scholarly journals Effects of supplemental protein and energy and feeding frequency on the performance of lactating dairy cows fed a protein deficient diet

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Thivierge ◽  
J. F. Bernier ◽  
H. Lapierre
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Protein Deficient Diet

The objective of this experiment was to study the interaction between feeding frequency and supplementation of a protein-deficient diet with an undegradable protein and energy source on milk production and composition. Eight Holstein cows were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, using a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 14-d experimental periods. The main factors were feeding frequency of the basal diet (two vs. seven times daily) and the addition of a protein-energy supplement fed in seven meals daily. Intake of the basal diet was individually restricted to 95% of previous ad libitum intake. The supplement consisted of 1.71 kg of Pro-Lak® (70% rumen-undegradable protein) and 0.94 kg of dried molasses. The basal diet provided 69, 89, 54, and 95% of the daily requirements of crude protein, rumen-degradable and rumen-undegradable proteins and NEL, respectively. Milk protein yield increased (P = 0.06) by 4% with increased feeding frequency. Milk and milk protein yield both increased (P < 0.01) by 12% with the supplement, but no interaction between feeding frequency and the supplement was observed. Urinary excretion of purine derivatives, an index of rumen microbial protein synthesis, was not affected by treatments. Thus, the results indicate that microbial growth was not affected by meal frequency or the protein-energy supplement, maybe due to the high supply of rumen-degradable protein from the basal diet. The effect of increasing meal frequency on milk protein yield might be related to an increased post-ruminal digestibility of organic matter. Key words: Dairy cows, feeding frequency, milk production, protein, purines

scholarly journals Rumen-protected lysine, methionine, and histidine increase milk protein yield in dairy cows fed a metabolizable protein-deficient diet

2012 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 6042-6056 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lee ◽  
A.N. Hristov ◽  
T.W. Cassidy ◽  
K.S. Heyler ◽  
H. Lapierre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Protein ◽  
Protein Deficient Diet

scholarly journals Effect of Rumen Available Protein, Amimo Acids and Carbohydrates on Microbial Protein Synthesis, Amino Acid Flow and Performance of High Yielding Cows

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella A. Varga ◽  
Amichai Arieli ◽  
Lawrence D. Muller ◽  
Haim Tagari ◽  
Israel Bruckental ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Rumen Undegradable Protein ◽  
And Performance

The effect of rumen available protein amino acids and carbohydrates on microbial protein synthesis, amino acid flow and performance of high yielding dairy cows was studied. A significant relationship between the effective degradabilities of OM in feedstuffs and the in vivo ruminal OM degradation of diets of dairy cows was found. The in situ method enabled the prediction of ruminal nutrients degradability response to processing of energy and nitragenous supplements. The AA profile of the rumen undegradable protein was modified by the processing method. In a continuous culture study total N and postruminal AA flows, and bacterial efficiency, is maximal at rumen degradable levels of 65% of the CP. Responses to rumen degradable non carbohydrate (NSC) were linear up to at least 27% of DM. Higher CP flow in the abomasum was found for cows fed high ruminally degradable OM and low ruminally degradable CP diet. It appeared that in dairy cows diets, the ratio of rumen degradable OM to rumenally degradable CP should be at least 5:1 in order to maximize postruminal CP flow. The efficiency of microbial CP synthesis was higher for diets supplemented with 33% of rumen undegradable protein, with greater amounts of bacterial AA reaching the abomasum. Increase in ruminal carbohydrate availability by using high moisture corn increased proportions of propionate, postruminal nutrients flow, postruminal starch digestibility, ruminal availability of NSC, uptake of energy substrates by the mammory gland. These modifications resulted with improvement in the utilization of nonessential AA for milk protein synthesis, in higher milk protein yield. Higher postruminal NSC digestibility and higher efficiency of milk protein production were recorded in cows fed extruded corn. Increasing feeding frequency increased flow of N from the rumen to the blood, reduced diurnal variation in ruminal and ammonia, and of plasma urea and improved postruminal NSC and CIP digestibility and total tract digestibilities. Milk and constituent yield increased with more frequent feeding. In a study performed in a commercial dairy herd, changes in energy and nitrogenous substrates level suggested that increasing feeding frequency may improve dietary nitrogen utilization and may shift metabolism toward more glucogenesis. It was concluded that efficiency of milk protein yield in high producing cows might be improved by an optimization of ruminal and post-ruminal supplies of energy and nitrogenous substrates. Such an optimization can be achieved by processing of energy and nitrogenous feedstuffs, and by increasing feeding frequency. In situ data may provide means for elucidation of the optimal processing conditions.

scholarly journals Untreated and formaldehyde treated skimmilk powder as a protein supplement for dairy cows

1978 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-165
Author(s):  
Liisa Syrjälä ◽  
Esko Poutiainen ◽  
Visa-Heikki Koskela
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Protein Deficient Diet ◽  
Positive Results

