scholarly journals The association between running injuries and training parameters: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anny Fredette ◽  
Jean-Sébastien Roy ◽  
Kadija Perreault ◽  
Frédérique Dupuis ◽  
Christopher Napier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Extraction ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Prospective Data ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Running Injuries ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
And Training ◽  
Frequency Intensity

ABSTRACT Objective: To synthesise the current evidence on the incidence of running-related injuries (RRI) and their association with training parameters (distance, duration, frequency, intensity), as well as recent changes in training parameters. Data sources: Searches were conducted in Medline/Ovid, CINAHL, Embase and SportDiscus up to July 7, 2020. Study selection: Included articles had to report prospective data on RRIs and training parameters, or any changes in parameters, and be published in English or French. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts and full-texts. Data extraction: Data extraction and quality assessment (QualSyst) were performed by two independent raters. Data synthesis: Thirty-six articles totaling 23,047 runners were included. Overall, 6,043 runners (26.2%) sustained an RRI (incidence range: 8.8% to 91.3%). The incidence of RRI was 14.9% in novice runners (range: 9.4 to 94.9%), 26.1% in recreational runners (range: 17.9 to 79.3%) and 62.6% in competitive runners (range: 52.6 to 91.3%). The three most frequently injured body parts were the knee (25.8%), foot/ankle (24.4%) and lower leg (24.4%). Overall, there was conflicting evidence about the association between weekly running distance, duration, frequency, intensity or specific changes in training parameters and the onset of RRIs. Conclusions: Despite high rates of RRIs, current evidence does not consistently link RRIs with specific training parameters or recent changes in training parameters. Therefore, caution should be taken when recommending optimal parameters or progressions. Given the multifactorial nature of RRIs, future studies also need to consider the interaction between training parameters, as well as psychosocial, hormonal, lifestyle and recovery outcomes to better understand the onset of RRIs.

Managing Diabetes and Preventing Heart Disease: Have We Found a Safe and Effective Agent?

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 510-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy W. M. Cheng ◽  
Vincent J. Colucci ◽  
James S. Kalus ◽  
Sarah A. Spinler
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Microvascular Complications ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Cv Disease ◽  
Peripheral Arterial ◽  
Double Blinded

Objective: While improving glycemic control with antihyperglycemics has been demonstrated to reduce microvascular complications, the benefits of reduction in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have not been demonstrated with older agents. This article reviews current evidence of the CV outcomes of newer antihyperglycemics approved since 2008. Data Sources: Peer-reviewed articles were identified from MEDLINE (1966 to October 31, 2018) using search terms exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, alogliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), and stroke. Study Selection and Data Extraction: A total of 12 pertinent double-blinded randomized controlled trials were included. Data Synthesis: Liraglutide, empagliflozin, and canagliflozin have been shown in patients with CV diseases and high risk of developing CV disease to be superior to placebo in improving CV outcomes. Saxagliptin and alogliptin have both been demonstrated to increase HF hospitalization, whereas sitagliptin has not. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: In contrast to older-generation antihyperglycemics, selected new antihyperglycemic agents have been shown to be superior to placebo in improving CV outcomes. Clinicians may now be able to provide high-risk patients agents that not only help in providing glycemic control, but also prevent both macrovascular and microvascular complications. Conclusion: Liraglutide, empagliflozin, and canagliflozin have been shown to be superior to placebo in improving CV outcomes. However, there are differences among agents in terms of HF and peripheral arterial disease outcomes. Future studies should focus on evaluating other clinical CV outcomes in patients without existing CVD and perhaps single drug regimens for diabetes.

Lacosamide for the Treatment of Refractory Status Epilepticus

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1445-1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica M Fernandez ◽  
Andrew J Franck
Keyword(s):  
Status Epilepticus ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Refractory Status Epilepticus ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Refractory Status ◽  
Successful Termination ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Animal Data

Objective: To evaluate current evidence for the use of lacosamide in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Data Sources: Literature was accessed via PubMed (through July 2011) using the terms lacosamide and status epilepticus. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All reports on the use of lacosamide in patients with status epilepticus were included for evaluation. Reviews and animal data were excluded. Data Synthesis: Treatment of status epilepticus is challenging, and most patients fail to respond to initial treatment. Recently, several reports have been published on the use of lacosamide for status epilepticus. Eleven reports (5 case reports and 6 case series) were identified. Lacosamide was credited with successful termination of status epilepticus in a majority of these reports, However, the data are weakened by the heterogeneity of the reports, their descriptive nature, and the common divergence from current recommendations for the treatment of status epilepticus, Conclusions: While lacosamide has been reported as an effective treatment for refractory status epilepticus, there is insufficient evidence for its routine use. For cases in which the risks associated with anesthetizing drugs are believed to outweigh the benefits, such as in complex partial status epilepticus, lacosamide may be a reasonable option after more established drug therapies fail.

