THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND (2-CHLOROETHYL) TRIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE AND (ALLYL) TRIMETHYLAMMONIUM BROMIDE ON PEPPERS AND TOMATOES

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tiessen
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Trimethylammonium Chloride ◽  
Green Plants ◽  
True Leaf ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Field Setting ◽  
Pepper Plants

Fireball tomato and Calwonder pepper plants were subjected, in the seedling stage, to different temperatures and to both drench and foliar applications of (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) and (allyl) trimethylammonium bromide (AMAB).Seedlings were exposed to minimum night temperatures of 54° to 56°F. and of 64° to 68°F. from the appearance of the first true leaf for 3 weeks for peppers and until field setting (6 weeks) for tomatoes. For both crops the lower temperature treatment gave an increase in early fruit number and yield.Drench applications of 100 milliliters per band to tomatoes and 900 milliliters per square foot to peppers of 10−3 and 10−4 M solutions of CCC or of AMAB produced shorter, stockier, darker-green plants with reduced foliage spread. Growth was further reduced by the lower temperature treatments. Both drenches reduced total yields in both tomatoes and peppers.Foliar treatments of CCC and of AMAB increased the total yield of peppers started at the warmer temperature. At the cooler temperature, however, yield was not affected by the CCC treatment but was reduced by the AMAB treatment. Foliar treatments with either chemical did not affect the total yield of tomatoes after seedling treatment at either temperature.

scholarly journals Effects of light intensity and temperature on Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) with straight and coiled trichomes: growth rate and morphology

2012 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC. Bittencourt-Oliveira ◽  
B. Buch ◽  
TC. Hereman ◽  
JDT. Arruda-Neto ◽  
AN. Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Cylindrospermopsis Raciborskii ◽  
Climatic Chamber ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Lower Temperature

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya et Subba Raju (Ordem Nostocales) is one of the most troublesome bloom-forming species in Brazil. Understanding the population dynamics of the different morphotypes of C. raciborskii (straight and coiled) could assist in the prediction of favourable conditions for the proliferation of this potentially toxin-producing species. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of two different light intensities and temperatures on the growth rate and morphology of the trichomes of the straight and coiled morphotypes. For such, two non-toxin producing strains of C. raciborskii were used - one with a coiled trichome (ITEP31) and another with a straight trichome (ITEP28). The strains were cultured in BG-11 medium in a climatic chamber under controlled conditions. Two light intensities (30 and 90 µmol.m-2.s-1 ) were combined at temperatures of 21 and 31 °C and the growth rate and morphological changes were analysed. The morphotypes responded differently to the different temperatures and light intensities. Both strains exhibited faster growth velocities when submitted to higher light intensity and temperature. The lower temperature and higher luminosity hampered the development of both strains. Variations in cellular morphology and an absence of akinetes in both strains were related to the lower temperature (21 °C). The coiled morphotype demonstrated considerable phenotype plasticity, changing the morphology of trichome throughout its growth curve. Although molecular analysis does not sustain the separation of the morphotypes as distinct species, their different eco-physiological responses should be considered further knowledge of extreme importance for the population control of these potentially toxic organisms.

scholarly journals Creep behaviour and life assessment of a cast nickel – base superalloy MAR – M247

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2019) ◽  
pp. 590-600
Author(s):  
Marie Kvapilova ◽  
Jiri Dvorak ◽  
Petr Kral ◽  
Karel Hrbacek ◽  
Vaclav Sklenicka
Keyword(s):  
Creep Behaviour ◽  
Life Assessment ◽  
Dislocation Creep ◽  
Nickel Base Superalloy ◽  
Creep Characteristics ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
High Temperature Components ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Nickel Base ◽  
Different Grain Size

