scholarly journals Navigating the complexity of the therapeutic and clinical use of photography in psychosocial settings: a review of the literature

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Saita ◽  
Martina Tramontano
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Art Therapy ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Community Settings ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Recent Increase ◽  
Intervention Modality

In contrast with the recent increase in the use of photography as a therapeutic tool in psychological settings, lack of clarity exists regarding this intervention modality. While the distinction among Photo Therapy, Therapeutic Photography, and Photo Art Therapy is theoretically established we examined whether this classification is confirmed also in practice. Electronic databases (PsychINFO, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Social Sciences Abstracts-EBSCO) were systematically searched for studies published in the last fifteen years utilizing photographic techniques as the elective method of intervention. A total of 124 articles were identified, of which 21 met the inclusion criteria. Results indicate that photography has been used in health, clinical, social, and community settings. Photovoice, Photographic Self-Portrait, and Photo Presentation are the methods most commonly implemented. Several contributions could be placed in more than one of the above-mentioned models of intervention; suggesting that the criteria to assign articles to each model are difficult to apply when the models are put into practice.

Intimate Partner Violence and Help-Seeking

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solveig Lelaurain ◽  
Pierluigi Graziani ◽  
Grégory Lo Monaco
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Social Concern ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Inhibiting Factors ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global social concern: many women are affected by this phenomenon and by the difficulty of putting an end to it. This review of the literature aims to identify help-seeking facilitating and inhibiting factors in response to IPV. It was carried out on the PsycINFO and Medline databases using the following keywords: “intimate partner violence,” “domestic violence,” “help-seeking,” and “help-seeking barrier.” Ninety out of 771 eligible publications were included on the basis of inclusion criteria. The results highlight that (1) research on this phenomenon is very recent and underdeveloped in Europe, (2) theoretical and conceptual frameworks are poorly developed and extended, (3) there is a significant impact of violence characteristics (e.g., severity, type) on help-seeking, and (4) help-seeking is a complex and multifactorial process influenced by a wide range of factors simultaneously individual and social. To conclude, these findings lead us to propose a psychosocial conceptualization of the help-seeking process by indicating how the levels of explanation approach in social psychology can be applied to this field of research in order to increase our understanding of this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Netiquette: Ethic, Education, and Behavior on Internet—A Systematic Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1212
Author(s):  
Rebeca Soler-Costa ◽  
Pablo Lafarga-Ostáriz ◽  
Marta Mauri-Medrano ◽  
Antonio-José Moreno-Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Cyber Bullying ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
And Behavior

In this article, an analysis of the existing literature is carried out. It focused on the netiquette (country, date, objectives, methodological design, main variables, sample details, and measurement methods) included in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. This systematic review of the literature has been developed entirely according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA). The initial search yielded 53 results, of which 18 exceeded the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in detail. These results show that this is a poorly defined line of research, both in theory and in practice. There is a need to update the theoretical framework and an analysis of the empirical proposals, whose samples are supported by students or similar. Knowing, understanding, and analyzing netiquette is a necessity in a society in which information and communication technologies (ICT) have changed the way of socializing and communicating. A new reality in which there is cyber-bullying, digital scams, fake news, and haters on social networks.

scholarly journals Failed Latarjet procedure: a systematic review of surgery revision options

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Buda ◽  
Riccardo D’Ambrosi ◽  
Enrico Bellato ◽  
Davide Blonna ◽  
Alessandro Cappellari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Latarjet Procedure ◽  
Shoulder Stabilization ◽  
Recurrent Instability ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Radiographic Outcomes

Abstract Background Revision surgery after the Latarjet procedure is a rare and challenging surgical problem, and various bony or capsular procedures have been proposed. This systematic review examines clinical and radiographic outcomes of different procedures for treating persistent pain or recurrent instability after a Latarjet procedure. Methods A systematic review of the literature was performed using the Medline, Cochrane, EMBASE, Google Scholar and Ovid databases with the combined keywords “failed”, “failure”, “revision”, “Latarjet”, “shoulder stabilization” and “shoulder instability” to identify articles published in English that deal with failed Latarjet procedures. Results A total of 11 studies (five retrospective and six case series investigations), all published between 2008 and 2020, fulfilled our inclusion criteria. For the study, 253 patients (254 shoulders, 79.8% male) with a mean age of 29.6 years (range: 16–54 years) were reviewed at an average follow-up of 51.5 months (range: 24–208 months). Conclusions Eden–Hybinette and arthroscopic capsuloplasty are the most popular and safe procedures to treat recurrent instability after a failed Latarjet procedure, and yield reasonable clinical outcomes. A bone graft procedure and capsuloplasty were proposed but there was no clear consensus on their efficacy and indication. Level of evidence Level IV Trial registration PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020185090—www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/