Twenty four high producing dairy cows were used in an experiment in which the value of fat free spray-dried milk powder, untreated or formaldehyde treated (0.4 g formaldehyde/100 g crude protein), was studied as a protein supplement in a protein deficient diet. The groups were: 1) Protein shortage group, 1) Untreated milk powder group and 3) Formaldehyde treated milk powder group. Rations were made for all groups from hay, grass silage, barley, oats and mineral and vitamin mixtures according to nutrient requirements excepting that of protein. In the rations of the protein shortage group 25 % of the DCP required for milk production was omitted. In the other groups this deficiency was filled with untreated or formaldehyde treated milk protein. The experiment lasted 15 weeks. The feed consumption and utilization, milk production and composition, and blood contents were determined. In eliminating the protein deficiency with fat free milk powder positive results were found in milk yields, the protein content of the milk and in the live weight of the cows. The differences in the utilization of untreated and formaldehyde treated milk powder were not significant. Only small amounts of formaldehyde (0.11 mg/kg milk), were found in the milk of the cows receiving formaldehyde treated protein. The values of the blood analyses remained within the normal ranges on all diets.

scholarly journals Effects of Microencapsulated Methionine on Milk Production and Manure Nitrogen Excretions of Lactating Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3545
Author(s):  
Layla King ◽  
Janaka Wickramasinghe ◽  
Brooke Dooley ◽  
Carrie McCarthy ◽  
Emily Branstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

The study objective was to determine the effects of rumen-protected methionine (Met) by microencapsulation (RPM) on amino acid (AA) supply to the udder, milk production, and manure nitrogen (N) losses of dairy cows. A corn and soybean-based diet deficient in metabolizable Met (~10 g/d) was supplemented with RPM providing 0, 11.0, 19.3, and 27.5 g/d of Met. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, plasma essential AA (EAA), mammary plasma flow (MPF), and fecal (FN) and urinary N (UN) outputs (g/d) were determined. The RPM increased linearly milk yield, milk protein yield, and energy corrected milk yield (p < 0.040) without affecting DMI. Milk protein yield increased by 50 g/d for the 19.3 vs. 0 g/d dose (p = 0.006) but the rate of increment decreased for 27.5 g/d dose. Plasma Met, and MPF increased linearly with RPM dose (p < 0.050). Apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (p = 0.020) and FN (p = 0.081) decreased linearly with RPM. The UN did not change but total manure N decreased linearly with RPM (p = 0.054). The RPM (19.3 g/d) seemed to help cows overcome the metabolizable Met deficiency while mitigating manure N excretions to the environment.

scholarly journals Supply of nutrients and productive responses in dairy cows given diets based on restrictively fermented silage

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pekka Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Protein Supply

The objective of this paper is to review research which has evaluated the feeding of dairy cows with diets containing large proportions of grass silage. In Finland, milk production systems evolved are based on the use of restrictively fermented silages. Higher potential yields, smaller production risks than with cereal grains, short grazing period and high digestibility of grasses grown in northern latitudes have facilitated this development. Factors affecting nutrient supply from these diets are discussed. Digestibility is determined mainly by the stage of maturity at harvesting and it is not markedly affected by the level of energy and protein supplementation. Intake of grass silage is influenced both by digestibility and fermentation characteristics. Efficiency of microbial synthesis is high in animals given diets based on restrictively fermented silage but rumen fermentation pattern is characterised by low molar proportions of propionate. Production responses to additional concentrate are relatively small, especially when the amount of concentrate exceeds 10 kg day-1. High substitution of silage dry matter (DM), negative associative effects on digestion and partitioning of energy towards body tissues account for small production responses. Protein supplementation has consistently increased milk protein yield but responses do not appear to be related to the level of milk production, silage crude protein content, amount of concentrate or stage of lactation. The new protein evaluation system provides an accurate prediction of protein yield with the typical Finnish dairy cow diets. The high slopes (ca. 0.5) between protein supply and milk protein yield within experiments suggest that protein supply is suboptimal and protein supplements are used with a high efficiency.

Effects of abomasal infusions of sodium caseinate, a hydrolysate of casein or a corresponding mixture of free amino acids on milk yield and composition in dairy cows

1995 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jai-Jun Choung ◽  
David G. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Bioactive Peptides ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sodium Caseinate ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Kinetics Of

SummaryThe effects of the form in which amino acids are presented to the abomasum on the milk production of dairy cows receiving a basal diet of grass silage and a barley-based supplement were examined in two experiments. Effects of abomasal infusions of sodium caseinate were compared with the effects of corresponding levels of either an enzymic hydrolysate of casein (Expt 1) or a corresponding mixture of free amino acids (FAA; Expt 2). In Expt 1, although the yield of protein in milk increased progressively with each level of infusion, the yields of protein were greater for the caseinate than for the hydrolysate. Again, in Expt 2, for milk protein yield, sodium caseinate was superior to FAA at the lower level of infusion. In both experiments, the hydrolysate and FAA treatments were associated with higher concentrations of fat in the milk. There were indications of differences in the pattern of secretion of glucagon between the caseinate and FAA treatments. It is concluded that the differences between treatments relate either to the kinetics of absorption of amino acid residues or to the action of bioactive peptides released during digestion of casein.

