scholarly journals Aetiology and factors associated with bacterial diarrhoeal diseases amongst urban refugee children in Eastleigh, Kenya: A case control study

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqo G. Boru ◽  
Gideon Kikuvi ◽  
Jared Omollo ◽  
Ahmed Abade ◽  
Samuel Amwayi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
County Council ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Refugee Children ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Scanty Information

Introduction: Kenya is home to over 400 000 refugees from neighbouring countries. There is scanty information about diarrhoea amongst urban refugees in Kenya.Objectives: We investigated the enteric bacteria causing diarrhoea amongst urban refugee children and described the associated factors.Method: During the period of August–December 2010, urban refugee children between the ages of two and five who attended Eastleigh County Council Health Centre were enrolled into the study. Diarrhoeal cases were compared with age-matched children with no diarrhoea (controls). Stool specimens were collected and enteric bacteria isolated. A questionnaire was administered to identify risk factors.Results: A total of 41 cases and 41 controls were enrolled in the study. The age and country of origin were similar for cases and controls. The bacterial isolation rates amongst the cases were: non-pathogenic Escherichia coli 71%, Shigella dysenteriae 2.4%, Shigella flexneri 2.4%, Salmonella paratyphi 5%. For the controls, non-pathogenic E. coli 90% and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)2.4% were amongst the organisms isolated. All isolates were resistant to amoxicillin; resistance to other antibiotics varied by isolate type. Factors associated independently with diarrhoea included children not washing their hands with soap (aOR 5.9, p < 0.05), neighbour(s) having diarrhoea (aOR 39.8, p < 0.05), children not exclusively breastfed for their first 6 months (aOR 7.6, p < 0.05) and children eating food cooked the previous day (aOR 23.8, p = 0.002).Conclusions: Shigella species, Salmonella species and ETEC were found to be responsible for diarrhoea amongst the urban refugee children. Measures to control and guide the use of antibiotics are critical for the prevention of antibiotic resistance. Efforts to improve personal and domestic hygiene, including educational campaigns to promote appropriate handwashing, should be encouraged.

scholarly journals Reclassification of Shigella species as later heterotypic synonyms of Escherichia coli in the Genome Taxonomy Database

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donovan H Parks ◽  
Maria Chuvochina ◽  
Peter R Reeves ◽  
Scott A Beatson ◽  
Philip Hugenholtz
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Species Definition ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Common Laboratory

Members of the genus Shigella have high genomic similarity to Escherichia coli and are often considered to be atypical members of this species. In an attempt to retain Shigella species as recognizable entities, they were reclassified as Escherichia species in the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) using an operational average nucleotide identity (ANI)-based approach nucleated around type strains. This resulted in nearly 80% of E. coli genomes being reclassified to new species including the common laboratory strain E. coli K-12 (to 'E. flexneri') because it is more closely related to the type strain of Shigella flexneri than it is to the type strain of E. coli. Here we resolve this conundrum by treating Shigella species as later heterotypic synonyms of E. coli, present evidence supporting this reclassification, and show that assigning E. coli/Shigella strains to a single species is congruent with the GTDB-adopted genomic species definition.

scholarly journals Identification of Escherichia coli and Shigella Species from Whole-Genome Sequences

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 616-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie A. Chattaway ◽  
Ulf Schaefer ◽  
Rediat Tewolde ◽  
Timothy J. Dallman ◽  
Claire Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Clonal Complex ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Close Phylogenetic Relationship ◽  
Initial Identification

ABSTRACTEscherichia coliandShigellaspecies are closely related and genetically constitute the same species. Differentiating between these two pathogens and accurately identifying the four species ofShigellaare therefore challenging. The organism-specific bioinformatics whole-genome sequencing (WGS) typing pipelines at Public Health England are dependent on the initial identification of the bacterial species by use of a kmer-based approach. Of the 1,982Escherichia coliandShigellasp. isolates analyzed in this study, 1,957 (98.4%) had concordant results by both traditional biochemistry and serology (TB&S) and the kmer identification (ID) derived from the WGS data. Of the 25 mismatches identified, 10 were enteroinvasiveE. coliisolates that were misidentified asShigella flexneriorS. boydiiby the kmer ID, and 8 wereS. flexneriisolates misidentified by TB&S asS. boydiidue to nonfunctionalS. flexneriO antigen biosynthesis genes. Analysis of the population structure based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data derived from the WGS data showed that the remaining discrepant results belonged to clonal complex 288 (CC288), comprising bothS. boydiiandS. dysenteriaestrains. Mismatches between the TB&S and kmer ID results were explained by the close phylogenetic relationship between the two species and were resolved with reference to the MLST data.Shigellacan be differentiated fromE. coliand accurately identified to the species level by use of kmer comparisons and MLST. Analysis of the WGS data provided explanations for the discordant results between TB&S and WGS data, revealed the true phylogenetic relationships between different species ofShigella, and identified emerging pathoadapted lineages.