AbstractThe cast nickel-base MAR-M247 superalloy has been widely used for high-temperature components. In this work, the creep behaviour of two alternates of MAR-M247 superalloy with different grain size processed at different temperatures of casting are compared. Under the creep testing conditions used in this study, only negligible differences of creep behaviour of the alternate alloys were found and the evaluated creep characteristics correspond to the power-law or dislocation creep. The microstructure of the alloys consists of a𝛾matrix with a eutectic,𝛾'strengthening cubic precipitates, and M6C and M23C6carbides. Increasing the temperature induces the dissolution of some M23C6carbides. Fractures of both variants of alloys exhibit a more ductile character at higher temperatures, while at lower temperature a mixture of brittle and ductile fracture modes was observed, which changes the creep fracture ductility.

Evidence for inhibitor involvement in thermodormancy of Grand Rapids lettuce seeds

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Chris Small ◽  
Yitzchak Gutterman
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Ultraviolet Region ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Osmotic Effect ◽  
Lettuce Seeds ◽  
Grand Rapids ◽  
Lower Temperature

AbstractProlonged imbibition and incubation of lettuce seeds at a supraoptimal temperature induces secondary dormancy. Such seeds no longer germinate when returned to conditions optimal for germination of non-dormant seeds. The possibility that inhibitors are involved in the induction of thermodormancy was investigated.Washing of thermodormant seeds restored germination to a small extent. However, continuous leaching of seeds during high-temperature treatment with distilled water, largely prevented the induction of thermodormancy. Such seeds were qualitatively similar to nondormant seeds, i.e. they required only light to germinate at a lower temperature and germinated in the dark if given GA3. The germination water from thermodormant seeds inhibited the germination of non-dormant lettuce seeds. The inhibition was not an osmotic effect. Absorbance in the ultraviolet region was higher in germination water from thermodormant seeds than that of non-dormant seeds. It is concluded that inhibitors are involved in the induction of thermodormancy of lettuce seeds.

Comparative Analysis of Autoxidation of Haemoglobin

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (11) ◽  
pp. 2029-2033
Author(s):  
Frank B. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Yellowfin Tuna ◽  
Histidine Residue ◽  
River Lamprey ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARY Autoxidation of oxyhaemoglobin (oxyHb) to methaemoglobin was measured at different temperatures in haemoglobin solutions from Atlantic hagfish, river lamprey, common carp, yellowfin tuna and pig. The aims were to evaluate the impact of the absent distal histidine in hagfish haemoglobin, the importance of oxyHb being either monomeric (hagfish and lamprey) or tetrameric (carp, tuna and pig) and to gain information on the temperature-sensitivity of autoxidation. The rate of autoxidation was lower in hagfish than in carp, yellowfin tuna and lamprey haemoglobins at any given temperature. Substitution of the distal histidine residue (His E7) with glutamine in hagfish haemoglobin was therefore not associated with an accelerated autoxidation, as might be expected on the basis of the normal protective role of His E7. Glutamine may have similar qualities to histidine and be involved in the low susceptibility to autoxidation. The low oxidation rate of hagfish haemoglobin, together with an oxidation rate of lamprey haemoglobin that did not differ from that of carp and yellowfin tuna haemoglobins, also revealed that autoxidation was not accelerated in the monomeric oxyhaemoglobins. Pig haemoglobin was oxidised more slowly than fish haemoglobins, demonstrating that fish haemoglobins are more sensitive to autoxidation than mammalian haemoglobins. The rate of autoxidation of hagfish haemoglobin was, however, only significantly greater than that of pig haemoglobin at high temperatures. Autoxidation was accelerated by rising temperature in all haemoglobins. Arrhenius plots of carp and yellowfin tuna haemoglobin revealed a break at 25°C, reflecting a lower temperature-sensitivity between 5 and 25°C than between 25 and 40°C.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles using hybrid electrochemical-thermal method

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-228
Author(s):  
HA Simol ◽  
R Sultana ◽  
M Y A Mollah ◽  
MS Miran
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Thermal Method ◽  
Prepared Compound ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
Spectral Techniques ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Lower Temperature

