CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS COMMERCIAL GRADES OF CANADIAN FLUE-CURED TOBACCO

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Elliot ◽  
E. C. Birch
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Petroleum Ether Extract ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

A study was made of the chemical composition of 21 commercial grades of Canadian flue-cured tobacco, selected from a 50-acre crop of Hicks variety in 1955. Arbitrary prices were assigned to the various grades of tobacco. Correlation coefficients between the chemical values and the assigned grade prices were calculated. Ethanol extracts, total sugars, reducing sugars, and hygroscopicity gave significant positive correlations; total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, total alkaloids, nicotine, calcium, and magnesium gave negative correlations. These coefficients indicated that quality measured by these laboratory methods conformed with leaf-graded quality. Correlation coefficients were not significant between grade quality and petroleum ether extract, sucrose, starch, ash, silica, potassium, phosphorus, chlorine, sulphur, burn, or pH.

Total Diet Study: Carbohydrate Content and Methodology

1964 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 823-826
Author(s):  
James F Eheart ◽  
Blanche S Mason
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
Factor Effect ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Extreme Variability ◽  
Diet Study ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract Determinations were made of total and reducing sugars, sucrose, dextrin, and starch content of dry fat-free solids of the "total diet" samples previously reported by Food and Drug Administration. Samples represented differences in season, location, time of purchase, and store at which purchased. Mean dry fat-free solids contents did not differ significantly. Purchase periods and locations caused extreme variability of the sucrose content of the diets. Factor- effect variations among the other carbohydrate constituents were not considered nutritionally important. Reducing sugars, sucrose, and starch gave positive correlations with total sugars, while negative correlations were obtained for total sugars with dextrin and for reducing sugars with sucrose.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF REPRESENTATIVE GRADES OF ONTARIO FLUE-CURED TOBACCO

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1203-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM A. COURT ◽  
JOHN G. HENDEL ◽  
MICHAEL R. BINNS
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Aqueous Methanol ◽  
Color Classification ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Grade Classification ◽  
Quality Classification ◽  
Phenolic Constituents ◽  
Mineral Constituents

A study was made of the chemical composition of representative commercial grades of Ontario flue-cured tobacco selected at random from the three auction exchanges from the 1978 tobacco crop. Comparisons were made with the grade price using the stalk position, color and quality classification of each grade. Total alkaloids, reducing sugars, neophytadiene, aqueous methanol extracts, nonvolatile organic acids, phenolic constituents, fatty acids and mineral constituents were determined on individual grade samples. In general, the largest chemical differences were found when comparisons were made on the basis of the stalk position aspect of the grade classification; however, chemical differences due to the color classification of grades were also often quite large. Except for the mahogany grades differences among the quality classification of each grade were usually smaller than differences due to stalk position or color.Key words: Flue-cured tobacco, grades, quality, tobacco chemistry

La fertilisation magnésienne du tabac à cigarette

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-362
Author(s):  
Michel Lamarre ◽  
Suzanne Payette
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Good Production ◽  
Double Sulfate ◽  
Rate Form ◽  
Mg Content ◽  
Effective Source

The effect of magnesium application on the production and chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco was observed over a period of 3 yr to determine the most effective source and the best rate of Mg application. Magnesium increased gross return and magnesium content of the plant while decreasing potassium and zinc contents. Only the Mg applied as double sulfate of potassium and magnesium (Sulpomag) increased yield, gross return and Mg content of the plant. An application of 10 kg ha−1 of Sulpomag is satisfactory to reach a good production on soils low in Mg. Key words: Flue-cured tobacco, magnesium, rate, form, total alkaloids, total nitrogen, reducing sugars

Influence de la fertilisation azotée sur la production du tabac à cigarette au Québec

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-419
Author(s):  
Michel Lamarre ◽  
Suzanne Payette
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Total N ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Tobacco Production ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
Fertilisation Azotée