A Model of Entrepreneurial Capability Based on a Holistic Review of the Literature from Three Academic Domains

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 429-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Holistic Review ◽  
The Social ◽  
Single List ◽  
Serial Entrepreneurs ◽  
Entrepreneurial Capital

While there has been a noted variation in the ‘species’ of entrepreneur so that no single list of traits, characteristics or attributes is definitive, it is posited that to be an entrepreneur a certain amount of entrepreneurial capability is required. ‘Entrepreneurial capability’ is a concept developed to place some form of identity on the attributes that are needed to pursue an entrepreneurial career. The concept of entrepreneurial capability is linked to that of entrepreneurial capital, previously discussed by Erikson (2002) and Firkin (2003), but it provides greater depth and offers wider applicability. After reviewing the literature from the fields of economics, politics and the social sciences, the author proposes an ‘equation’ and a model for the factors that act as building blocks for an individual's entrepreneurial capability, which can be applied to nascent as well as experienced and serial entrepreneurs.

scholarly journals Fluorescence Image-Guided Surgery for Thyroid Cancer: Utility for Preventing Hypoparathyroidism

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3792
Author(s):  
Marco Stefano Demarchi ◽  
Barbara Seeliger ◽  
Jean-Christophe Lifante ◽  
Pier Francesco Alesina ◽  
Frédéric Triponez
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Fluorescence Imaging ◽  
Thyroid Surgery ◽  
Parathyroid Glands ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Fluorescence Image ◽  
Guided Surgery ◽  
Fluorescence Guided Surgery

Background: Hypoparathyroidism is one of the most frequent complications of thyroid surgery, especially when associated with lymph node dissection in cases of thyroid cancer. Fluorescence-guided surgery is an emerging tool that appears to help reduce the rate of this complication. The present review aims to highlight the utility of fluorescence imaging in preserving parathyroid glands during thyroid cancer surgery. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature according to PRISMA guidelines to identify published studies on fluorescence-guided thyroid surgery with a particular focus on thyroid cancer. Articles were selected and analyzed per indication and type of surgery, autofluorescence or exogenous dye usage, and outcomes. The Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) was used to assess the methodological quality of the included articles. Results: Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria, with three studies exclusively assessing patients with thyroid cancer. The remaining studies assessed mixed cohorts with thyroid cancer and other thyroid or parathyroid diseases. The majority of the papers support the potential benefit of fluorescence imaging in preserving parathyroid glands in thyroid surgery. Conclusions: Fluorescence-guided surgery is useful in the prevention of post-thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism via enhanced early identification, visualization, and preservation of the parathyroid glands. These aspects are notably beneficial in cases of associated lymphadenectomy for thyroid cancer.

scholarly journals Sinus Floor Augmentation—Associated Surgical Ciliated Cysts: Case Series and a Systematic Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1903
Author(s):  
Adrian Kahn ◽  
Shlomo Matalon ◽  
Rahaf Bassam Salem ◽  
Lazar Kats ◽  
Liat Chaushu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Systematic Literature Search ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Sinus Floor Augmentation ◽  
Sinus Floor

This study aimed to characterize the demographic and clinical features of underreported surgical ciliated cysts developing after sinus floor augmentation, based on a series of cases from our files and a systematic review of the literature. A series of five cases (four patients) of microscopically confirmed surgical ciliated cysts following sinus floor augmentation procedures from our files are described. A systematic literature search (1991–2020) with strict clinical-, radiological- and microscopic-based exclusion and inclusion criteria was performed to detect additional similar cases. The systematic review revealed only five cases that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Altogether, surgical ciliated cysts associated with sinus floor augmentation have been rarely reported in the literature, and have not been characterized either demographically or clinically. Graft materials were diverse, implants were placed simultaneously, or up to two years post-augmentation. The associated surgical ciliated cysts developed between 0.5 and 10 years post-augmentation. Although limited in its extent, this study is the first series to characterize possible underreported sequelae of surgical ciliated cysts associated with sinus floor augmentation. It emphasizes the need for long post-operative follow-up and confirmation of lesion by microscopic examination.