scholarly journals In vivoR–plasmid transfer in a patient with a mixed infection of shigella dysentery

1994 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Bratoeva ◽  
J. F. John.
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Plasmid Transfer ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Type I ◽  
E Coli ◽  
R Plasmids ◽  
Short Time

SUMMARYTransfer of shigella R–plasmidsin vivohas seldom been demonstrated. Strains ofShigella dysenteriaetype 1 andShigella flexneritype 5b were isolated from a Bulgarian traveller who visited Vietnam and developed dysentery, which was treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) for a short time. Both species of shigellae are unusual in Bulgaria where strains ofS. sonneipredominate. Both shigella strains were multiresistant to the same antimicrobial agents. Each strain contained a 48–kilobase plasmid that conferred the entire resistance phenotype to a susceptibleEscherichia coli. Restriction endonuclease patterns of plasmid DNA from the respective strains were identical. Transmissible plasmids of the same resistance phenotypes and restriction patterns were isolated from the patient's colonicE. coli. Transconjugants hybridized to a dihydrofolate reductase type I–DNA probe. These studies support the hypothesis that R–plasmid transfer may occur between non-pathogenic, faecal strains and pathogenic shigellae, a process that may have been facilitated by inadequate treatment with TMP/SMZ at the onset of the illness.

Evaluation of Bacterial Diagnostics Kits and Systems at an Instructional Workshop

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL Y. C. FUNG ◽  
MILLICENT C. GOLDSCHMIDT ◽  
NELSON A. COX
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Citrobacter Freundii ◽  
Proteus Vulgaris ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Morganella Morganii

Ten commercial bacterial diagnostic systems (AMS, API 20E, AUTOBAC IDX, CATHRA, ENTERIC-TEK, ENTEROTUBE II, MICRO-ID, MINITEK 4 h, MINITEK 24 h and SPECTRUM 10) were evaluated by use of 12 coded enteric bacteria (Arizona hinshawii, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Hafnia alvei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella flexneri) in two separate workshops (July, 1981 and July, 1982) consisting of 40 participants. Results indicated that most commercial systems provided satisfactory diagnosis (89% to 100%) of these organisms compared to conventional methods. The uniqueness of this study lies in the fact that a group of microbiologists from a variety of geographic locations, training and backgrounds were able to use these systems accurately after only a single exposure to many of the techniques in a workshop environment.

scholarly journals Glimpse on shigellosis from endemic Bangladesh: decades of observation with urban-rural differentials

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
Dipesh Kumar Barua ◽  
Sumon Kumar Das ◽  
Abu Syed Golam Faruque ◽  
Mohammad Habibur Rahman Sarker ◽  
Jui Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Shigella Sonnei ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Shigella Boydii ◽  
Shigella Species

The Diarrhoeal Disease Surveillence System of icddr,b noted increasing proportion of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri at urban Dhaka and rural Matlab from 2000 to 2013. Shigella sonnei appeared as emerging serogroup during 2009-13 compared to 2000-04 among individuals aged ? 60 years both in Dhaka and Matlab, while Shigella boydii and Shigella flexneri showed remarkable increase with 400% and 100% respectively in Dhaka, and a moderate increase (55%) both Shigella boydii and Shigella flexneri in Matlab. However, decreased trend of all the Shigella species in both the sites except Shigella dysenteriae in Dhaka was found among under-5 children. Individuals from higher socio-economic status such as those having a monthly family income of >100 USD had protective role against shigellosis in Dhaka during 2009-13. Shigella species and host factors are responsible for changing trend as well as predictors of shigellosis.Bangladesh Crit Care J September 2016; 4 (2): 105-109

scholarly journals SEROTYPING AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY TESTING OF ENTEROBACTERIAL PATHOGENS IN DIARRHOEAL PATIENTS OF KATHMANDU