Replacing wheat with canola meal and maize grain in the diet of lactating dairy cows: Feed intake, milk production and cow condition responses

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruairi P McDonnell ◽  
Martin vH Staines
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
The Difference

This research paper describes the effect of partially replacing wheat with maize grain and canola meal on milk production and body condition changes in early lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows consuming a grass silage-based diet over an 83-d period. Two groups of 39 cows were stratified for age, parity, historical milk yield and days in milk (DIM), and offered one of two treatment diets. The first treatment (CON) reflected a typical diet used by Western Australian dairy producers in summer and comprised (kg DM/cow per d); 8 kg of annual ryegrass silage, 6 kg of crushed wheat (provided once daily in a mixed ration), 3·6 kg of crushed lupins (provided in the milking parlour in two daily portions) and ad libitum lucerne haylage. The second treatment diet (COMP) was identical except the 6 kg of crushed wheat was replaced by 6 kg of a more complex concentrate mix (27% crushed wheat, 34% maize grain and 37% canola meal). Lucerne haylage was provided independently in the paddock to all cows, and no pasture was available throughout the experiment. The COMP group had a greater mean overall daily intake (22·5vs20·4 kg DM/cow) and a higher energy corrected milk (ECM) yield (29·2vs27·1 kg/cow;P= 0·047) than the CON cows. The difference in overall intake was caused by a higher daily intake of lucerne haylage in COMP cows (4·5vs2·3 kg DM/cow). The CON group had a higher concentration of milk fat (42·1vs39·3 g/kg;P= 0·029) than COMP cows. Milk protein yield was greater in COMP cows (P< 0·021); however, milk fat yield was unaffected by treatment. It is concluded that partially replacing wheat with canola meal and maize grain in a grass silage-based diet increases voluntary DMI of conserved forage and consequently yields of ECM and milk protein.

The effects on milk yield and composition of incorporating lactose into the diet of dairy cows given protected fat

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Garnsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fat Supplementation ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Group A

AbstractTwenty-eight Holstein/Friesian dairy cows were divided into four groups of seven. From weeks 4 to 15 of lactation they were given a basal diet consisting of 8 kg hay, 2 kg sugar-beet feed and 2 kg grass nuts, together with a concentrate allowance of 8 kg/day. Concentrates for group A were based on cereals and soya (control). Concentrate B contained 60 g protected fat supplement per kg; concentrate C contained 100 g lactose per kg; concentrate D contained 60 g fat supplement and 100 g lactose per kg. Milk yields were 24·6, 27·7, 25·6 and 26·5 kg/day and milk protein concentrations were 32·3, 30·7, 32·7 and 31·9 g/kg for groups A, B, C and D respectively. The effect of fat supplementation on milk yield and protein concentration was significant (P < 0·05) but the effect of lactose was not significant. Milk fat concentration was not significantly affected by treatment. It is concluded that lactose can partially alleviate the depression in milk protein concentration often observed when cows are given protected fat.

scholarly journals Iberian pig adaptation to acorn consumption: I. Net portal appearance of metabolites

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Fernández-Fígares ◽  
Jose Miguel Rodríguez-López ◽  
Lucrecia González-Valero ◽  
Manuel Lachica
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Period ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Sampling Session ◽  
Protein Deficient Diet ◽  
Portal Plasma ◽  
Set Up

Most valuable cured products from Iberian pigs come from pure bred animals raised for a final grazing-fattening period where pigs eat mainly acorns, a low protein energy rich fruit. This is a nutritional challenge for animals fed equilibrated diets from weaning. The aim of the study was to determine net portal appearance (NPA) of metabolites in gilts fed acorns and evaluate adaptational changes after one week of feeding. Two sampling periods were carried out (after one day and after one week of acorn feeding) with six gilts (34 kg average BW) set up with three catheters: in carotid artery and portal vein for blood sampling, and ileal vein for para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) infusion to measure portal plasma flow (PPF). Pigs were fed at 2.5 × ME for maintenance a standard diet in two portions, at 09:00 (0.25) and 15:00 h (the remaining 0.75). On the day prior to the first sampling period, pigs were fed 2.4 kg of oak acorns. After feeding 0.25 of ration a 6 h serial blood collection was initiated. Following an identical protocol, a second sampling session was performed 1 week later. Adaptation to acorn consumption decreased NPA of ammonia (47%,P < 0.001). Although there was a transfer of urea from the gastrointestinal tract to the circulation in both sampling periods, no differences in NPA of urea was found (P > 0.05). NPA of glucose was not influenced by sampling period (P > 0.05), but NPA of lactate was greatly increased (231%,P < 0.001). There was a negative NPA of albumin although adaptation to acorn feeding did not alter it. Although NPA of triglycerides and cholesterol were unchanged, a subtle increase in arterial and portal cholesterol was noticed (9.6%,P < 0.01). Pigs fed a protein deficient diet for one week adapted decreasing NPA of ammonia for saving metabolic energy as less ammonia would become available for conversion to urea.

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