INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE, SOIL pH, AND LIMING SOURCES ON THE INCIDENCE OF CLUBROOT, THE GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF CABBAGE PRODUCED IN MINERAL AND ORGANIC SOILS UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
HERMAN A. HAMILTON ◽  
RENÉ CRÊTE
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Germination And Growth

Under growth chamber conditions, the influence of soil moisture, soil pH, and liming sources on the germination, yield and infection of cabbage by Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. was studied in artificially infested mineral and organic soils. Clubroot infection occurred at moisture levels as low as 9 and 60% in the mineral and organic soils, respectively. The growth of cabbage and the reduction of the incidence of clubroot were more dependent on liming source than on soil pH. Soil pH adjustment to effect complete clubroot control was invariably deleterious to cabbage growth. It was established for the organic soil that the effect of calcium hydroxide was important in correcting soil acidity as well as supplying calcium as an essential plant nutrient for cabbage. In addition, there was evidence that correction of the soil acidity favored clubroot development, but simultaneously the Ca ion had an inhibitory effect on the disease organism. On the mineral soil, Mg sources producing a soil pH not normally considered deleterious to plants affected the germination and ultimate yield of cabbage.

Development of calibration algorithms for selected water content reflectometry probes for burned and non-burned organic soils of Alaska

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Bourgeau-Chavez ◽  
Gordon C. Garwood ◽  
Kevin Riordan ◽  
Benjamin W. Koziol ◽  
James Slawski
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Probe Type

Water content reflectometry is a method used by many commercial manufacturers of affordable sensors to electronically estimate soil moisture content. Field‐deployable and handheld water content reflectometry probes were used in a variety of organic soil‐profile types in Alaska. These probes were calibrated using 65 organic soil samples harvested from these burned and unburned, primarily moss‐dominated sites in the boreal forest. Probe output was compared with gravimetrically measured volumetric moisture content, to produce calibration algorithms for surface‐down‐inserted handheld probes in specific soil‐profile types, as well as field‐deployable horizontally inserted probes in specific organic soil horizons. General organic algorithms for each probe type were also developed. Calibrations are statistically compared to determine their suitability. The resulting calibrations showed good agreement with in situ validation and varied from the default mineral‐soil‐based calibrations by 20% or more. These results are of particular interest to researchers measuring soil moisture content with water content reflectometry probes in soils with high organic content.

Soil acidity in 1970 and 1989 in a coniferous forest in southwest Finland

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Westman ◽  
S. Jauhiainen
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Water Suspension ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Repeated Sampling

Forest soil pH in southwest Finland was measured with identical sampling and analysing methods in 1970 and 1989. The acidity of the organic humus layer increased significantly as pH values measured on water and on salt suspensions decreased between the two sampling dates. For the mineral soil layers, no unambiguous trend was found. pH values measured on salt suspension tended to be unchanged or lower, while pH on water suspension in some soil layers were even higher in 1989 than in 1970. Key words: pH, repeated sampling

Effect of boron on clubroot of canola in organic and mineral soils and on residual toxicity to rotational crops

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Deora ◽  
B. D. Gossen ◽  
S. F. Hwang ◽  
D. Pageau ◽  
R. J. Howard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Broadcast Application ◽  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Soil Site ◽  
Mineral Soils

Deora, A., Gossen, B. D., Hwang, S. F., Pageau, D., Howard, R. J., Walley, F. and McDonald, M. R. 2014. Effect of boron on clubroot of canola in organic and mineral soils and on residual toxicity to rotational crops. Can. J. Pant Sci. 94: 109–118. Application of boron (B) has been reported to reduce clubroot severity in various Brassica spp., but residual B can have phytotoxic effects on other crops in the rotation. The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of broadcast application of B for clubroot suppression in canola (B. napus) and the effect of residual B on wheat, barley, field pea and canola. Field trials to assess clubroot suppression by B at various rates (1 to 64 kg B ha−1) were conducted in organic (Ontario) and mineral soils (Alberta, Quebec) heavily infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae in 2011 and 2012. Phytotoxicity was not observed in canola until applications rates exceeded 48 kg B ha−1. Boron did not reduce clubroot incidence at any site, irrespective of rate, and only reduced severity at the organic soil site at 6 wk after seeding. There was a small increase in shoot weight and yield of canola with increasing B application rates at the organic soil site. The potential phytotoxicity of residual B (4 to 16 kg B ha−1) was assessed in mineral soils in Ontario and Saskatchewan in 2012. Toxicity symptoms were noted initially in most of the crops, but seedlings recovered quickly and there was no significant reduction in fresh weight at harvest or seed yield of most of the cultivars. The present study indicates that pre-plant broadcast application of B delays clubroot development and increases vegetative growth and yield compared with non-treated plants in organic soil. Also, even high residual rates (16 kg ha−1) of application are unlikely to have a negative effect on crops in rotation in mineral soil. However, the effect of B application on canola yield found in this study was not sufficient to justify application for commercial canola production, even where clubroot is prevalent.

