scholarly journals Effects of Temperature Increase on Pea Production in a Semiarid Region of China

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. ASWR.S2488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoju Xiao ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Runyuan Wang ◽  
Yubi Yao ◽  
Hong Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation ◽  
Output Ratio ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Number Of Stems

In this study, a field experiment was used to evaluate a pea crop ( Pisum sativum L.) at Tongwei Experimental Station (35°13'N, 105°14'E), which is in a semiarid region of China. In this experiment, the mean daily temperature was designed to increase by 0.6-2.2 °C throughout the complete growth stage of the pea crop. When the mean daily temperature increased by approximately 2.2 °C, the water use efficiency (WUE) of the pea crop decreased by 30.4%, the duration of the growth stage was shortened by approximately 17 days, the yields were decreased by 17.5%, the number of stems with root-rot sickness were increased by 50.6%, and the input-output ratio (In/Ou) of the pea crop was 1.20. When the mean daily temperature was increased by approximately 1.4 °C, the WUE decreased by 26.1%, the growth stage duration decreased by 10 days, the yields decreased by 11.1%, the number of stems with root-rot sickness increased by 23.3%, and the input-output ratio (In/Ou) was 1.11. In addition, supplementary irrigation was found to be beneficial to the pea yields when the temperature increased. Indeed, application of 60 mm of supplementary irrigation during the complete growth stages of crops that were subjected to an increase in mean daily temperature of 0.6-2.2 °C resulted in crop yields improving by 8.3%-12.8%. Consequently, in this region, supplementary irrigation may play an important role in maintaining pea yields that would otherwise be affected by climate warming. However, the results also show that application of 60 mm of supplementary irrigation does not decrease the number of stems with root-rot sickness and that the In/Ou ratio of pea crops subjected to the same temperature conditions will increase.

Herbicidal control of deathcamas (Zigadenus paniculatus)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Clinton A. Stonecipher ◽  
Corey Ransom ◽  
Eric Thacker ◽  
Kevin Welch ◽  
Dale R. Gardner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Alkaloid Content ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Similar Density ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Foothill deathcamas is a bulbous, perennial, native forb found throughout the western United States. Deathcamas begins growth early in the spring. The lack of alternative forages at this time can result in livestock becoming poisoned from the consumption of deathcamas. Research on herbicides for deathcamas control is limited to work from the 1950s and 1960s that identified 2,4-D as a control agent. The objective of this study was to evaluate alternative herbicide options for deathcamas control that include 2,4-D, 2,4-D + triclopyr, quinclorac, aminopyralid, imazapic, and chlorsulfuron. We also investigated the impact of plant growth stage on deathcamas control by making herbicide applications at two growth stages. One set of plots was treated with herbicides when deathcamas was in the early vegetative stage and the second set was treated at flowering. There is some evidence that stress might affect alkaloid content; therefore, we monitored alkaloid content of treated and nontreated deathcamas. Plots were established at Mt. Sterling, UT, and Mt. Pleasant, UT. Deathcamas density was reduced in 2,4-D, 2,4-D + triclopyr, and imazapic treatments 1 and 2 yr after herbicide application (P < 0.0001). Compared with the pretreatment densities, deathcamas densities(± standard error of the mean) 2 yr after herbicide application were reduced 96% ± 1.4%, 100% ± 0%, and 98% ± 0.9% for 2,4-D, 2,4-D + triclopyr, and imazapic, respectively, at the Mt. Sterling site. At the Mt. Pleasant site, deathcamas density was reduced by 84% ± 2.8% with 2,4-D alone, whereas 2,4-D + triclopyr and imazapic provided similar density reductions as observed at the Mt. Sterling site. Steroidal alkaloid concentrations did not change in herbicide-treated deathcamas at either stage of plant growth. These data indicate that 2,4-D, 2,4-D + triclopyr, and imazapic can effectively control deathcamas in the vegetative and flowering growth stages.

EFFECT OF SELECTION FOR PROTEIN ON LENGTHS OF GROWTH STAGES IN Glycine max × Glycine soja CROSSES

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. ERICKSON ◽  
W. D. BEVERSDORF
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Seed Protein ◽  
Glycine Soja ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Seed Protein Content ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection For

The effect of selection for high seed protein content on plant development in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) was investigated by comparing the lengths of growth stages of four selected populations with those of a nonselected control. Each population, grown at two locations in one season, was a composite of four crosses between G. max and its putative wild ancestor, Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc. The growth stages were planting to emergence, emergence to flowering and flowering to maturity. The length of each growth stage was measured in soybean development units (SDU) and in days. On average, populations selected for protein alone required more SDUs from planting to emergence and from emergence to flowering and fewer SDUs from flowering to maturity than did the control. The mean temperature in the stage from flowering to maturity was negatively correlated with protein content in all populations. The correlations ranged from −0.22* to −0.34**.

scholarly journals Addition of Mancozeb to DMI + QoI, and SDHI + QoI Co-formulations Improving Control of Asian Soybean Rust

