Revealing spatio-temporal patterns of rabies spread among various categories of animals in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2010-2013

This study estimated the basic reproductive ratio of rabies at the population level in wild animals (foxes), farm animals (cattle, camels, horses, sheep) and what we classified as domestic animals (cats, dogs) in the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK). It also aimed at forecasting the possible number of new outbreaks in case of emergence of the disease in new territories. We considered cases of rabies in animals in RK from 2010 to 2013, recorded by regional veterinary services. Statistically significant space-time clusters of outbreaks in three subpopulations were detected by means of Kulldorff Scan statistics. Theoretical curves were then fitted to epidemiological data within each cluster assuming exponential initial growth, which was followed up by calculation of the basic reproductive ratio R<sub>0</sub>. For farm animals, the value of R<sub>0</sub> was 1.62 (1.11-2.26) and for wild animals 1.84 (1.08- 3.13), while it was close to 1 for domestic animals. Using the values obtained, an initial phase of possible epidemic was simulated in order to predict the expected number of secondary cases if the disease were introduced into a new area. The possible number of new cases for 20 weeks was estimated at 5 (1-16) for farm animals, 17 (1-113) for wild animals and about 1 in the category of domestic animals. These results have been used to produce set of recommendations for organising of preventive and contra-epizootic measures against rabies expected to be applied by state veterinarian services.

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STUDY RESULTS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE INTENSITY IN CATTLE VACCINATED AGAINST RABIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN AND BORDER AREAS OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

VESTNIK OF THE BASHKIR STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY ◽

10.31563/1684-7628-2019-51-3-48-52 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 48-52

Author(s):

D.N. Latfullin ◽

◽

R.M. Akhmadeev ◽

N.R. Miftahov ◽

Kh.N. Makaev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preventive Measures ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Animal Group ◽

Study Results ◽

European Part Of Russia ◽

Epizootic Process ◽

Border Areas ◽

The Republic

Rabies control programs include preventive immunization of farm and domestic animals, catching stray dogs and cats, oral vaccination of wild animals, and measures to control the number of the wildlife. Rabies in ruminants is a deadlock in the rabies epizootic situation. Rabies in ruminant animals is the result of the epizootic process in wild animals of the area, even if the process is not recorded. The more than doubled decrease in the number of cattle the European part of Russia saw in recent years resulted in a decrease in cases of rabies in these animals. Vaccination forms the animal group that prevents the further spread of infection, and further reduces morbidity. The paper presents the data on the rabies epizootic situation on the territory of Tatarstan in 2018, preventive measures against the epizootic situation among domestic, wild and farm animals. Also, it presents laboratory results of blood 51 DOI: 10.31563/1684-7628-2019-51-3-48-52 Вестник БГАУ / Vestnik BSAU, 2019, № 3 serum samples in the cattle vaccinated against rabies in some areas of Tatarstan and border areas of Bashkortostan. The study results indicate that both regions take effective measures against rabies. The incidence of rabies in farm animals is minimized due to a large number of vaccinated animals, and preventive measures taken against rabies among wild animals. Revaccination of cattle is needed in a number of areas to ensure better protection of animals.

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REGIONAL FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE NOSOLOGICAL PROFILE OF INFECTIOUS ANIMAL DISEASES IN THE REPUBLIC OF BURYATIA

Innovations and Food Safety ◽

10.31677/2072-6724-2021-32-2-73-81 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 73-81

Author(s):

O. B. Badmaeva

Keyword(s):