Vasopressin in Cardiac Arrest

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1687-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheri L Koshman ◽  
Peter J Zed ◽  
Riyad B Abu-Laban
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Hospital Discharge ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
English Language ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Spontaneous Circulation ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Successful Resuscitation ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Study Selection

Objective: To review the efficacy and safety of vasopressin in cardiac arrest. Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed were searched (all to June 2005) for full-text English-language publications describing trials in humans. Search terms were vasopressin, epinephrine, adrenaline, heart arrest, cardiac arrest, and clinical trial. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Prospective, randomized, controlled trials that evaluated efficacy or safety endpoints of vasopressin in the management of cardiac arrest were included. Efficacy outcomes included return of spontaneous circulation, successful resuscitation, survival to hospital admission, 2hour survival, and survival to hospital discharge. Safety outcomes were as defined by each trial. Data Synthesis: Three prospective trials were identified and included in this review. Vasopressin does not appear to offer any therapeutic advantage compared with epinephrine in the treatment of both in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, regardless of the presenting arrest rhythm. Although there is a suggestion that vasopressin may be effective in treatment of asystole, the evidence for this arises from a subgroup analysis that should be viewed as hypothesis generating. There are limited data describing the safety of vasopressin in cardiac arrest. CONCLUSIONS: The current evidence for the use of vasopressin in cardiac arrest is indeterminate. Given the similarly equivocal evidence of efficacy for epinephrine, either drug could be considered the first-line agent in cardiac arrest. Placebo-controlled studies with appropriate statistical power are warranted to evaluate meaningful clinical outcomes, such as survival to hospital discharge. Further evaluation of the role of vasopressin in asystolic cardiac arrest and its use in combination with epinephrine is also justified.

scholarly journals What Is the Dose-Response Relationship Between Exercise and Cardiorespiratory Fitness After Stroke? A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 821-832
Author(s):  
Margaret Galloway ◽  
Dianne L Marsden ◽  
Robin Callister ◽  
Kirk I Erickson ◽  
Michael Nilsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Walking Capacity ◽  
Exercise Dose ◽  
Test Distance ◽  
6 Minute Walk Test

Abstract Background Exercise after stroke improves cardiorespiratory fitness and walking capacity; however, the effect of altering exercise dose (via frequency, intensity, time, and type) on fitness or walking capacity is unclear. Purpose The purpose of this study was to synthesize the current evidence for the effects of different doses of exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness and walking capacity in people after stroke. Data Sources Seven relevant electronic databases were searched using keywords relating to stroke and cardiorespiratory fitness. Study Selection Trials that compared more than 1 dose of exercise for people (≥ 18 years old) after stroke and measured peak oxygen consumption or 6-minute walk test distance as an outcome were included. Two reviewers independently appraised all trials. Data Extraction Two reviewers independently extracted data from included articles. Intervention variables were extracted in accordance with the Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist. Data Synthesis Data were synthesized narratively. Nine trials involving 279 participants were included. Three of 5 trials comparing exercise intensity showed that higher-intensity training was associated with greater improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness. The effects of other exercise dose components (frequency, time, and type) on fitness were not determined. Overall, walking capacity improved as program length increased. Limitations All trials had a high risk of bias, and most had a high rate of attrition. Most trials included people more than 6 months after stroke and who walked independently, limiting the generalizability of the findings. Conclusions Exercising at an intensity greater than 70% of heart rate reserve can be more effective in increasing cardiorespiratory fitness after stroke than exercising at lower intensities. More trials that compare exercise doses by manipulating only 1 dose parameter at a time for people after stroke are needed.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in animals in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdou Fatawou Modiyinji ◽  
Jean Joel Bigna ◽  
Sebastien Kenmoe ◽  
Fredy Brice N. Simo ◽  
Marie A. Amougou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Language Restriction

