that is indicated for control of diarrhea in dogs. Treatment I: Ten beagle dogs showed clinical signs of severe diarrhea. Their feces revealed large numbers of cysts consistent with Giardia sp. Therefore, we treated the dogs with secnidazole (10 mg/kg, single dose) given orally. Five days after treatment, all dogs were negative for Giardia spp. Treatment II: Three months later, the same ten Beagles again presented with diarrhea. Feces were collected, revealing Giardia sp. in all dogs. This time, we treated them with an antiprotozoan (secnidazole, 10 mg/kg dose) combined with a commercial homeopathic drug for diarrhea control (3 g dose/animal at 12 h interval). We found that three to five homeopathic doses were needed to achieve normal fecal scores in all dogs. After 5 days of treatment, stool samples had normal consistency and were negative for Giardia. This is the first record of using secnidazole to control canine giardiasis associated with homeopathic drugs to prevent diarrhea.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document