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Erlei Melo Reis ◽  
Mateus Zanatta ◽  
Andrea Camargo Reis
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Asian Soybean Rust ◽  
Rust Severity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Actual Control

The reduced sensitivity of Phakopsora pachyrhizi to site-specific fungicides used to control Asian soybean rust by the current co-formulations needs investigation. To improve the rust control the performance of cyproconazole + picoxystrobin, tebuconazole + picoxystrobin, cyproconazole + azoxystrobin, epoxyconazole + pyraclostrobin, fluxapyroxade + pyraclostrobin, benzovindiflupyr + azoxystrobin, prothioconazole + trifloxystrobin and cyproconazole + trifloxystrobin mixtures added by five doses of the multisite mancozeb were evaluated. The fungicides were sprayed at four growth stages the first performed at R1 growth stage and the others with 15-18 days intervals. The rust severity was quantified, the control was calculated, the percentage of chlorophyll and the yield of soybean were determined. The mean of rust control by the mixtures without addition of the multi-site fungicide was 46% (21 to 71%). There was an increase in control efficiency due to addition and mancozeb doses in all treatments. Control over 80% was obtained with tebuconazole + picoxystrobin, fluxapyroxade + pyraclostrobin, benzovindiflupyr + azoxystrobin, and prothioconazole + trifloxystrobin added at least of 2.0 kg/ha mancozeb. In unsprayed plots the maximum 78% severity corresponded to 59% damage. There was an increase in chlorophyll content and soybean yield as a function of the mancozebe increased doses: 2,019 kg/ha in the unsprayed control and in the best treatment 5,132 kg/ha. Actual control reduction due to fungal decrease in sensitivity can be improved by the multi-site fungicide addition.

Economic Aspects of Mustard Cultivation in Lakhimpur Kheri District of Uttar Pradesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 520-523
Keyword(s):  
Average Cost ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Ratio ◽  
Gross Income ◽  
Average Size ◽  
The Cost

The results revealed that on an overall average size of landholding was estimated to be 0.97 ha. The total cultivated area at all categories of sample farms were found to be irrigated. Overall average, cost of cultivation was estimated `27819.43 per ha. The cost of cultivation showed positive relation with size of holding. The cost of cultivation was highest on medium farms (`32549.25) followed by small (`31528.40 and marginal (`29171.74), respectively. Overall average, cost of production was estimated `2446.44 per hectare. On an average input-output ratio on the basis Costs A1/A2, B1, B2, C1, and C2 were recorded 1:2.86, 1:2.77, 1:1.91, 1:1.89 and 1:1.46, respectively. On the basis of Cost C2 input-output ratio was highest on marginal farms (1:1.47) followed by small (1:1.44) and medium (1:1.43), respectively. Overall average, net income and gross income were found `9859.33 and 40028.69 per ha, respectively.

scholarly journals Growth Stages Classification of Potato Crop Based on Analysis of Spectral Response and Variables Optimization

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Liu ◽  
Ruomei Zhao ◽  
Lang Qiao ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Minzan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Spectral Response ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Potato Field ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Svm Model ◽  
Selection Algorithms ◽  
Potato Crops

Potato is the world’s fourth-largest food crop, following rice, wheat, and maize. Unlike other crops, it is a typical root crop with a special growth cycle pattern and underground tubers, which makes it harder to track the progress of potatoes and to provide automated crop management. The classification of growth stages has great significance for right time management in the potato field. This paper aims to study how to classify the growth stage of potato crops accurately on the basis of spectroscopy technology. To develop a classification model that monitors the growth stage of potato crops, the field experiments were conducted at the tillering stage (S1), tuber formation stage (S2), tuber bulking stage (S3), and tuber maturation stage (S4), respectively. After spectral data pre-processing, the dynamic changes in chlorophyll content and spectral response during growth were analyzed. A classification model was then established using the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm based on spectral bands and the wavelet coefficients obtained from the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) of reflectance spectra. The spectral variables, which include sensitive spectral bands and feature wavelet coefficients, were optimized using three selection algorithms to improve the classification performance of the model. The selection algorithms include correlation analysis (CA), the successive projection algorithm (SPA), and the random frog (RF) algorithm. The model results were used to compare the performance of various methods. The CWT-SPA-SVM model exhibited excellent performance. The classification accuracies on the training set (Atrain) and the test set (Atest) were respectively 100% and 97.37%, demonstrating the good classification capability of the model. The difference between the Atrain and accuracy of cross-validation (Acv) was 1%, which showed that the model has good stability. Therefore, the CWT-SPA-SVM model can be used to classify the growth stages of potato crops accurately. This study provides an important support method for the classification of growth stages in the potato field.

scholarly journals Effect of Herbicides on the Management of the Invasive Weed Solanum rostratum Dunal (Solanaceae)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Jackline Abu-Nassar ◽  
Maor Matzrafi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Solanum Rostratum ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Chemical Solutions ◽  
Late Growth