scholarly journals Carrot Yield, Quality, and Storability in Relation to Preplant and Residual Nitrogen on Mineral and Organic Soils

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean M. Westerveld ◽  
Mary Ruth McDonald ◽  
Alan W. McKeown
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
N Management

The Nutrient Management Act (NMA) established in the province of Ontario in 2002 has prompted a re-evaluation of nitrogen (N) management practices. However, N management research in Ontario is currently outdated. The experiment in this 3-year study was designed to establish the yield response of carrot (Daucus carota) to N fertilization on mineral and organic soils and identify the relative yield effects of preplant and residual soil N. In 2002, N was applied at 0%, 50%, 100%, 150%, and 200% of recommended N application rates in Ontario as ammonium nitrate (organic soil: 60 kg·ha-1 preplant; mineral soil: 110 kg·ha-1 split 66% preplant/33% sidedress). Experimental units were split in half in 2003 and 2004, and N was applied to one half in 2003 and both halves in 2004 to identify the effects of residual N from the previous season on yield. Crop stand, yield, and quality were assessed at harvest, and storability was assessed by placing carrots into cold storage for 6 months. Nitrogen application rate had no effect on the yield, quality, or storability of carrots grown on organic soil. On mineral soil there were no effects of applied N in the first year of the 3-year study. In the second and third year on mineral soil, yield increased in response to increasing N, up to 200% and 91% of the recommended application rate, respectively, based on the regression equations. Yield declined above 91% of the recommended application rate in the third year due to a decrease in stand at higher N application rates. There were no effects of N on carrot quality or storability on mineral soil. On mineral soil, residual N from the 2002 season had more effect on yield at harvest in 2003 than N applied in 2003. This major effect of residual soil N on yield provides an explanation for the lack of yield response to preplant N application in previous studies conducted in temperate regions. These results indicate that there is no single N recommendation that is appropriate for all years on mineral soil. Assessing the availability of N from the soil at different depths at seeding is recommended to determine the need for N application.

scholarly journals Organic Matter Causes Chemical Pollutant Dissipation Along With Adsorption and Microbial Degradation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vilhelmiina Harju ◽  
Ilkka Närhi ◽  
Marja Mattsson ◽  
Kaisa Kerminen ◽  
Merja H. Kontro
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Degradation ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
First Response ◽  
Chemical Pollutant ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Soil And Sediment

Views on the entry of organic pollutants into the organic matter (OM) decaying process are divergent, and in part poorly understood. To clarify these interactions, pesticide dissipation was monitored in organic and mineral soils not adapted to contaminants for 241 days; in groundwater sediment slurries adapted to pesticides for 399 days; and in their sterilized counterparts with and without peat (5%) or compost-peat-sand (CPS, 15%) mixture addition. The results showed that simazine, atrazine and terbuthylazine (not sediment slurries) were chemically dissipated in the organic soil, and peat or CPS-amended soils and sediment slurries, but not in the mineral soil or sediment slurries. Hexazinone was chemically dissipated best in the peat amended mineral soil and sediment slurries. In contrast, dichlobenil chemically dissipated in the mineral soil and sediment slurries. The dissipation product 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) concentrations were lowest in the mineral soil, while dissipation was generally poor regardless of plant-derived OM, only algal agar enhanced its chemical dissipation. Based on sterilized counterparts, only terbutryn appeared to be microbially degraded in the organic soil, i.e., chemical dissipation of pesticides would appear to be utmost important, and could be the first response in the natural cleansing capacity of the environment, during which microbial degradation evolves. Consistent with compound-specific dissipation in the mineral or organic environments, long-term concentrations of pentachloroaniline and hexachlorobenzene were lowest in the mineral-rich soils, while concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DTT) and metabolites were lowest in the organic soils of old market gardens. OM amendments changed pesticide dissipation in the mineral soil towards that observed in the organic soil; that is OM accelerated, slowed down or stopped dissipation.

OXYGEN FLUX MEASUREMENTS IN ORGANIC SOIL

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES A. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Applied Voltage ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Oxygen Flux ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effective Voltage ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Almost All

Many measurements of oxygen flux in mineral soils have been reported; however, few such measurements have been made in organic soil. Almost all reported measurements of oxygen flux are at constant applied voltage, despite criticism of this technique, possibly due to the complexity of existing techniques for measuring oxygen flux at effective voltage. Equipment suitable for measuring oxygen flux at applied and effective voltage in organic soil was designed, and simplified techniques were developed and tested. As reported for mineral soils, soil resistance is relatively constant spatially and with depth in individual soils. Limited poisoning of the platinum electrode surface occurred after long periods of time and, contrary to previous assumptions, cannot be detected by erratic readings. Unlike mineral soil, the amperage-voltage slopes are constant over a wide range of organic soils, simplifying the technique for estimating oxygen flux at constant effective volatage. Comparison of simultaneous measurements of oxygen flux at constant and effective voltage indicates that oxygen flux measurements at effective voltage were twice those at applied voltage and strongly correlated (r2 = 0.96, n = 22).

