Exogenous intervention with sodium hydrosulfite enhances the quality of Radix Scutellariae by modulating antioxidases and secondary metabolites

Different techniques were compared for their effectiveness in the disruption of the rigid cell walls of Basidiomycetes. Grinding under liquid nitrogen, stirred glass bead milling and enzymatic cell lysis were applied to the mycelia of Pleurotus sapidus and Lepista irina grown submerged. Each of the disruption procedures was evaluated by testing the quantity and quality of released intracellular metabolites: DNA, RNA, enzymes, and secondary metabolites. The most suitable method for nucleic acid isolation was grinding under liquid nitrogen, while bead mill homogenization was the superior technique for isolation of active enzymes. A new effective method is proposed for isolation of secondary metabolites with the aid of bead milling of fungal mycelia.

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Influence of stress conditions on the quality of obtained sprouts – modification of their chemical composition

Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods ◽

10.15586/qas.v13i2.836 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Magdalena Zielińska-Dawidziak

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Metal Ions ◽

Nutritional Quality ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Light Illumination ◽

Health Promoting ◽

Chemical Factors

Sprouts are generally accepted as a pro-healthy food. They are consumed as a source of valuable macronutrients, antioxidants, microelements, and vitamins. Changing growth conditions of sprouts enables modification of their nutritional quality, as well as their safety. Thus, in order to achieve the most desirable composition of the produced sprouts, the conditions for their production are optimized. The aim of this review is to present methods currently used to modify the nutritional quality of plant sprouts. Most scientific works focus on stress conditions inducing the synthesis of secondary metabolites, mainly antioxidants. An increase in their content is achieved after application of physical (e.g., light illumination, temperature) or chemical factors (e.g., salinity stress, phytohormones, metal ions, etc). Though the application of these modifications on a larger scale is problematic. These problems include difficulties in predicting the effect of the stressor and an increased price of the obtained sprouts. However, since it is possible to enrich sprouts with valuable health-promoting substances, these methods are still considered very promising.

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Influence of soluble content losses on the ability of aerobic fungi to improve the nutritional content of pre-treated forages

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v47i3.168 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 298-308

Author(s):

K. R. Idowu ◽

A. S. Chaudhry ◽

J. Dolfing ◽

V. O. A. Ojo

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Similar Reduction ◽

Filtering Method ◽

Nutritive Quality ◽

Andropogon Gayanus ◽

The Impact

Fungal improvement of the nutritive content of low-quality forages can be affected by several factors among which loss of water-soluble content (WSC) plays a major role. To achieve this aim, two growth conditions i.e. forage-liquid ratios (1:3 and 1:5) and two inoculation times (14 and 28 days) were used to cultivate the selected fungi i.e. Pleurotus ostreatus (PO) at 30°C and Ceriporiopsis rivulosus (CR) at 20°C on Brachiaria decumbens (BD), Andropogon gayanus (AG), Triticum aestivum (TA) straw, Lolium perenne (LP), respectively with the view of selecting the optimal conditions that facilitate the release of WSC. The impact that losses of WSC have on the ability of fungi to improve the nutritive content (i.e. proximate, fibre, secondary metabolites and total antioxidant content) of the forages were then measured using 2 filtering methods i.e. light pump filtering method (LFM) and free flow filtering method (FFM). The optimal conditions that supported increased th soluble was identified as 28th day for both fungi; forage-liquid ratio of 1:5 for both fungi in most of the forages except BD (CR) and BD & AG (PO). The LFM led to lesser or no improvement in the nutritive quality of the upgraded forages while the opposite was recorded with the LFM. The LFM as against the FFM produced upgraded forages with lesser reduction in NDF; similar or higher ADF and lignin contents; and similar reduction in secondary metabolites and TAC when compared with un-improved forages. It can be concluded that the fungal improvement of the nutritive content of low-quality forages was negatively affected by the loss of WSC. It is therefore recommended that fungal improvement of the nutritive quality of low quality forages should be carried out with methods or techniques that facilitates little or no WSC loss in the upgraded forages.

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Antioxidant defense and secondary metabolites concentration in hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) plants as affected by salt stress

Acta agriculturae Slovenica ◽

10.14720/aas.2021.117.2.2065 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 117 (2) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Zhaleh SOHEILIKHAH ◽

Nasser KARIMI ◽

Masoud MODARRESI ◽

Seyed Yahya SALEHI-LISAR ◽

Ali MOVAFEGHI

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Plant Production ◽

Limiting Factors ◽

Alcoholic Extract ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Hoagland Nutrient Solution ◽

Hyssopus Officinalis

Salt stress is one of the major limiting factors for plant production, and the quality of medicinal plants is also affected by soil salinity. Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) plants were cultivated for four weeks in perlite: sand and irrigated with Hoagland nutrient solution containing 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl. Plants growth was decreased by salt stress while the leaf relative water content was not affected, and the chlorophyll content decreased only by the highest salt concentration (200 mM). Sodium was accumulated at small amounts, indicating a high ability of this species to exclude salt. Soluble sugars and proline were accumulated up to 1.6 and 4.5 fold, respectively. The antioxidant enzymes activity (peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase) were increased by the salt treatments, particularly in the leaves. The levels of secondary metabolites (saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and iridoids) were all increased under salt stress, and the total antioxidant capacity of alcoholic extract of the leaves and roots was significantly higher in the salt-treated compared with control plants. Our results showed that hyssop is a salt-tolerant species, and the quality of this medicinal plant is improved when grown under saline conditions.