Solanum rostratum Dunal is an invasive weed species that invaded Israel in the 1950s. The weed appears in several germination flashes, from early spring until late summer. Recently, an increase in its distribution range was observed, alongside the identification of new populations in the northern part of Israel. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of herbicide application for the control of S. rostratum using two field populations originated from the Golan Heights and the Jezreel Valley. While minor differences in herbicide efficacy were recorded between populations, plant growth stage had a significant effect on herbicide response. Carfentrazone-ethyl was found to be highly effective in controlling plants at both early and late growth stages. Metribuzin, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen and tembutrione showed reduced efficacy when applied at later growth stage (8–9 cm height), as compared to the application at an early growth stage (4–5 cm height). Tank mixes of oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen with different concentrations of surfactant improved later growth stage plant control. Taken together, our study highlights several herbicides that can improve weed control and may be used as chemical solutions alongside diversified crop rotation options. Thus, they may aid in preventing the spread and further buildup of S. rostratum field populations.

RELEASE OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA STEPHENS (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) FOR CONTROL OF THE GREEN APPLE APHID, APHIS POMI DEGEER (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmer A.C. Hagley
Keyword(s):  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Chrysoperla Carnea ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Aphis Pomi ◽  
The Mean

AbstractRelease of the chrysopid, Chrysoperla cornea Stephens, at a rate of ca. 335 000 eggs per hectare, reduced significantly the numbers of apterous adults and nymphs of the green apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeGeer, on dwarf apple trees. Greater reduction in aphid numbers occurred in 1984 than in 1985, and the efficiency of the predator might have been influenced by the predator:prey ratios (1:10 and 1:19) used and by the mean daily temperature that occurred during the test periods. Application of azinphosmethyl (Guthion 50% wp, 0.105 and 0.075 kg AI/100 L) did not adversely affect predation of apterous A. pomi by larvae of C. carnea.

Stability Criteria for Distributed Nonlinear Sampled-Data Systems Defined by Green’s Functions

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Jumarie
Keyword(s):  
Stability Criterion ◽  
Feedback Gain ◽  
Continuous Systems ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Data Systems ◽  
Sampled Data ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Stability ◽  
Lumped Parameter ◽  
The Mean

Sampled-data, nonlinear, distributed systems, which exhibit a structure similar to that of the standard closed loop with lumped parameter, are investigated from the viewpoint of their input-output stability. These systems are governed by operational equations involving discrete Laplace-Green kernels. Their feedback gains are bounded by upper and lower values which depend explicitly on the time and the distributed parameter. The main result is: an input-output stability theorem is given which applies both in L∞ (O, ∞) and L2 (O, ∞). This criterion, which may be considered as being an extension of the ≪circle criterion≫, involves the mean square value on the bounds of the feedback gain. Stability conditions for continuous systems are derived from this result. In the special case of systems with distributed periodical time-varying feedback gains, a stability criterion is given which applies in Marcinkiewicz space M2 (O, ∞). This result which involves the mean square value of the feedback gain is generally less restrictive than the L2 (O, ∞) stability criterion mentioned above.

scholarly journals Effect of Growth Stage on Susceptibility of Grape Berry and Rachis Tissues to Infection by Phomopsis viticola

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Erincik ◽  
L. V. Madden ◽  
D. C. Ferree ◽  
M. A. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Phomopsis Viticola ◽  
Over Time

Intact ‘Seyval’ grape clusters in the greenhouse and ‘Catawba’ clusters in the field were inoculated with conidia of Phomopsis viticola at seven Eichorn-Lorenz growth stages between 12 (prebloom) and 35 (véraison) in 1998. Five pots (10 clusters) were used per inoculation, and the experiment was repeated three times. Also, 10 to 20 randomly selected Catawba clusters were inoculated in the field for each of three replications at each growth stage. Studies were repeated in 1999. In addition, Chambourcin clusters were also inoculated at four growth stages in the greenhouse in 1999. Results obtained in the greenhouse and field during both years and for all cultivars indicate that berry and rachis infections can occur at all growth stages between 12 and 35 with no evidence of decreasing susceptibility over time. Results disagree with some literature reports that indicate that berry infection occurs primarily during bloom and shortly after bloom, and susceptibility decreases as fruit matures.

scholarly journals Hormesis with glyphosate depends on coffee growth stage

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 813-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEONARDO B. DE CARVALHO ◽  
PEDRO L.C.A. ALVES ◽  
STEPHEN O. DUKE
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Coffee Plant ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Coffee Plantations ◽  
Plant Growth Stages ◽  
Coffee Plants ◽  
Almost All

Weed management systems in almost all Brazilian coffee plantations allow herbicide spray to drift on crop plants. In order to evaluate if there is any effect of the most commonly used herbicide in coffee production, glyphosate, on coffee plants, a range of glyphosate doses were applied directly on coffee plants at two distinct plant growth stages. Although growth of both young and old plants was reduced at higher glyphosate doses, low doses caused no effects on growth characteristics of young plants and stimulated growth of older plants. Therefore, hormesis with glyphosate is dependent on coffee plant growth stage at the time of herbicide application.

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