A Review of the Processes By Which School Psychologists and Counsellors Can Use Taxonomies to Evaluate Health-Related Apps

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Ostojic ◽  
Jasmine Chung ◽  
Michael DiMattia ◽  
Brett Furlonger ◽  
Margherita Busacca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
School Psychologists ◽  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Change Strategies ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
School Students ◽  
Behaviour Change Technique ◽  
Change Technique ◽  
Health Related

School students are increasingly using apps for health-related purposes, either on their own or when recommended by psychologists or counsellors, as apps offer a way to assist students to change their behaviour. However, there is a growing need for psychologists and counsellors to be able to evaluate the quality and usefulness of such apps to effect behaviour change. This study was therefore undertaken to identify methods by which school psychologists and counsellors could evaluate health-related apps for clinical use or research purposes. After examining 15 studies of apps that met the inclusion criteria, it was clear that researchers used a number of taxonomies to evaluate the apps. There were seven taxonomies identified, of which five were generalisable to all health conditions, with the behaviour change technique (BCT) taxonomy being the most comprehensive, containing 13 key behaviour strategies. Despite the utility of the taxonomies to identify the amount of behaviour change content within the apps, it was difficult to determine how the behaviour change strategies were measured, thus reducing the ability to predict app effectiveness. Approaches to improving methods by which apps can be developed and evaluated are proposed.

scholarly journals Psychometric Properties of Self-Report Concussion Scales and Checklists

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara C. Valovich McLeod ◽  
Candace Leach
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Symptom Checklist ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Symptom Scale ◽  
Symptom Inventory

Reference/Citation: Alla S, Sullivan SJ, Hale L, McCrory P. Self-report scales/checklists for the measurement of concussion symptoms: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43 (suppl 1):i3–i12. Clinical Question: Which self-report symptom scales or checklists are psychometrically sound for clinical use to assess sport-related concussion? Data Sources: Articles available in full text, published from the establishment of each database through December 2008, were identified from PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, and AMED. Search terms included brain concussion, signs or symptoms, and athletic injuries, in combination with the AND Boolean operator, and were limited to studies published in English. The authors also hand searched the reference lists of retrieved articles. Additional searches of books, conference proceedings, theses, and Web sites of commercial scales were done to provide additional information about the psychometric properties and development for those scales when needed in articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Study Selection: Articles were included if they identified all the items on the scale and the article was either an original research report describing the use of scales in the evaluation of concussion symptoms or a review article that discussed the use or development of concussion symptom scales. Only articles published in English and available in full text were included. Data Extraction: From each study, the following information was extracted by the primary author using a standardized protocol: study design, publication year, participant characteristics, reliability of the scale, and details of the scale or checklist, including name, number of items, time of measurement, format, mode of report, data analysis, scoring, and psychometric properties. A quality assessment of included studies was done using 16 items from the Downs and Black checklist1 and assessed reporting, internal validity, and external validity. Main Results: The initial database search identified 421 articles. After 131 duplicate articles were removed, 290 articles remained and were added to 17 articles found during the hand search, for a total of 307 articles; of those, 295 were available in full text. Sixty articles met the inclusion criteria and were used in the systematic review. The quality of the included studies ranged from 9 to 15 points out of a maximum quality score of 17. The included articles were published between 1995 and 2008 and included a collective total of 5864 concussed athletes and 5032 nonconcussed controls, most of whom participated in American football. The majority of the studies were descriptive studies monitoring the resolution of concussive self-report symptoms compared with either a preseason baseline or healthy control group, with a smaller number of studies (n = 8) investigating the development of a scale. The authors initially identified 20 scales that were used among the 60 included articles. Further review revealed that 14 scales were variations of the Pittsburgh Steelers postconcussion scale (the Post-Concussion Scale, Post-Concussion Scale: Revised, Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT, Post-Concussion Symptom Scale: Vienna, Graded Symptom Checklist [GSC], Head Injury Scale, McGill ACE Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale, and CogState Sport Symptom Checklist), narrowing down to 6 core scales, which the authors discussed further. The 6 core scales were the Pittsburgh Steelers Post-Concussion Scale (17 items), Post-Concussion Symptom Assessment Questionnaire (10 items), Concussion Resolution Index postconcussion questionnaire (15 items), Signs and Symptoms Checklist (34 items), Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) postconcussion symptom scale (25 items), and Concussion Symptom Inventory (12 items). Each of the 6 core scales includes symptoms associated with sport-related concussion; however, the number of items on each scale varied. A 7-point Likert scale was used on most scales, with a smaller number using a dichotomous (yes/no) classification. Only 7 of the 20 scales had published psychometric properties, and only 1 scale, the Concussion Symptom Inventory, was empirically driven (Rasch analysis), with development of the scale occurring before its clinical use. Internal consistency (Cronbach α) was reported for the Post-Concussion Scale (.87), Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 22-item (.88–.94), Head Injury Scale 9-item (.78), and Head Injury Scale 16-item (.84). Test-retest reliability has been reported only for the Post-Concussion Scale (Spearman r = .55) and the Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 21-item (Pearson r = .65). With respect to validity, the SCAT postconcussion scale has demonstrated face and content validity, the Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 22-item and Head Injury Scale 9-item have reported construct validity, and the Head Injury Scale 9-item and 16-item have published factorial validity. Sensitivity and specificity have been reported only with the GSC (0.89 and 1.0, respectively) and the Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 21-item when combined with the neurocognitive component of ImPACT (0.819 and 0.849, respectively). Meaningful change scores were reported for the Post-Concussion Scale (14.8 points), Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 22-item (6.8 points), and Post-Concussion Scale: ImPACT 21-item (standard error of the difference = 7.17; 80% confidence interval = 9.18). Conclusions: Numerous scales exist for measuring the number and severity of concussion-related symptoms, with most evolving from the neuropsychology literature pertaining to head-injured populations. However, very few of these were created in a systematic manner that follows scale development processes and have published psychometric properties. Clinicians need to understand these limitations when choosing and using a symptom scale for inclusion in a concussion assessment battery. Future authors should assess the underlying constructs and measurement properties of currently available scales and use the ever-increasing prospective data pools of concussed athlete information to develop scales following appropriate, systematic processes.