2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (143) ◽  
pp. 392-6
Author(s):  
Abhignya Subedi ◽  
C D Shrestha ◽  
R P Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Family ◽  
National Public Health ◽  
Shigella Spp

In a study carried out at National Public Health Laboratory, Teku, 236 samples werecollected from the diarrhoeal patients and half of them were The patients below 15years of age. Altogether 61 pathogens belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceaewere isolated. The presence of pathogens in the patterns below 5 years was highlysignificant (P<0.05%). E coli was most common (68.8%) followed by Salmonella spp.(16.4%) and Shigella spp. (14.7%). Enteropathogenic was E. coli was the most frequentisolate (71.4%) among the pathogenic E. coli. Similarly, Salmonella typhimuriumwas the commonest salmonellae and Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella flexneri werethe most commonly isolated shigellae. Most of the pathogens were sensitive toCiprofloxacin (72.1%) and least was sensitive to Ampicillin (9.8%). Only 4.9% of thepathogens were sensitive to all the antibiotics tested.

Salmonella and Shigella in Freshly Squeezed Orange Juice, Fresh Oranges, and Wiping Cloths Collected from Public Markets and Street Booths in Guadalajara, Mexico: Incidence and Comparison of Analytical Routes

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 2595-2599 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. CASTILLO ◽  
A. VILLARRUEL-LÓPEZ ◽  
V. NAVARRO-HIDALGO ◽  
N. E. MARTÍNEZ-GONZÁLEZ ◽  
M. R. TORRES-VITELA
Keyword(s):  
Orange Juice ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Public Markets ◽  
Shigella Boydii ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Plate Counts

A survey of the presence of Salmonella and Shigella in freshly squeezed orange juice and related samples was conducted in Guadalajara, Mexico. One hundred samples of freshly squeezed orange juice were collected from 49 street booths and 51 small food service establishments. In addition, 75 fresh orange samples, each consisting of five orange units, and 75 wiping cloths were collected from the same establishments from which juice had been collected. Salmonella was isolated from 14, 20, and 23% of samples of orange juice, orange surfaces, and wiping cloths collected from street vendors, while Shigella was isolated from 6, 17, and 5% of these samples. In general, the frequency of isolation of these pathogens in samples from juice serving establishments at public markets was significantly lower than that found among street vendors (P &lt; 0.05). Salmonella enterica serotypes Agona, Typhimurium, and Anatum were found in orange juice, fresh oranges, and wiping cloth samples, while serotype Mexico was found on fresh oranges and in wiping cloths and serotypes Muenchen and Panama were found only in wiping cloth samples. Regarding Shigella species, Shigella sonnei was found in all three types of sample tested; Shigella dysenteriae was found in juice and orange samples, Shigella boydii in orange and wiping cloth samples, and Shigella flexneri on oranges only. Thirty-one percent and 39% of the juice samples showed aerobic plate counts of ≥5.0 log CFU/ml and Escherichia coli counts of &gt;3.0 log CFU/ml, respectively. These high counts may indicate poor sanitation and potential exposure to fecal contamination either in the raw materials or during the orange-crushing and juice-serving process. These data may be useful for a further risk assessment of Salmonella or Shigella in unpasteurized, freshly squeezed juice.

scholarly journals Recovery Incidence and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Some Enteric Bacteria from Well Waters in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Olayinka O. Elutade ◽  
Olamide F. Olutunde ◽  
Omowumi T. Akinola ◽  
Olayinka O. Oluranti
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Shigella Species