Clinical Signs ◽

Buffer Zone ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Natural Focus ◽

Regional Features ◽

Focal Infection ◽

Natural Foci ◽

The Republic ◽

Domestic Carnivores

On the territory of the Republic of Buryatia, the epizootological profile is formed by 8 nosological forms of infectious pathology of farm animals. The dominant epizootic significance is rabies, leptospirosis, brucellosis. Rabies was registered in 8 (38.1 %) rural administrative districts of the republic and in the urban district of Ulan-Ude. In the total number of cases of rabies, the disease of farm animals occupies 48.3%, domestic carnivores-3.9, and in 47.6% of cases, epizootic foci began among wild animals. The main reservoir of the rabies virus is the wild fox: 46.2 % in the total number of cases and 97.1 % - in autochthonous epizootic foci. Leptospirosis in the conditions of Buryatia is an indigenous natural focal infection with a pronounced indicator of epizootic manifestation in the form of infection of animals without clinical signs. It is registered in 11 (52.4 %) rural administrative districts of the republic in 1.5 % of cattle and 0.6% of horses. The unfavorable situation with bovine brucellosis persisted from 2009 to 2018, 26 unfavorable points were registered. In the Jida district, 5 km from the state border with Mongolia, brucellosis was first registered in a dog. In this area, the corridor of migration of wild animals across the border passes, which confirms the assumption of the existence of natural foci of brucellosis in the transboundary territories of Russia and Mongolia and the introduction of the pathogen from the natural focus to the territory of the buffer zone farms.

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Mycotoxins and health risks

Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie ◽

10.4102/satnt.v5i3.991 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 154-156

Author(s):

P. G. Thiel

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Immune System ◽

Health Risks ◽

Chronic Exposure ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Domestic Animals ◽

Agricultural Products ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Fungal Contamination ◽

Experimental Animals

Fungal contamination of agricultural products can prove to be harmful to humans and domestic animals as these fungi produce a variety of mycotoxins which can eventually occur in food. Acute intoxications with mycotoxins occur regularly in farm animals but, fortunately, are infrequently observed in humans. However, the chronic exposure of humans to mycotoxins occurs regularly. Such exposures are potentially teratogenic and carcmogenic and can suppress the immune system. It is presently impossible to establish safe levels of exposure for most mycotoxins due to scanty epidemiological data and insufficient observations on experimental animals. With respect to aflatoxin all available data point to a real health risk. Risk analysis based on epidemiological observations shows that the liver-cancer risk for individuals in South Africa is potentially increased by continued exposure to the present legally permitted level of aflatoxin in food.

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Animals in the legal culture of Prussian towns (the 13th–16th centuries): An overview

Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza ◽

10.26881/sds.2019.23.08 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 171-182

Author(s):

Paweł Mateusz Modrzyński

Keyword(s):

Human Life ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Legal Culture ◽

Domestic Animals ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Animal Waste ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Household Appliances

Animals were a permanent element in the landscape of medieval towns. Many residents of the then urban centres lived of animal husbandry. In addition to farm animals (e.g. pigs), they kept domestic animals (e.g. dogs and cats) as well as wild animals. The latter often sought food in garbage and suburbs. Such animals were also kept for entertainment. Authorities of Prussian towns regulated many issues related to the functioning of towns, including those concerning animal husbandry. Animals could pose a threat to the health and life of residents. They were also considered to be pests that destroy crops, orchards, and household appliances. The legislation of the period was focused on determining guilt for crimes and offenses committed by animals. Either an animal, treated as an entity responsible for the harmful act, or its owner was blamed for the misconducts. The presence of animals, especially livestock, was considered to be the cause of considerable sanitary problems in towns, mainly due to animal waste. Town authorities regulated issues concerning cattle herding and grazing. The care over the herd was entrusted to urban shepherds whose service was regulated by town legislation. The problem of the perception of animals by the society of that time was also significant. Although seemingly unwanted, they were the only source of income for many residents. For some, animals were pests, and for others, a guarantee of fragile existence. It was also a time when people began to wonder what exactly an animal is, what role it should play in human life, and how to treat it.

