scholarly journals Expanding the definition of noncommunicable disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 067-070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranabir Salam
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
World Population ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractNoncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for 68% of all deaths in 2012. Eighty-two percent of these “premature” deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries. Most of the NCD deaths are caused by cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, mental health, road traffic accidents, and violence. The World Health Organization, several governments, and nongovernmental organizations have taken up numerous programs to curb the menace of NCDs. However, the present programs do not include some common chronic medical conditions which also lead to considerable morbidity and mortality. The present review highlights three important chronic disorders: chronic kidney disease (CKD), liver disease (cirrhosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver), and thyroid diseases. CKD is an internationally recognized public health problem affecting 5–10% of the world population. CKD resulted in 956,000 deaths in 2013 and proposes them to be included in the world wide accepted definition of NCD. Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease were the tenth leading cause of death for men and the twelfth for women in the United States in 2001. Moreover, 4–10% of the global population have thyroid dysfunction. This mini-review proposes to expand the definition of NCD to include these three major illnesses.

scholarly journals A systematic literature review of schistosomiasis in urban and peri-urban settings

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e0008995
Author(s):  
Katharina Klohe ◽  
Benjamin G. Koudou ◽  
Alan Fenwick ◽  
Fiona Fleming ◽  
Amadou Garba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
The World

Background Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma and belongs to the neglected tropical diseases. The disease has been reported in 78 countries, with around 290.8 million people in need of treatment in 2018. Schistosomiasis is predominantly considered a rural disease with a subsequent focus of research and control activities in rural settings. Over the past decades, occurrence and even expansion of schistosomiasis foci in peri-urban and urban settings have increasingly been observed. Rural–urban migration in low- and middle-income countries and subsequent rapid and unplanned urbanization are thought to explain these observations. Fifty-five percent (55%) of the world population is already estimated to live in urban areas, with a projected increase to 68% by 2050. In light of rapid urbanization and the efforts to control morbidity and ultimately achieve elimination of schistosomiasis, it is important to deepen our understanding of the occurrence, prevalence, and transmission of schistosomiasis in urban and peri-urban settings. A systematic literature review looking at urban and peri-urban schistosomiasis was therefore carried out as a first step to address the research and mapping gap. Methodology Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic computer-aided literature review was carried out using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the World Health Organization Database in November 2019, which was updated in March 2020. Only papers for which at least the abstract was available in English were used. Relevant publications were screened, duplicates were removed, guidelines for eligibility were applied, and eligible studies were reviewed. Studies looking at human Schistosoma infections, prevalence, and intensity of infection in urban and peri-urban settings were included as well as those focusing on the intermediate host snails. Principal findings A total of 248 publications met the inclusion criteria. The selected studies confirm that schistosomiasis is prevalent in peri-urban and urban areas in the countries assessed. Earlier studies report higher prevalence levels in urban settings compared to data extracted from more recent publications, yet the challenge of migration, rapid uncontrolled urbanization, and resulting poor living conditions highlight the potential for continuous or even newly established transmission to take place. Conclusions The review indicates that schistosomiasis has long existed in urban and peri-urban areas and remains a public health problem. There is, however, a challenge of comparability of settings due to the lack of a clear definition of what constitutes urban and peri-urban. There is a pressing need for improved monitoring of schistosomiasis in urban communities and consideration of treatment strategies.

Heavy truck driving attitude and behavior contributing to road traffic accidents

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Tarek M. Esmael ◽  
Abdulamajeed Al Amri ◽  
Tariq Al Anazi ◽  
Saleh Al Attawi ◽  
Hany Hosny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
World Health ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
World Health Survey ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The World

According to the World Health Organisation, road traffic accidents are the leading cause of most emergency  admissions in hospitals worldwide. Many people have indicated that road traffic collisions are a significant contributor to DALYs lost. For example, according to the World Health Survey in 2010, road traffic events have been reported as the ninth most common cause of injury-modified life years (DALYs) lost across all age and gender classes. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that one out of every 10 deaths in the world are caused by road traffic accidents. More than 200,000 people are killed in the United States each year from different reasons. The number of disabled people related to this disease will grow even further by 2020. There are nearly 1.5 million out of about 47 million people who are wounded in the highways every year in the United States Drivers were found to be more likely to saddle up for the journey as they set out on main roads. Car seat-belts can make driving more safe by reducing the effect made on the drivers and the passengers in the car. The driver's mood about the problem of distracted driving can be a critical factor in avoiding road traffic accidents. To be safe, drivers should have at least one restful day a week, should not drive for more than eight hours a day, should not travel more than 800 kilometers a day, and will need to have routine checks so that everything is going well and is running properly. Traffic laws, traffic signs, other vehicles, and many other items when on the road; drivers should not eat any nourishment, they should not consume any quantity of alcoholic beverages, they should not use electronic cigarettes, they should not put their mobile phones on.