scholarly journals Regreso a la presencialidad en el sector educación posterior al confinamiento, ¿es seguro volver? Una revisión sistemática rápida de la literatura Returning to Presence in the Post-Confinement Education Sector, Is It Safe to Return? A Rapid Systematic Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieta Gómez Montero ◽  
Gabriela Gómez Gómez1 ◽  
Luisa López-Sarasty ◽  
Valentina Moncada Cortes ◽  
Francisco Palencia-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Virtual Education ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Revisión Sistemática ◽  
Social Abilities

Objective: The purpose of this review is to collect and synthesize the information available about the strategies and recommendations established around the world, to guarantee the reopening of educational institutions, in a safe manner, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, it seeks to propose evidence-based recommendations, which allow the safe reopening of educational institutions in Colombia. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was carried out in databases such as Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, as well as research in grey literature, social media, Google, and Google Scholar. In order to do this, a search equation was proposed, and subsequently, 19 articles were chosen, which met the determined inclusion criteria. Results: According to the analyzed literature, the recommendations come to light in order to guarantee a safe return. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic, has caused an impact in all spheres of society, being the education, one of the most affected, because it has had a negative impact on the development of cognitive and social abilities, in particular, in the new generations, as a result of social distancing and the change of modality to remote and/or virtual education. For this reason, it is considered a priority the reopening educational institutions, in a safe manner, considering the evidence-based recommendations.

scholarly journals Economia solidária, saúde mental e inclusão: uma revisão de literatura / Solidarity economy, mental health and inclusion: a literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 674-687
Author(s):  
Ioneide De Oliveira Campos ◽  
Rafael Moraes Reis
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Solidarity Economy ◽  
Collective Work ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Salud Mental