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Microwave-Assisted Solid Extraction from Natural Matrices

10.5772/intechopen.95440 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Valeria Cavalloro ◽

Emanuela Martino ◽

Pasquale Linciano ◽

Simona Collina

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Theoretical Background ◽

Special Focus ◽

Extraction Techniques ◽

Solid Extraction ◽

Microwave Assisted ◽

Performance Ability ◽

Solid Liquid ◽

Sustainable Extraction

The extraction of secondary metabolites from plants, and natural sources in general, is a cornerstone in medicinal chemistry and required the development of sustainable extraction techniques. Microwave-Assisted Solid Extraction (MASE) is a promising extractive methodology being more effective than traditional extraction techniques. It offers higher and faster extraction performance ability with less solvent consumption and protection toward thermolabile constituents. For these reasons, MASE resulted in a suitable extractive methodology in all aspects, including economical and practical, compared to traditional extraction techniques, especially over Soxhlet or solid–liquid extraction. In this chapter, a brief theoretical background about the use of microwave energy for extraction has been presented for better understanding. Then, the potential of MASE for the extraction of secondary metabolites from natural resources, for evaluating the plant productivity and for evaluating the quality of the natural matrices will be reviewed. The discussion is supported by reporting recent applicative examples of MASE applied to the extraction of the most representative chemical classes of secondary metabolites, with a special focus on some drugs or compounds of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical interest.

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Overcoming Deterrent Metabolites by Gaining Essential Nutrients: A Lichen/Snail Case Study

10.20944/preprints201901.0297.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Alice Gadea ◽

Maryvonne Charrier ◽

Mathieu Fanuel ◽

Philippe Clerc ◽

Corentin Daugan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Usnic Acid ◽

Feeding Preferences ◽

Feeding Experiments ◽

Feeding Choice ◽

Lichen Thallus ◽

Choice Feeding

Lichen secondary metabolites are generally considered as repellent compounds for lichen feeders. Nevertheless, if the only food available consists in lichens rich in secondary metabolites, lichenophages such as Notodiscus hookeri, a gastropod native from the Possession Island, seem able to implement strategies to overcome the toxicity of these metabolites. Thus, the balance between phagostimulant nutrients and deterrent metabolites appears to play a key role in their feeding preferences. To further understand lichen-gastropod interactions, we studied the feeding behavior of Notodiscus hookeri fed exclusively with Usnea taylori, a lichen rich in usnic acid and arabitol. Snail feeding choice experiments with intact lichens vs acetone-rinsed lichens were carried out to study the influence of secondary metabolites. Simultaneously, usnic acid and arabitol were quantified and localized within the lichen thallus using HPLC-DAD-MS and in situ imaging by mass spectrometry to assess whether their spatial distribution induce preferential snail grazing. Then, no-choice feeding experiments were devised using usnic acid and arabitol embedded in artificial diet, separately or together.  This case study demonstrated that the nutritional activity of N. hookerii was governed by the chemical quality of the food and primarily by nutrient availability (arabitol), despite the presence of deterrent metabolites (usnic acid).

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Characteristics of Pollen Grains of Different Date Pollinator Cultivars and Their Metaxenia Effect on Secondary Metabolites, Enzymes and Other Biochemical Compounds of ‘piarom’ Dates at Different Stages of Fruit Growth

10.21203/rs.3.rs-968530/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ali Reza Shahsavar ◽

Asma Shahhosseini

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Fruit Growth ◽

Total Phenol ◽

Pectin Methyl Esterase ◽

Date Fruit ◽

Biochemical Compounds ◽

Date Fruits

Abstract In this study, the characteristics of pollens of eight date pollinating cultivars including ‘Shahani’, ‘Zahedi’, ‘Beraem’, ‘Faryab’, ‘Sheikhali’, ‘Fard’ and ‘Jarvis’ were compared and their metaxenia effects on secondary metabolites, enzymes and other biochemical compounds of ‘Piarom’ date fruit was investigated in four stages of fruit growth and development. The pollens of these eight pollinating cultivars were compared in terms of carbohydrate, protein starch, total phenol, flavonoids, pectin methyl esterase, and amylase enzymes. According to the results, , pollens of ‘Sheikhali’, ‘Fard’, ‘Zahedi’ and ‘Shahani’ cultivars had higher amounts of the above compounds than other cultivars. Regarding the effect of pollens on the composition of ‘Piarom’ date fruit, ‘Fard’ and ‘Sheikhali’ pollens produced the lowest amount of soluable tannin, which resulted in better quality of ‘Piarom’ date fruits. Pollens of ‘Sheikhali’ and ‘Fard’ cultivars produced the highest amounts of glucose and fructose in the fruit. In relation to sucrose, ‘Jarvis’ and ‘Shikhali’ were the best. Pollens of ‘Sheikhali’ and ‘Fard’ cultivars caused the lowest amount of chlorophyll in different stages of fruit growth, indicating better decomposition of fruit chlorophyll and, as a result, better fruit quality. Pollens of ‘Sheikhali’ and ‘Fard’ cultivars produced the highest amount of secondary metabolites such as total phenol, carotenoids and anthocyanin at different stages of ‘Piarom’ date fruit development. Pollens of ‘Fard’ and ‘Sheikhali’ cultivars produced the highest levels of polygalacturonase, cellulase and invertase enzymes at different stages of ‘Piarom’ date fruit growth. Regarding cellulase enzyme, ‘Zahedi’ cultivar produced more ‘cellulase’ in fruit than ‘Sheikhali’. In general, the pollens of ‘Fard’ and ‘Sheikhali, in comparison with other cultivars, improved the quantity and quality of ‘Piarom’ date fruit, due to their metaxenia properties.