Effect of soil moisture and temperature on N2O and CO2 concentrations in soil irrigated with purified wastewater

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nosalewicz ◽  
Z. Stępniewska ◽  
A. Nosalewicz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Depth Ranges ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Abstract Flooded organic soils are potentially important sources of greenhouse gases. The effect of soil temperature and moisture on the concentration of N2O and CO2 at two depths of organic soil flooded with two doses of purified wastewater was studied. Nitrous oxide concentrations at the 10-30 cm depth range were generally increased with an increase in soil moisture, showing dependence on the aeration status of soil. The maximum values of N2O concentrations were higher at the 50-100 than 10-30 cm depth range, but a similar pattern of increasing maximum values of N2O concentration with an increasing input of nitrogen in treatments at both depth ranges was observed. The maximum concentrations of carbon dioxide within the 50-100 cm depth range remained at a similar level in all treatments reaching 7.1-7.7%, which indicated weak relations with the input of water and nitrogen at this depth range. We conclude that the N2O and CO2 concentrations at 10-30 cm depths in the examined organic soil flooded with 600mm year-1 of purified wastewater exhibited a similar level as the concentrations in soil watered only by precipitation.

CONVERSION OF ORGANIC SOIL pH VALUES MEASURED IN WATER, 0.01M CaCl2 or 1N KCl

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. VAN LIEROP
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Average Difference ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Water Ph

Regression equations were derived for converting pH values of organic soils determined by five procedures. Data were obtained by measuring the pH of 30 soils using the following volumetric ratios and solutions: 1:1, soil to water; 1:2 and 1:4, soil to 0.01M CaCl2; and 1:2 and 1:4 soil to 1N KCl. Average pH values measured in 0.01M CaCl2 and 1N KCl were 0.44 and 0.70 pH units lower than those measured in water (pH 5.21). Converting data by merely adding or subtracting the average difference between methods was not as accurate as using appropriate regression equations. These equations are provided in the text and indicated that differences between soil pH values measured by different procedures increased as soil pH increased. Similar pH values were found with the 1:2 and 1:4 soil to 0.1M CaCl2 solution ratios, though a small dilution effect was observed when 1N KCl was used at these ratios.

scholarly journals Analysis of persistent macroaggregates on the surface of agricultural soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Tian ◽  
Joann K. Whalen ◽  
Pierre Dutilleul
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Cumulative Rainfall

In humid regions, the number of macroaggregates on the soil surface could decline because of rainfall disturbance, or increase due to rainfall-activated chemical and biological processes. We took digital images of macroaggregates at the surface of clay and organic soils six times during a 68-d period with 264 mm natural rainfall. Based on the constant or increasing number of surface macroaggregates during the five time intervals, rainfall did not disturb macroaggregates. Macroaggregate persistence was positively correlated with cumulative rainfall (both soils) and soil moisture (organic soil), so we infer that rainfall promoted macroaggregate assemblage through chemical and biological processes.

Soil moisture thresholds for combustion of organic soils in western Tasmania

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda D. Prior ◽  
Ben J. French ◽  
Kathryn Storey ◽  
Grant J. Williamson ◽  
David M. J. S. Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Vegetation Types

The present study aimed to determine moisture thresholds for combustion of organic soils sampled from various vegetation types at 63 locations in Tasmania, Australia. To observe whether the soil sample sustained smouldering combustion, moisture content was experimentally manipulated and heat was applied. Combustion was primarily determined by moisture content, but was also influenced by soil bulk density and organic content: the gravimetric moisture content corresponding to a 50% probability of burning ranged from 25 to 94% as organic content varied from 34 to 96%. There was no evidence of differences among vegetation types in the relationship between soil combustibility and organic content. Combustion in Tasmanian organic soils occurred with moisture levels similar to those reported elsewhere, despite differences in vegetation and environment. It was also found that a hand-held meter that measured volumetric moisture content using time domain reflectometry could be used to satisfactorily predict organic soil combustion. Finally, combining the data with estimates of volumetric soil moisture based on high-resolution gridded weather data (Bureau of Meteorology Atmospheric high-resolution Regional Reanalysis for Australia, or BARRA), it was demonstrated that most Tasmanian organic soils are likely to be combustible at some time almost every summer (December to February).

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