Abstract Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute hepatitis in humans worldwide and have high burden in the resource-limited countries. Better knowledge of the epidemiology of hepatitis in animals in Africa can help to understand the epidemiology among humans. The objective of this study was to summarize the prevalence of HEV infection and distribution of HEV genotypes among animals in Africa. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we comprehensively searched PubMed, EMBASE, African Journals Online, and Africa Index Medicus from January 1st, 2000 to March 22th, 2020 without any language restriction. We considered cross-sectional studies of HEV infection in animals in Africa. Study selection, data extraction, and methodological quality of included studies were done independently by two investigators. Prevalence data were pooled using the random-effects meta-analysis. This review was registered in PROSPERO, CRD42018087684. Results Twenty-five studies (13 species and 6983 animals) were included. The prevalence (antibodies or ribonucleic acid [RNA]) of HEV infection in animals varied widely depending on biological markers of HEV infection measured: 23.4% (95% confidence interval; 12.0–37.2) for anti-HEV immunoglobulins G, 13.1% (3.1–28.3) for anti-HEV immunoglobulins M, and 1.8% (0.2–4.3) for RNA; with substantial heterogeneity. In subgroup analysis, the immunoglobulins G seroprevalence was higher among pigs 37.8% (13.9–65.4). The following HEV genotypes were reported in animals: Rat-HEV genotype 1 (rats and horses), HEV-3 (pigs), HEV-7 (dromedaries), and Bat hepeviruses (bats). Conclusions We found a high prevalence of HEV infection in animals in Africa and HEV genotypes close to that of humans. Some animals in Africa could be the reservoir of HEV, highlighting the need of molecular epidemiological studies for investigating zoonotic transmission.

Lead in Mineral or Multivitamin-Multimineral Products

2021 ◽  
pp. 106002802110233
Author(s):  
C. Michael White
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
Zinc Supplements ◽  
Average Lead ◽  
Year 2000

Objective Assess the current daily interim reference level of lead and the amount contained in current mineral and multivitamin-multimineral (MVM) products. Data Sources PubMed search from 1980 to May 15, 2021, limited to the English language, via the search strategy ((mineral OR multivitamin OR calcium OR iron OR magnesium OR copper OR zinc OR chromium OR selenium) AND (heavy metals OR Pb OR lead)). Study Selection and Data Extraction Narrative review of studies assessing lead content in mineral or MVM products. Data Synthesis Products containing different calcium forms (dolomite, bone meal, natural carbonate) have historically had higher lead levels than others (refined carbonate, lactate, gluconate, acetate, sevelamer), but the gap has closed considerably since the year 2000. Although only limited assessments of magnesium and zinc supplements have been conducted, no alarming average lead amounts were found. MVM products assessed since 2007 had low median or mean lead concentrations. However, large interproduct differences exist, with many products having very little lead and some products having concerning amounts. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice It is difficult for pharmacists and consumers to know the amount of lead in an actual product unless it is tested in an independent third-party lab. The United States Pharmacopeia and NSF International will provide a seal on the products stating that the products have a low level of lead, but even so, children could receive more lead than the Food and Drug Administration’s Interim Reference Level. Conclusions The threat from lead exposure in mineral and MVM products have diminsihed considerably over time but some products can still have excessive amounts. Without third-party testing, it is difficult for clinicians and consumers to know which outlier products to avoid.

scholarly journals Prioritising recommendations following analyses of adverse events in healthcare: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e000843
Author(s):  
Kelly Bos ◽  
Maarten J van der Laan ◽  
Dave A Dongelmans
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Data Synthesis ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Personal Opinion ◽  
User Friendly