Nanocrystalline Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 particles were successfully synthesized by an innovative hybrid electrochemical-thermal method. The as-prepared compound was calcined for an hour from 100 to 600oC temperatures. The crystallinity, morphology and chemical state of the synthesized powders were characterized by XRD, TG-DTA, SEM/EDS, FT-IR, and UV–Vis spectral techniques after calcinations. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) plots confirmed that iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) calcined at 400oC has a surface area of 18.28 m2 g-1 with a total pore volume of 0.2064 cc g-1. From XRD pattern it is revealed that the precursor calcined at lower temperature (100-400oC) correspond to Fe3O4,while the ones calcined at higher temperature follow Fe2O3 pattern. The morphology of iron oxide NPs calcined at different temperatures were studied with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and exhibits spherical shaped geometries with average diameters of 80-150nm. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(3), 221-228, 2020

scholarly journals Laboratory Evaluation of a Neem Product Against DBM Larvae, 1995

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 409-409
Author(s):  
R.F.L. Mau ◽  
L. R. Gusukuma-Minuto
Keyword(s):  
Petri Dish ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Complete Coverage ◽  
Plastic Petri Dish ◽  
True Leaf ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Treated Plant ◽  
Head Cabbage

Abstract Treatments were evaluated using the leaf dip method. Head cabbage was seeded in community pots. Each pot containing approximately 10 cabbage plants in the 5 true leaf seedling stage was inverted and dipped in a test insecticide mix for about 30 sees for complete coverage. The dipped plants were allowed to air dry. For each dip, 1 liter insecticide mix was prepared based on field rate concentrations of 100 gal/acre. Leaves from treated plants were detached and placed in a ventilated plastic petri dish. DBM larvae from a laboratory colony that originated from individuals collected from a cabbage field at Kula, Hawaii and Kamuela, Hawaii were used. Ten late 2nd instars were placed on each leaf. Fresh leaves from the original treated plant were added every two days. The number of dead larvae was counted at 24-hour intervals. Larvae were recorded as dead when there was no movement when probed.

Differences and similarities among hypoxanthinium nitrate hydrate structures

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 1036-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Katarzyna Cabaj ◽  
Roman Gajda ◽  
Anna Hoser ◽  
Anna Makal ◽  
Paulina Maria Dominiak
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Temperature Phase ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Acta Cryst ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Nitrate Hydrate ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature Phase ◽  
Nitrate Anions

Crystals of hypoxanthinium (6-oxo-1H,7H-purin-9-ium) nitrate hydrates were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction at different temperatures. The data for hypoxanthinium nitrate monohydrate (C5H5N4O+·NO3 −·H2O, Hx1) were collected at 20, 105 and 285 K. The room-temperature phase was reported previously [Schmalle et al. (1990). Acta Cryst. C46, 340–342] and the low-temperature phase has not been investigated yet. The structure underwent a phase transition, which resulted in a change of space group from Pmnb to P21/n at lower temperature and subsequently in nonmerohedral twinning. The structure of hypoxanthinium dinitrate trihydrate (H3O+·C5H5N4O+·2NO3 −·2H2O, Hx2) was determined at 20 and 100 K, and also has not been reported previously. The Hx2 structure consists of two types of layers: the `hypoxanthinium nitrate monohydrate' layers (HX) observed in Hx1 and layers of Zundel complex H3O+·H2O interacting with nitrate anions (OX). The crystal can be considered as a solid solution of two salts, i.e. hypoxanthinium nitrate monohydrate, C5H5N4O+·NO3 −·H2O, and oxonium nitrate monohydrate, H3O+(H2O)·NO3 −.