The effect of nitrogen applications on flue-cured tobacco production and chemical composition have been observed for 5 yr. The nitrogen applications resulted in an increase of yield, gross return, total alkaloids and total nitrogen and a decrease of quality index, maturity index, reducing sugars and ratio of reducing sugars:total alkaloids. The use of 30–45 kg ha−1 of nitrogen, depending on soil type and the cultivar, produces a tobacco with acceptable agronomic and chemical characteristics.Key words: Flue-cured tobacco, nitrogen, yield, quality, gross return, total alkaloids, total N, reducing sugars

Simultaneous Determination of Sugars by Multivariate Analysis Applied to Mid-Infrared Spectra of Biological Samples

1997 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Cadet ◽  
Christine Robert ◽  
Bernard Offmann
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Data ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Infrared Spectral ◽  
Ir Bands

We have investigated the use of principal component analysis (PCA) to describe and assess mid-infrared spectral data obtained from complex biological samples containing sucrose, fructose, and glucose. The correlation coefficients between spectral data and chemical values of each variable (sucrose, glucose, fructose, total sugars, and reducing sugars) showed that in each case, axes 1, 3, 4, and 5 had the highest values. These values also indicated which axes each variable was mostly correlated with. The results also showed that the samples were distributed according to their sucrose concentrations (or total sugars) along a concentration gradient in the projection plan formed between axes 1 and 3. No clear discrimination according to concentration was observed with other factorial maps. Prediction equations that linked sucrose, fructose, glucose, total sugar, and reducing sugars concentrations to the spectral data were established by regression on the principal component. Very high correlation coefficients values between the first 10 axes and the chemical values were obtained (between 0.9757 and 0.998). From such aqueous biological samples containing a ternary mixture of sucrose, fructose, and glucose, it was possible to (1) identify the characteristic IR bands of these different sugars (and their combination: reducing sugars/total sugars) and (2) to specifically measure their concentrations with a relatively good accuracy.

Chemical composition and coagulating properties of renneted milks from cows during early lactation

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair S. Grandison ◽  
Graeme D. Ford ◽  
David Millard ◽  
A. Jane Owen
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Significant Trend ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Clotting Time ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Detailed Composition ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Friesian Cows

SummaryThe detailed composition, pH, and the properties of rennet clotting, coagulum development and syneresis at pH 6·4 were estimated in milks from 4 Friesian cows during the first 9 weeks of lactation. The concentrations of casein, fat, citrate, Ca, Mg, Pi and Na decreased significantly during early lactation whilst the pH and concentration of lactose increased. Levels of whey protein and K and the casein:fat ratio were unaltered. Considerable variation occurred in the relative proportions of α-, β- and κ-casein. These changes in composition were associated with decreasing coagulum strength and an increased rate of whey drainage although rennet clotting time (RCT) did not follow a significant trend. RCT was positively related to levels of Na and whey protein but negatively correlated with Pi, K and lactose. There were significant positive correlations between coagulum strength and casein, fat, non-protein nitrogen, Pi, Ca, Mg and citrate. The correlation with α-casein was stronger than that with β- or κ-casein. Syneresis time was positively related to fat, Ca and coagulum strength, but negatively related to the concentration of lactose.

SOME EFFECTS OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION ON FLUE-CURED TOBACCO

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Walker ◽  
L. S. Vickery
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Petroleum Ether Extract ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
One Year

Supplemental irrigation experiments were conducted to determine the effects of variable amounts of water on the yield, quality, maturity, chemical composition and physical characteristics of flue-cured tobacco.Irrigation improved the yield, quality and maturity for four consecutive years, although by a comparatively small amount in one year because of favourable distribution of rainfall. Neither the yield nor the quality was improved by applications of water in excess of optimum amounts. Tobacco irrigated according to time intervals or stages of growth received either too much or too little water. Thornthwaite evapotranspiration estimates and resistance blocks for determining soil moisture were found to be suitable methods for scheduling irrigation.Leaves from irrigated plots contained less total nitrogen, total alkaloids, and petroleum ether extract but more total sugars, potassium, and chlorine than leaves from unirrigated plots. The phosphorus content of the leaf was unaffected by irrigation. Irrigation had little effect on the leaf thickness, length of burn, filling power, and strip yield.