The recovery incidence and antibiotic resistance pattern of Escherichia coli, Shigella and Salmonella species in water from 15 different wells located in Iwo, Osun state, were investigated in an effort to determine the potential health risks associated with the consumption of the water. Each well water sample was separately initially cultured in a non-selective pre-enrichment broth for 24 hours, and subsequently, subcultured on sterile Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar for Escherichia coli and Salmonella-Shigella agar for Salmonella and Shigella species, using the pour-plate technique and the microbial counts recorded. With the aid of the disc diffusion method, 0.5 McFarland of each target organism was screened on Mueller-Hinton agar for antibiotic susceptibility profile. Results showed a recovery incidence of E. coli (87%), Salmonella species (80%) and Shigella species (100%). was observed while the microbial counts for E. coli, Shigella and Salmonella species differed significantly in each of the wells sampled. Antibiotic sensitivity profile observed showed 100% isolates of E. coli and Salmonella spp were resistant to augmentin. There were also presence of multi-antibiotic resistance strains with 66.67% of the E. coli isolates resistant to the combinations of cefixime, augmentin and nitrofuration, It is suggested that simple hygienic practice, such as regular disinfection of the wells with chemicals, boiling and filtration of water before drinking would eliminate not only the prevalence of these pathogens but also the spread of both antibiotic and multi-antibiotic resistance traits in the consumed water, hence making it safe for the health of the humans in the study population.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Enteric Bacteria Pathogens among HIV Infected and Uninfected Children in Dandora, Kenya

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Samya Said Rashid ◽  
Elizabeth Matey ◽  
Tokoro Masaharu ◽  
Ichimura Hiroshi ◽  
Andrew Nyerere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Outreach Program ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Shigella Species ◽  
Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Common Causes

Background: Diarrhoea is the second disease killer after respiratory diseases in children. Globally, there are nearly 1.7 billion cases of diarrheal disease every year. In developing countries, enteric bacterial pathogens are most common causes of morbidity and mortality in children especially under 5 years. Most of the studies done on enteric bacteria pathogens and HIV co-infection have focused on the children less than 5 years of age but not above. Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the distribution of common circulating enteric bacterial pathogens; Escherichia (E).coli, Shigella, and Salmonella among HIV infected (n=79) and uninfected (n=78) children aged 5-12 years from Dandora slums of Nairobi. Methods: This was analytic cross-sectional study of HIV positive children enrolled at Nyumbani Lea Toto HIV/AIDS outreach program in Dandora, while HIV negative are children from same area (preferably sibling). Stool samples were collected from consenting participants and sent to Microbiology laboratory in Kenya Medical Research institute for processing. The samples were cultured using differential media for enteric bacteria. Suspected isolates were further identified using conventional biochemical methods and serology. Multiplex PCR was done on E. coli isolates to detect virulence factors responsible for different E. coli pathotypes. Results: The overall prevalence of pathogenic Escherichia coli, Shigella and Salmonella was 44 (28%), 31 (19.7%) and 0 (0.0%) respectively. Enteroaggregative E.coli (43.2%) was the main E. coli pathotypes observed. Distribution of pathogenic E. coli in HIV infected and uninfected was 12.7% and 15.3%, respectively (p = 0.30), while that of Shigella was 6.4% and 13.4% (p = 0.03). Conclusion: From this study HIV infected children had less infestation of Shigella species as compare to HIV uninfected children, which could be due to constant treatment for any infections thus interferes with bacteria grow.

Isolation and Characterization of a Coliphage Specific for Escherichia coli 0157:H7

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 944-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMY B. RONNER ◽  
DEAN O. CLIVER
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Burst Size ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli serogroup 0157:H7 is harbored by cattle and causes bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome in persons who consume raw milk and under-cooked beef. Samples of manure from Wisconsin dairy farms were tested for the presence of E. coli 0157:H7 as well as for bacteriophages (coliphages) specific for this microorganism. No E. coli 0157:H7 bacteria were isolated from any of the 21 manure samples taken from 12 farms. Nineteen of 20 samples yielded “nonspecific” coliphages that produced plaques both on 0157:H7 and on other E. coli. Only one sample yielded a coliphage that plaqued on 14 strains of 0157:H7 but not on other E. coli. This coliphage, designated “AR1,” is tailed and ca. 187 nm long; it produces distinct plaques ca. 0.5 mm in diameter; single-step growth experiments showed a latent period of 20 to 25 min and a burst size of 34 progeny plaque-forming units (PFU). AR1 was also tested against other enterobacteria, including: Escherichia hermanii, four species of Salmonella, four types of Yersinia enterocolitica, and a strain of Shigella dysenteriae which produces an enteric toxin similar to that produced by E. coli 0157:H7. Of these enteric bacteria, only S. dysenteriae yielded plaques, which suggests that there is a relationship between production of this toxin and susceptibility to coliphage AR1. Coliphage AR1 may be useful in detecting or identifying E. coli 0157:H7 and possibly other bacteria producing the same toxin, from human stool, animal manure, and food samples.

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