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Zoning the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan as to the risk of rabies among various categories of animals

Geospatial health ◽

10.4081/gh.2016.429 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sarsenbay K. Abdrakhmanov ◽

Akhmetzhan A. Sultanov ◽

Kanatzhan K. Beisembayev ◽

Fedor I. Korennoy ◽

Dosym B. Кushubaev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Area Under The Curve ◽

Predictive Ability ◽

Domestic Animals ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

National Database ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Presence Data ◽

The Republic ◽

Farm Livestock

This paper presents the zoning of the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan with respect to the risk of rabies outbreaks in domestic and wild animals considering environmental and climatic conditions. The national database of rabies outbreaks in Kazakhstan in the period 2003-2014 has been accessed in order to find which zones are consistently most exposed to the risk of rabies in animals. The database contains information on the cases in demes of farm livestock, domestic animals and wild animals. To identify the areas with the highest risk of outbreaks, we applied the maximum entropy modelling method. Designated outbreaks were used as input presence data, while the bioclim set of ecological and climatic variables, together with some geographic factors, were used as explanatory variables. The model demonstrated a high predictive ability. The area under the curve for farm livestock was 0.782, for domestic animals -0.859 and for wild animals - 0.809. Based on the model, the map of integral risk was designed by following four categories: negligible risk (disease-free or favourable zone), low risk (surveillance zone), medium risk (vaccination zone), and high risk (unfavourable zone). The map was produced to allow developing a set of preventive measures and is expected to contribute to a better distribution of supervisory efforts from the veterinary service of the country.

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Analysis of intensive anthrax indicators among domestic animals in Yakutia

Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science ◽

10.26898/0370-8799-2020-3-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 75-82

Author(s):

G. T. Dyagilev

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rate ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Domestic Animals ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Reindeer Husbandry ◽

Subsequent Decrease ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Annual Reporting ◽

Epizootic Process ◽

The Republic

The paper presents the results of the study and analysis of the epizootic process of anthrax among domestic animals in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) from 1853 to 2020. The following indicators of the epizootic process were used in the analysis: incidence rate, mortality and lethality. The object of the study comprised written reports of veterinarians of Yakutsk region to the governor about outbreaks of anthrax among domestic animals and people, quarterly and annual reporting data on the incidence rate and mortality of domestic animals, as well as statistical data on the number of farm animals in the specified period. The highest intensive manifestation of the epizootic process in cattle and horses during the study period was noted in the period until the 40s of the XX century. From the mid-forties, incidence and mortality rates were dynamically declining. The epizootic process of reindeer was characterized by an increase until the end of the 40s (1949), whereas from the 50s to the end of the 70s there was a decrease in the incidence and mortality rates. From 1980 to 1986, another increase in the epizootic process was recorded in the reindeer husbandry, followed by a decrease. Lethality of cattle ranging from 5 to 70% occurred in the period of 1946-1976, horses – in 1945-1993, deer – in 1949-1993. In other adverse years, starting from the official registration of anthrax to the mid-40s (1944-1946), it reached 100%. Overall, intensive manifestation of the epizootic process of anthrax dynamically decreased in the second half of the study period, with the exception of reindeer, in which it increased in 1980–1986 with a subsequent decrease.

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MONITORING OF THE EPIZOOTIC SITUATION AND RABIES VACCINATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

VESTNIK OF THE BASHKIR STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY ◽

10.31563/1684-7628-2020-55-3-64-68 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 64-68

Author(s):

N.R. Miftakhov ◽

◽

R.M. Akhmadeev ◽

Sh.M. Nasyrov ◽

I.I. Samerkhanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preventive Measures ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Management Measures ◽

Rabies Control ◽

High Incidence ◽

High Incidence Rate ◽

The Republic ◽

Almost All ◽

Rabies Vaccination

Currently, the rabies situation remains grave in the Russian federation. Almost all country regions face the activation of natural rabies foci. The number of disease cases among wild carnivores is growing, and domestic and farm animals are getting infected. Insufficient anti-rabies vaccination of animals and poor vaccine effectiveness control are the reasons behind the high incidence rate. Rabies control involves preventive immunization of farm and domestic animals, catching stray dogs and cats, oral vaccination of wild animals, and wildlife management measures. The paper describes the epizootic situation of rabies in the Republic of Tatarstan from 2010 to 2020. The study revealed a correlation be-tween incidence cases with preventive measures. The obtained data indicate that since 2016, rabies' epizootic situation has dramatically changed for the better in the Republic of Tatarstan. The change is due to timely quarantine and veterinary preventive measures. The incidence of rabies among farm animals has been minimized. Also, as the number of vaccinated livestock and domestic (cats and dogs) animals, as well as wild animals, increased 2,9 fold over the past years, the Republic of Tatarstan has managed to reach a significant immunisation level, thus preventing the spread of the disease and reducing the incidence of rabies.