Vitamin A Treatment of Measles

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 1014-1015
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bulbar Conjunctiva ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
The World

In spite of the availability of effective vaccines, measles continues to be a public health problem throughout the world. In 1990, the Centers for Disease Control received more than 27 672 reports of measles in the United States. Complications were reported in one third of infected children younger than 5 years of age.1 Of the 89 measles-related deaths in 1990, 55% occurred in children younger than 5 years old. Several recent investigations have indicated that vitamin A treatment of children with measles in developing countries has been associated with reductions in morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) issued a joint statement recommending that vitamin A be administered to all children diagnosed with measles in communities where vitamin A deficiency (serum vitamin A <10 µg/dL) is a recognized problem and where mortality related to measles is ≥1%. The recommended regimen is 100 000 IU by mouth at the time of diagnosis for infants younger than 12 months of age, and 200 000 IU for older children. In the presence of ophthalmologic signs of vitamin A deficiency, such as night blindness, Bitot's spots (grayish white deposits on the bulbar conjunctiva adjacent to the cornea) or xerophthalmia, the WHO recommends the dose be repeated in 24 hours and again 4 weeks later.2 Vitamin A is available in low-cost liquid formulations and is supplemented in infant formulas (2000 µ/L). RATIONALE FOR VITAMIN A Vitamin A is a necessary substrate for preserving epithelial cell integrity and in addition plays a role in immune modulation.1-3

National palliative care capacities around the world: Results from the World Health Organization Noncommunicable Disease Country Capacity Survey

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Sharkey ◽  
Belinda Loring ◽  
Melanie Cowan ◽  
Leanne Riley ◽  
Eric L Krakauer
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Large Country ◽  
The World ◽  
Organization Member ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Care Development

Background: Previous estimates of global palliative care development have not been based on official country data. Aim: The World Health Organization Noncommunicable Disease Country Capacity Survey of World Health Organization member state officials monitors countries’ capacities for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. In 2015, for the first time, questions were included on a number of palliative care development metrics to generate baseline data for monitoring global palliative care development. Design: Participants were given instructions, a glossary of terms, and 3 months to complete this closed, non-randomized, online survey. Questions were developed through a consultative process with relevant technical World Health Organization departments. Setting/participants: Health ministry officials serving as noncommunicable disease focal points from 177 out of 194 (91%) of World Health Organization Member States completed the voluntary survey. Results: This survey reveals that (a) a minority (37%) of countries have an operational national policy for noncommunicable diseases that includes palliative care, (b) palliative care is least likely to have funding available compared with other core noncommunicable disease services, and (c) there is a large country-income gradient for palliative care funding, oral morphine availability, and integration of palliative care services at the primary levels of the health system. Conclusion: Palliative care for noncommunicable disease patients must be strengthened in a majority of countries. These data provide a baseline for trend measurement of official country-level and global palliative care development. A repeat assessment is taking place in the first half of 2017.

Intermedia Agenda-Setting Effect of Latino Television in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election

2022 ◽  
pp. 186-208
Author(s):  
María de los Ángeles Flores
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Agenda Setting ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Intermedia Agenda Setting ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared a global health crisis from a viral disease known as COVID-19 caused by a coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2. The world population went into a mandatory lockdown and obligatory use of face masks to prevent the virus from spreading. Within this epidemiological context, in late August 2020, on the first day of the general election campaign period, the United States had reached about 6 million cases of COVID-19 and approximately 190K deaths, according to its Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Against all expectations, voter turnout to elect the 46th President set a civic participation record that had not been observed in over 100 years. The aim of this study is to examine the journalistic information disseminated by U.S. Spanish-language television media to Latino voters which motivated them to get out to vote. The theoretical foundation is Agenda-Setting theory focusing on the intermedia agenda-setting effect between Telemundo and Univision by measuring the level of salience emerging from their own news agendas.