The effect of daylength and temperature on the growth and reproduction of six strains of Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis)

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (27) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Downes ◽  
IB Staples ◽  
PA Colman ◽  
L Pedley
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Relative Response ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Short Days ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Growth studies of Townsville lucerne were conducted in the phytotron at Canberra to gain an understanding of the relative response of six strains to daylength and temperature. Vegetative growth was promoted by long days in all strains. Some strains flowered under these conditions but other strains appeared to require short days before they were induced to flower. The effect of daylength was reflected in seed yield and in the relative effort that plants devoted to reproduction. In these characters, various strains showed differential responses. For most other characters, a response to daylength was detected, but all strains reacted in a common manner. Weights of roots, stems, and leaves were significantly higher under the lower temperature treatment. A tendency in this direction was also detected in several other characters. Variation among strains in plant morphology and response to photoperiod were pronounced. This suggests a relation between growth characteristics and the ecological background of these strains of Townsville lucerne.

scholarly journals Polymer Stabilized Liquid Crystal Smart Window with Flexible Substrates Based on Low-Temperature Treatment of Polyamide Acid Technology

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Changrui Wang ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Flexible Substrates ◽  
Smart Window ◽  
Alignment Layer ◽  
Low Temperature Treatment ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Polymer Stabilized ◽  
Pet Substrate

Polymer stabilized liquid crystal (PSLC) devices can be used as smart privacy windows that switch between transparent and opaque states. The polyimide alignment layer of a PSLC device is usually obtained by the treatment of polyamide acid (PAA) with temperatures over 200 °C. This hinders the fabrication of PSLC devices on flexible substrates, which melt at these high temperatures. In this work, the fabrication of a PSLC alignment layer using a lower temperature that is compatible with most flexible substrates, is demonstrated. It was found that the treatment of PAA at 150 °C could generate the same alignment for liquid crystals. Based on this, a PSLC device was successfully fabricated on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, demonstrating excellent electro-optic performances.

Reduction of Campylobacter jejuni on Poultry by Low-Temperature Treatment

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 652-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
TONG ZHAO ◽  
GABRIEL O. I. EZEIKE ◽  
MICHAEL P. DOYLE ◽  
YEN-CON HUNG ◽  
RHONDA S. HOWELL
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
The United States ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature Treatment ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Time Required

Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States, with epidemiologic studies identifying poultry as a leading vehicle in human infection. Studies were conducted to determine rates of C. jejuni inactivation on poultry exposed to different cooling and freezing temperatures. A mixture of three strains of C. jejuni originally isolated from poultry was inoculated onto chicken wings at ca. 107 CFU/g. The results of the study revealed that the storage of wings at −20 and −30°C for 72 h reduced the population of C. jejuni on wings by 1.3 and 1.8 log10 CFU/g, respectively. The results with regard to long-term freezing for 52 weeks revealed C. jejuni reductions of ca. 4 and 0.5 log10 CFU/g on wings held at −20 and −86°C, respectively. Protocols were developed to superchill wings in Whirl-Pak bags with liquid nitrogen at −80, −120, −160, and −196°C such that the internal portion of each wing quickly reached −3.3°C but did not freeze. The results with regard to the superchilling of wings at different temperatures for 20 to 330 s (the time required for the wings to reach an internal temperature of −3.3°C) revealed C. jejuni reductions of 0.5 log10 CFU/g for wings held at −80°C, 0.8 log10 CFU/g for wings held at −120°C, 0.6 log10 CFU/g for wings held at −160°C, and 2.4 log10 CFU/g for wings held at −196°C. The superchilling of wings to quickly cool meat to −3.3°C (internal temperature) can substantially reduce C. jejuni populations at −196°C when the wings are submerged in liquid nitrogen, but not at −80 to −160°C when the wings are treated with vapor-state liquid nitrogen. The results of this study indicate that freezing conditions, including temperature and holding time, greatly influence the rate of inactivation of C. jejuni on poultry. The conditions used in the poultry industry to superchill poultry to a nonfrozen-state internal temperature are not likely to substantially reduce Campylobacter populations on fresh products.

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