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АНАЛИЗ ЭПИЗООТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ СИТУАЦИИ ПО БЕШЕНСТВУ

VESTNIK RIAZANSKOGO GOSUDARSTVENNOGO AGROTEHNOLOGICHESKOGO UNIVERSITETA IM. P.A. KOSTYCHEVA ◽

10.36508/rsatu.2019.43.41336 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 49-54

Author(s):

L. Pilip ◽

O. Byakova

Keyword(s):

Viral Disease ◽

Oral Immunization ◽

Komi Republic ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Domestic Cats ◽

Wild Carnivores ◽

The Republic ◽

Raccoon Dogs ◽

Nizhny Novgorod Region

Rabies is a particularly dangerous deadly viral disease. The disease is transmitted through bites and saliva of domestic and wild carnivores. At risk is a person. On the territory of the Kirov region, the disease has been registered since 1991. The increase in the frequency of registering cases of rabies has been observed since 2013. The presence of foci in the neighboring regions of the Kirov region contributes to the unfavorable situation. For 2018, the Komi Republic and the Vologda Region are prosperous adjacent to the region. An increase in the number of cases of rabies was noted in the Republic of Tatarstan and the Nizhny Novgorod region. Most often rabies is recorded in wild animals (foxes, raccoon dogs), but cases of rabies in domestic (cats, dogs) and agricultural (cow, goat) animals are detected every year. For epizootic wellbeing, it is necessary to conduct routine vaccinations to ensure the protection of the person. The number of vaccinated domestic and farm animals increases annually. Compulsory vaccinations are cattle and small cattle, horses, pigs, dogs and cats. For wild animals, a vaccine for oral immunization of wild carnivorous animals against rabies is used, which is spread out three times a year. Before immunization, the number of wild carnivores is regulated to ensure their removal to 70. Key words: rabies, Kirov region, bite, dogs, foxes, raccoon dog, vaccination, natural focal disease.Бешенство, являясь особо опасным смертельным вирусным заболеванием, передается через укусы и слюну домашних и диких плотоядных животных. В группе риска находится человек. На территории РФ в 2018 году отмечено увеличение количества случаев бешенства в 1,24 раза по сравнению с 2017 годом. На территории Кировской области заболевание регистрируется с 1991 года. Увеличение частоты регистрации случаев бешенства наблюдается с 2013 года. В 2018 году произошло уменьшение числа зарегистрированных случаев в 4,33 и 4,47 раза по сравнению с 2017 и 2016 годами соответственно. В 2019 году в КО зарегистрированы бешенство у коровы, лисицы, собаки. Способствует стабильно неблагополучной ситуации наличие очагов в соседних с Кировской областью регионах и миграция диких животных. На 2018 год благополучными соседними с областью являются республика Коми и Вологодская область. Рост количества случаев бешенства отмечен в Республике Татарстан и Нижегородской области. Наиболее часто бешенство регистрируется у диких животных от 77 до 87 (лисы, енотовидные собаки), однако ежегодно выявляются случаи бешенства у домашних (кошки, собаки) и сельскохозяйственных (корова, коза) животных от 12 до 23. Для эпизоотического благополучия проводятся плановые вакцинации животных. В 2018 году в КО отмечено снижение количества провакцинированных домашних и сельскохозяйственных животных в 1,1 раза. Обязательной вакцинации подвергаются крупный и мелкий рогатый скот, лошади, свиньи, собаки и кошки. Для диких животных используется вакцина против бешенства для оральной иммунизации диких плотоядных животных, раскладываемая трижды в год. Перед иммунизацией проводится регулирование численности диких плотоядных с обеспечением их изъятия до 70. В период с 20122017 гг. в РФ из числа погибших от бешенства людей 70 не обращались за антирабической помощью, а 10 прервали антирабическое лечение. Последний официальный случай заболевания бешенством у человека в Кировской области был зарегистрирован в мае 1996 года.