scholarly journals Exemption of behind-the-wheel driving test for novice young drivers: A serious public health concern

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-61
Author(s):  
Imran Bari ◽  
Nino Paichadze ◽  
Adnan Hyder
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Road traffic injuries (RTIs) continue to emerge as a serious public health issue across the world; according to the World Health Organization, every year, almost 1.35 million individuals lose their lives, and approximately 25 million injuries are caused by road traffic crashes (World Health Organization, 2018). These RTIs are the leading cause of death for children and young adults between 5-29 years of age (World Health Organization, 2018). Under the current situation of COVID-19 pandemic, there have been reports suggesting a profound decline in RTIs because of reduced traffic on the world’s roads (Job, 2020); however, amid this pandemic, some states in the United Sates have proposed controversial road traffic policies that can jeopardize road safety. The Governor of the State of Georgia, the United States, recently, through an executive order, waived the behind-the-wheel road test requirement for novice drivers who had held a driving permit for a year (The State of Georgia Government, 2020). Through this wavier, almost 20,000 teenagers were granted full driving privileges last month (Taylor, 2020). While the decision was made to address the backlog of driving tests created by the COVID-19 pandemic, and also to practice social distancing (Taylor, 2020), many public health experts are now concerned that this decision will have catastrophic consequences on road safety.

Infant Mortality: Some International Comparisons

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1020-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myron E. Wegman
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Rate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Live Births ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

Comparison of infant mortality rates (IMRs) among the world's countries requires assessment of completeness and accuracy of data. The United Nations Statistical Office classifies as "C", complete, meaning at least 90% of events are actually recorded, 1994 data supplied by 80 governments, comprising one fourth of the world's population, ie, 1 450 000 000 people, and as incomplete the other three fourths, 4 180 000 000. All the "C" countries officially accept the World Health Organization definition of a live birth (any product of gestation showing any sign of life), but it has been argued that some countries routinely report as stillbirths infants counted as live births in the United States (US), thus understating their IMRs. In 1994, 22 countries had IMRs varying from 4.2 for Japan to 8.0 for the US, a remarkable achievement in the light of IMRs of 124.0 and 60.0 for these two countries in 1930. Compensating for possible underreporting of live births by excluding all deaths in the first hour of life would reduce the US IMR to about 7, still higher than 17 other countries. Between 1930 and 1994 the IMR in the US declined more slowly than several other countries, particularly during the time period 1951 through 1965, when the US rate declined by 16% and the Japanese rate, for instance, declined by 68%. Between 1983 and 1994, decline in Puerto Rico was slower than in Chile, Cuba, and the US. IMRs in all the "C" countries are lower than the US rate was in 1930. IMRs in most of the world, estimated from surveys and special studies, vary from 27 to 190. Correlation studies suggest that a high rate of teenage pregnancies has relatively little effect on IMRs but that high total fertility rates are accompanied by high infant mortality.

Infodemiological patterns in searching medication errors: relationship with risk management and shift work (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Fabbian ◽  
Emanuele Di Simone ◽  
Sara Dionisi ◽  
Noemi Giannetta ◽  
Luigi De Gennaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Shift Work ◽  
Medication Errors ◽  
Medical Errors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Western World ◽  
The World ◽  
Google Search

BACKGROUND Western world health care systems have been trying to improve their efficiency and effectiveness in order to respond properly to the aging of the population and the epidemic of noncommunicable diseases. Errors in drugs administration is an actual important issue due to different causes. OBJECTIVE Aim of this study is to measure interest in online seeking medical errors information online related to interest in risk management and shift work. METHODS We investigated Google Trends® for popular search relating to medical errors, risk management and shift work. Relative search volumes (RSVs) were evaluated for the period November 2008-November 2018 all around the world. A comparison between RSV curves related to medical errors, risk management and shift work was carried out. Then we compared world to Italian search. RESULTS RSVs were persistently higher for risk management than for medication errors during the study period (mean RSVs 74 vs. 51%) and RSVs were stably higher for medical errors than shift work during the study period (mean RSVs 51 vs 23%). In Italy, RSVs were much lower than the rest of the world, and RSVs for medication errors during the study period were negligible. Mean RSVs for risk management and shift work were 3 and 25%, respectively. RSVs related to medication errors and clinical risk management were correlated (r=0.520, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Google search query volumes related to medication errors, risk management and shift work are different. RSVs for risk management are higher, are correlated with medication errors, and the relationship with shift work appears to be even worse, by analyzing the entire world. In Italy such a relationship completely disappears, suggesting that it needs to be emphasized by health care authorities.