EFFECTS OF HEIGHT OF TOPPING AND PLANT SPACING OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO ON CERTAIN PROPERTIES OF THE CURED LEAVES AND SMOKE CHARACTERISTICS OF CIGARETTES

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. ELLIOT
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Petroleum Ether Extract ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Total N ◽  
Total Alkaloids

In a 3-yr experiment, flue-cured tobacco, spaced at 60 cm in rows 107 cm apart, was topped at 12, 15, or 18 leaves or not topped. In a 2-yr experiment, plants were spaced at 38, 48, 58, and 71 cm, in rows 107 cm apart and topped at 14 or 18 leaves. Yield of tobacco increased with increase in topping height or decrease in plant spacing. The untopped tobacco yielded more than tobacco topped to 12 leaves. Lamina weight tended to increase with lower topping height or wider spacing. Increasing height of topping or decreasing plant spacing decreased total alkaloids in leaves and cigarette smoke; untopped tobacco was lower in total alkaloids than any topped tobacco. Level of total N was highest with the 12-leaf topping height in the sample combined from all harvests. Low topping and wide spacing tended to give the lowest reducing sugars for the combined sample. Increasing plant spacing tended to increase petroleum ether extract in the fourth and fifth harvests. Total particulate matter was not affected by height of topping but untopped tobacco had the lowest total particulate matter.

Effects Attributed to Maleic Hydrazide when used for Chemical Sucker Control on Bright Tobacco

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinz Seltmann
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Maleic Hydrazide ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Group I ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Group Ii

AbstractThe effect of maleic hydrazide (MH) per se on bright tobacco was determined by comparing plants treated with MH to those without MH under conditions of good chemical sucker control. Sequential applications of each of five contact-type agents with MH one week later (Group I) were compared to dual applications of each of the same contact agents (Group II). In Group II suckers missed during applications were individually wetted to ensure excellent control. Sucker control was measured as 95 % for Group I and assumed to be 99 % for Group II. There were no agronomic differences between Groups I and II. In the visual warehouse appraisal, there was only a statistical difference for thin-bodied tobaccos between the two groups and a trend for slightly more heavy-bodied tobaccos in Group I. The chemical and physical analyses showed that filling value at 13 % moisture and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) measured at 60 % relative humidity were significantly lower in Group I than Group II. The result for EMC was questioned. Actual values for total alkaloids, total volatile bases minus nicotine, total ash, and alkalinity number of water-soluble ash were lower and reducing sugars were higher where MH was used. Except for EMC, the findings in this study reflected those established in studies where MH-treated and normally hand-suckered tobaccos were compared, but the differences here were generally not as great.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF HONEYS CONSUMED BY THE ELDERLY

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lusmarina Rodrigues Silva ◽  
Aline Marques Monte ◽  
Rafael Gomes Abreu Bacelar ◽  
Guilherme Antonio Silva Ribeiro ◽  
Aline Maria Dourado Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Center ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Foreign Matter ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Significant Contamination ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Microbiological Analyses ◽  
Current Standards

Objective: to analyze physicochemical, microbiological and dirt parameters in marketed honeys, consumed by the elderly cared for at Integrated Health Center in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Method: the following analyses were performed: color, water activity, humidity, ash, pH, acidity, reducing sugars, total sugars, apparent sucrose and insoluble solids. Contamination indicator bacteria, mesophilic microorganisms, filamentous fungi and yeasts, as well as dirt and foreign matter, performed in the period from April to June 2016. Results: analyses of ash, pH, acidity and insoluble solids were outside current standards. Microbiological analyses did not present significant contamination. Also, analyses of dirt showed insect fragments, foreign matter in almost all the samples. Conclusion: parameters of ash, pH, acidity and insoluble solids, as well as dirt and foreign matter, indicated that the samples were not in accordance with current legislation. 

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