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Preliminary Evidence of Rickettsia slovaca and Rickettsia conorii Infection in the Sera of Sheep, Dogs and Deer from an Area of Northern Spain

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10070836 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 836

Author(s):

Lourdes Lledó ◽

Consuelo Giménez-Pardo

Keyword(s):

Domestic Animals ◽

Preliminary Evidence ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Rickettsia Conorii ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Limited Information ◽

Northern Spain ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Rickettsia Slovaca ◽

In The Wild

Limited information is available on the presence of rickettsial infection in animal reservoirs in Spain. Antibodies against Rickettsia slovaca and Rickettsia conorii were therefore sought in the sera of farm, domestic and wild animals (n = 223 samples) in an area of northern Spain. Indirect immunofluorescence assays showed: (A) 17/120 and 16/120 (14.2% and 13.3%) of serum samples from sheep (farm animals) reacted with R. slovaca and R. conorii antigens, respectively; (B) 10/73 and 10/73 (13.7% and 13.7%) of samples from dogs (domestic animals) did the same; (C) as did 22/30 and 20/30 (73.3% and 66.6%) of samples from deer (wild animals) (overall titre range: 1/40 to 1/1280). The prevalence of both types of infection was significantly greater in the wild animals than either the farm or domestic animals. The largest titres were recorded for R. slovaca in all three groups.

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ANALYTICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GASTRIC CANCER IN THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA AND ITS CONFORMITY WITH ALL-RUSSIAN TRENDS

Problems in oncology ◽

10.37469/0507-3758-2018-64-5-592-601 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 (5) ◽

pp. 592-601

Author(s):

Viktor Oleksenko ◽

Kazim Aliev ◽

I. Akinshevich ◽

Ye. Chirva

Keyword(s):

Gastric Cancer ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Similar Data ◽

Results Of Treatment ◽

Mortality Index ◽

World Standard ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Republic ◽

National Trends

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumor, both world-wide and in the Russian Federation (RF), possessing one of the highest mortality rates. The aim of current research was to analyze the main epidemiological data, the rates reflecting the diagnostics and results of treatment of GC patients in the Republic of Crimea (RC) and to compare with national trends. Using the extensive, intensive, standardized rates, estimated by world standard method, structural analysis of the epidemiology of GC in RC for the period from 2007 to 2016 was carried out. The obtained results made it possible to compare these data with the main GC rates in RF. Results of the study. The incidence of GC in RC decreased during 10 years, for men - 16,42 (4th place), for women - 6,68 (9th place) per 100 000 of the population. By 2021 a further decline in morbidity in men is expected to be 30,27% and a possible increase in the female incidence rate - by 17,54%. The average age of GC patients in RC was 66,5 years. Index accuracy was 0,75, which testified to satisfactory conditions of specialized treatment for this tumor. Mortality from GC at the 1st year of life in RC was higher than in RF - 56,0%, which was due to low active diagnostics - 3,6% and accordingly a high proportion of GC patients of IV stage - 43,3%. Ratio index in RC for 10 years was higher than in RF and increased from 3,5 to 4,4; prevalence rate of GC in RC was lower - 84,1 per 100 000 of the population in comparison with RF, GC mortality index - 15,3 per 100 000 of the population that was lower than in RF. The proportion of patients who have been observed for 5 years or more in RC was 57,3% that was more than in RF. Conclusions. The rates reflecting early diagnostics of GC in RC are worse than all-Russian ones, which makes it necessary to develop medical examination program for the population of RC for this malignancy. The growth of ratio index, the lower mortality rates and the greater proportion of people who have been observed for 5 years or more indicates the best results of treatment of patients with GC in RC compared with similar data in RF.

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