PurposeThe purpose of this systematic review was to identify an appropriate method—a user-friendly and validated method—that prioritises recommendations following analyses of adverse events (AEs) based on objective features.Data sourcesThe electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase (Ovid), Cochrane Library, PsycINFO (Ovid) and ERIC (Ovid) were searched.Study selectionStudies were considered eligible when reporting on methods to prioritise recommendations.Data extractionTwo teams of reviewers performed the data extraction which was defined prior to this phase.Results of data synthesisEleven methods were identified that are designed to prioritise recommendations. After completing the data extraction, none of the methods met all the predefined criteria. Nine methods were considered user-friendly. One study validated the developed method. Five methods prioritised recommendations based on objective features, not affected by personal opinion or knowledge and expected to be reproducible by different users.ConclusionThere are several methods available to prioritise recommendations following analyses of AEs. All these methods can be used to discuss and select recommendations for implementation. None of the methods is a user-friendly and validated method that prioritises recommendations based on objective features. Although there are possibilities to further improve their features, the ‘Typology of safety functions’ by de Dianous and Fiévez, and the ‘Hierarchy of hazard controls’ by McCaughan have the most potential to select high-quality recommendations as they have only a few clearly defined categories in a well-arranged ordinal sequence.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Management of Steroid-Induced Psychosis: A Review of Patient Cases

2020 ◽  
pp. 875512252097853
Author(s):  
Grace Huynh ◽  
Justin P. Reinert
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Events ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Symptom Presentation ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Male Patients

Objective: To review the efficacy and safety of medications used in the management of steroid-induced psychosis. Data Sources: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, ProQuest, and Scopus between May and October 2020 using the following search terminology: “steroid-induced psychosis” OR “corticosteroid-induced psychosis.” Study Selection and Data Extraction: Definitive cases, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, were included in this review. Geriatric patients >65 years of age, those with a confounding neurological condition such as a traumatic brain or spinal cord injury, or those with active malignancy were excluded. Data Synthesis: A total of 13 patient cases were included in this review, representing 8 male patients and 5 female patients. The mean age at symptom presentation was 42.5 years. Six patients presented with delusions, 5 presented with hallucinations, and 2 presented with both manifestations; 12 patients were managed with an antipsychotic, with haloperidol being the most commonly prescribed, followed by risperidone. One patient was managed with lithium and clonazepam alone. All patients returned to their psychological baseline upon the discontinuation or decreased dose of steroids in combination with Pharmacological intervention, though the time to resolution of symptoms varied significantly. No notable adverse drug events associated with treatments were reported. Conclusions: Steroid-induced psychosis is a serious adverse effect of corticosteroid therapy; however, management strategies that combine a dose reduction or elimination of steroids, in combination with an antipsychotic medication, are effective in resolving this syndrome.

Recent Advances: Antiinfectives

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1035-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie L Briceland ◽  
John D Cleary ◽  
Courtney V Fletcher ◽  
Daniel P Healy ◽  
Charles A Peloquin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
English Language ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Information Service ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Scientific Meetings ◽  
Clinically Significant

Objective: To update readers on the significant changes in infectious diseases pharmacotherapy. Data Sources: An Index Medians and Iowa Drug Information Service search (1993–1994) of English-language literature pertaining to the selected topic areas was performed. Additional information from abstracts presented at scientific meetings were identified by the authors. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All identified studies were screened and those judged relevant to the update were evaluated. Data Synthesis: New or clinically significant data since 1992 that related to peptic ulcer disease, microbial resistance (e.g., Enterococcus spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida albicans), immunomodulators, and AIDS were evaluated and compared with previous data. Conclusions: There have been several exciting and significant changes in infectious diseases pharmacotherapy evident from this review.

Parenteral Histamine2-Receptor Antagonists in the Pediatric Population

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
Neeta Bahal O'Mara ◽  
Milap C. Nahata
Keyword(s):  
Product Information ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Stability Data ◽  
Administration Methods ◽  
In Infants And Children

Objective: To provide a review of the use of parenteral histamine2 (H2)-receptor antagonists cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine in the pediatric population. Data Sources: Information was identified by MEDLINE and a review of journals. References cited in published articles and manufacturers' product information also were used. Study Selection: Information was selected for review if it addressed the parenteral administration of H2-receptor antagonists in the pediatric population. Data Extraction: Data were extracted from references pertaining to the topic. Data Synthesis: Despite the lack of Food and Drug Administration pediatric labeling, the H2-receptor antagonists often are used for a variety of indications in infants and children. Although these agents differ somewhat in chemical structure, potency, and pharmacokinetics, the most important differences exist in their drug interactions and adverse effect profiles. Further, administration methods, compatibility, and stability data differ slightly among the agents. Conclusions: Parenteral H2-receptor antagonists are used for a variety of indications in infants and children. Despite their widespread use, additional studies are needed to define the optimal dosage regimens in this population.

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