scholarly journals Endovascular Bariatric Surgery as Novel Minimally Invasive Technique for Weight Management in the Morbidly Obese: Review of the Literature

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2541
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Massimo Sangiorgi ◽  
Alberto Cereda ◽  
Nicola Porchetta ◽  
Daniela Benedetto ◽  
Andrea Matteucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Weight Management ◽  
World Health ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
World Population ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
Open Bariatric Surgery

Nowadays, obesity represents one of the most unresolved global pandemics, posing a critical health issue in developed countries. According to the World Health Organization, its prevalence has tripled since 1975, reaching a prevalence of 13% of the world population in 2016. Indeed, as obesity increases worldwide, novel strategies to fight this condition are of the utmost importance to reduce obese-related morbidity and overall mortality related to its complications. Early experimental and initial clinical data have suggested that endovascular bariatric surgery (EBS) may be a promising technique to reduce weight and hormonal imbalance in the obese population. Compared to open bariatric surgery and minimally invasive surgery (MIS), EBS is much less invasive, well tolerated, with a shorter recovery time, and is probably cost-saving. However, there are still several technical aspects to investigate before EBS can be routinely offered to all obese patients. Further prospective studies and eventually a randomized trial comparing open bariatric surgery vs. EBS are needed, powered for clinically relevant outcomes, and with adequate follow-up. Yet, EBS may already appear as an appealing alternative treatment for weight management and cardiovascular prevention in morbidly obese patients at high surgical risk.

scholarly journals Physical Activity Patterns in India Stratified by Zones, Age, Region, BMI and Implications for COVID-19: A Nationwide Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 097275312199850
Author(s):  
Vivek Podder ◽  
Raghuram Nagarathna ◽  
Akshay Anand ◽  
Patil S. Suchitra ◽  
Amit Kumar Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
World Health ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Home Work ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Physically Inactive ◽  
At Home

Rationale: India has a high prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), which can be lowered by regular physical activity. To understand this association, recent population data is required which is representative of all the states and union territories of the country. Objective: We aimed to investigate the patterns of physical activity in India, stratified by zones, body mass index (BMI), urban, rural areas, and gender. Method: We present the analysis of physical activity status from the data collected during the phase 1 of a pan-India study. This ( Niyantrita Madhumeha Bharata 2017) was a multicenter pan-India cluster sampled trial with dual objectives. A survey to identify all individuals at a high risk for diabetes, using a validated instrument called the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS), was followed by a two-armed randomized yoga-based lifestyle intervention for the primary prevention of diabetes. The physical activity was scored as per IDRS (vigorous exercise or strenuous at work = 0, moderate exercise at home/work = 10, mild exercise at home/work = 20, no exercise = 30). This was done in a selected cluster using a mobile application. A weighted prevalence was calculated based on the nonresponse rate and design weight. Results: We analyzed the data from 2,33,805 individuals; the mean age was 41.4 years (SD 13.4). Of these, 50.6% were females and 49.4% were males; 45.8% were from rural areas and 54% from urban areas. The BMI was 24.7 ± 4.6 kg/m 2 . Briefly, 20% were physically inactive and 57% of the people were either inactive or mildly active. 21.2% of females were found physically inactive, whereas 19.2% of males were inactive. Individuals living in urban localities were proportionately more inactive (21.7% vs. 18.8%) or mildly active (38.9% vs. 34.8%) than the rural people. Individuals from the central (29.6%) and south zones (28.6%) of the country were also relatively inactive, in contrast to those from the northwest zone (14.2%). The known diabetics were found to be physically inactive (28.3% vs. 19.8%) when compared with those unaware of their diabetic status. Conclusion: 20% and 37% of the population in India are not active or mildly active, respectively, and thus 57% of the surveyed population do not meet the physical activity regimen recommended by the World Health Organization. This puts a large Indian population at risk of developing various NCDs, which are being increasingly reported to be vulnerable to COVID-19 infections. India needs to adopt the four strategic objectives recommended by the World Health Organization for reducing the prevalence of physical inactivity.

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