A Economia Solidária é uma alternativa para inserção laboral de pessoas com transtornos mentais. Realizou-se uma revisão da literatura, com o propósito de conhecer o que tem sido publicado sobre Economia Solidária, inclusão e Saúde Mental, quais os objetivos e métodos de pesquisa, quem são os profissionais e populações-alvo e quais os resultados obtidos nos estudos. Foram considerados os seguintes critérios para a realização desse estudo: a importância da temática para o contexto da Saúde Mental e a identificação de pesquisas e relatos de experiência que informassem práticas em Saúde Mental e Economia Solidária. A revisão foi realizada nas bases: Web of Science, DOAJ, PubMed, SciElo e LILACS, sem restrições de ano. Os descritores utilizados foram “economia solidária”, “saúde mental” e “inclusão”. Vinte e nove (n=29) artigos foram encontrados e, após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, dez foram analisados na íntegra. Trinta e quatro (n=34) profissionais estiveram envolvidos nas pesquisas, sendo a Terapia Ocupacional, Enfermagem e Psicologia, as profissões que apareceram mais frequentemente.  Todos os estudos encontrados eram qualitativos e foram conduzidos no Brasil. A entrevista foi o método mais adotado. Os resultados dos estudos sinalizaram ganhos para aspectos intrínsecos dos usuários no que se refere a autogestão, expressão, empoderamento, e também extrínsecos, como a questão familiar e do trabalho coletivo. A revisão agregou conhecimento que permitem refletir sobre a importância da interdisciplinaridade, do trabalho colaborativo em rede, e sobre a necessidade de documentação das experiências em Economia Solidária no país. AbstractThe Solidarity Economy is an alternative for the labour inclusion of people with mental health. A review of the literature was conducted in order to know what has been published on the issue of Solidarity Economy, Inclusion and Mental Health, what are the objectives and research methods, who are the professionals and populations’ target, and the results identified in the research. We considered the following criteria: the importance of the issue in the mental health context and identification of studies and case reports which informed practice in Mental Health and Solidarity Economy. The search was done at the databases: Web of Science, DOAJ, PubMed, Scielo and LILACS, with no year restrictions. The descriptors used were "solidarity economy", "mental health" and "inclusion". Twenty-nine (n=29) were found and after the inclusion criteria filter, ten articles were analysed. Thirty-four (n=34) professionals were involved in the studies and the most were Occupational Therapy, Nursing and Psychology. All the studies found used qualitative approaches and were conducted in Brazil. The interview was the most adopted method for data collection. The results indicate outcomes for users' intrinsic aspects such as self-management, expression, empowerment, and also extrinsic, such as family and collective work. The review added knowledge to reflect about the interdisciplinary and collaborative network, and also on the documentation of experiences in Solidarity Economy in the country.Keywords: Mental health; Solidarity economy; Public policies; Inclusion; Research.ResumenLa Economía Solidaria es una alternativa para la inserción laboral de personas con trastornos mentales. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura, con el fin de conocer qué se ha publicado sobre Economía Solidaria, inclusión y Salud Mental, cuáles son los objetivos y métodos de investigación, quiénes son los profesionales y las poblaciones objetivo y cuáles son los resultados obtenidos. Se consideraron los siguientes criterios para realizar este estudio: la importancia del tema para el contexto de la salud mental y la identificación de informes de investigación y experiencia que informarían las prácticas con la Salud Mental y la Economía Solidaria. La revisión se realizó en las bases de datos: Web of Science, DOAJ, PubMed, Scielo y LILACS, sin restricciones de año. Los descriptores utilizados fueron "economía solidaria", "salud mental" e "inclusión". Veintinueve (n = 29) artículos fueron encontrados y, después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión, diez fueron analizados en su totalidad. Treinta y cuatro (n = 34) profesionales participaron en las investigaciones, siendo la Terapia Ocupacional, Enfermería y Psicología las profesiones que aparecieron con más frecuencia. Todos los estudios encontrados fueron cualitativos y se realizaron en Brasil. La entrevista fue el método más adoptado. Los resultados de los estudios señalaron ganancias para los aspectos intrínsecos de los usuarios, como la autogestión, la expresión, el empoderamiento y también los aspectos extrínsecos, como el tema del trabajo familiar y colectivo. La revisión agregó conocimiento que nos permite reflexionar sobre la importancia de la interdisciplinariedad, así como el trabajo en red colaborativo, y sobre la necesidad de documentar experiencias en Economía Solidaria en el país.Palabras clave: Salud mental; Economía solidaria; Políticas públicas; Inclusión; Investigación.      

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