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Plant Polyphenols-Biofortified Foods as a Novel Tool for the Prevention of Human Gut Diseases

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9121225 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1225

Author(s):

Aurelia Scarano ◽

Marcello Chieppa ◽

Angelo Santino

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽

Immunomodulatory Activity ◽

Plant Polyphenols ◽

Human Gut ◽

Bowel Diseases ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

New Generation ◽

Relevant Class

Plant food biofortification is recently receiving remarkable attention, as it aims to increase the intake of minerals, vitamins, or antioxidants, crucial for their contribution to the general human health status and disease prevention. In this context, the study of the plant’s secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols, plays a pivotal role for the development of a new generation of plant crops, compensating, at least in part, the low nutritional quality of Western diets with a higher quality of dietary sources. Due to the prevalent immunomodulatory activity at the intestinal level, polyphenols represent a nutritionally relevant class of plant secondary metabolites. In this review, we focus on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of different classes of polyphenols with a specific attention to their potential in the prevention of intestinal pathological processes. We also discuss the latest biotechnology strategies and new advances of genomic techniques as a helpful tool for polyphenols biofortification and the development of novel, healthy dietary alternatives that can contribute to the prevention of inflammatory bowel diseases.

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TABLET FORMULATION FROM MENIRAN (PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI L.) EXTRACT WITH DIRECT COMPRESSION METHOD

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2018v10i4.26795 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 98

Author(s):

Resmi Mustarichie ◽

Dradjad Priambodo

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽

Magnesium Stearate ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Compression Method ◽

Phyllanthus Niruri ◽

Disintegration Time ◽

Quality Testing ◽

Layer Chromatography

Objective: The aim of the present study was to obtain an optimized formula of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) extract tablets that fulfilled the requirements as a good pharmaceutical preparation based on Indonesian Pharmacopoeia IV and USP XVII.Methods: P. niruri plant was collected and determined at the Laboratory of Plant Taxonomy, Universitas Padjadjaran. First performed phytochemical screening to determine the content of secondary metabolites. Then designed five kinds of tablet formulas of P. niruri extract using a direct compressed method with a variation of concentration of filler. Each formula contains a similar concentration of P. niruri extract as the active ingredient, avicel PH 102 and amprotab with varying concentrations as filler, talcum, and magnesium stearate as a lubricant and Aerosil®200 vv as an adsorbent. Tablet print mass and quality of the resulting tablets were then evaluated. Also, check whether the resulting tablets still contain P. niruri extract as the active substance or not.Results: The results of phytochemical screening of simplicia and viscous plant extract showed the presence of alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids as secondary metabolites. The five formulas made contain avicel PH 102 and amprotab as binders and crushers and the expected results such as shape and durability as desired. The results of examination of shrinkage rate of mass drying of tablet prints from the above five formulas indicated an increase of value from formula A (5.4609 %) to formula E (5.8600%). This was because avicel PH 102 and amprotab had a considerable moisture content, so with the combination of both fillers could increase the water content from mass print tablets. Real density, compact density, and true density decreased from formula A to formula E. The amount of these densities were influenced by the shape and size of the particles. Flowability increased from formula A (23.7124°) to formula E (26.4210°) whereas compressibility increased from formula A (21.7222%) to formula E (29,4121%). Flowability and compressibility increase might be due to the uniformity of the particle size between the amprotabs and the other additives which could cause electrical charges to the print mass affecting the speed and flow of the print mass. All quality testing results including Weight (mg), Thickness (mm), Diameter (mm), Hardness (N), Friability (%) and Disintegration time (min.) had met the requirements. Thin Layer Chromatography showed that the resulting tablets still contain P. niruri extract as the active substance.Conclusion:. Overall results showed that the formulation fulfilled the requirements as a good pharmaceutical preparation based on Indonesian Pharmacopoeia IV and USP XVII.

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Foliar quality of co-occurring mallee eucalypts: balance of primary and secondary metabolites reflects past growing conditions

Chemoecology ◽

10.1007/s00049-015-0187-4 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 179-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Martin J. Steinbauer ◽

Ian R. Wallis ◽

Noel W. Davies ◽

Simon J. Watson

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽

Growing Conditions

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