EFFECTS OF AMMONIUM AND NITRATE NUTRITION ON THE OSTRICH FERN (Matteuccia struthiopteris)

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. PRANGE ◽  
D. P. ORMROD
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plant Water Use ◽  
Rooting Medium ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Foliar Concentration

Plants were grown in controlled environments at 24/18 °C or 18/12 °C light/dark temperatures with 8, 16 or 32 meq/L nitrate or ammonium concentrations in a complete nutrient solution applied twice weekly to perlite rooting medium. Frond length was not affected by any of the treatments. Ammonium nutrition, compared with nitrate, reduced frond fresh and dry weights, water use, frond water potential, frond diffusive conductance and foliar concentrations of Ca and carbohydrates. Ammonium N increased the foliar concentration of inorganic NH4+, organic N, total N, P, K, and Mn. Increasing N concentration in the nutrient solution had no significant effect on dry weight, but increased foliar concentrations of N (inorganic and organic) and decreased fresh weight, fronds per plant, water use, frond diffusive conductance and foliar concentrations of Mn. The higher temperature decreased frond dry weight and foliar carbohydrate concentrations but increased frond number in the first emergence and foliar concentrations of several nutrients.

scholarly journals Interactions between uptake of amino acids and inorganic nitrogen in wheat plants

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 11311-11335 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gioseffi ◽  
A. de Neergaard ◽  
J. K. Schjoerring
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Source

Abstract. Soil-borne amino acids may constitute a nitrogen (N) source for plants in various terrestrial ecosystems but their importance for total N nutrition is unclear, particularly in nutrient-rich arable soils. One reason for this uncertainty is lack of information on how the absorption of amino acids by plant roots is affected by the simultaneous presence of inorganic N forms. The objective of the present study was to study absorption of glycine (Gly) and glutamine (Gln) by wheat roots and their interactions with nitrate (NO3–) and (NH4+) during uptake. The underlying hypothesis was that amino acids, when present in nutrient solution together with inorganic N, may lead to down-regulation of the inorganic N uptake. Amino acids were enriched with double-labelled 15N and 13C, while NO3– and NH4+ acquisition was determined by their rate of removal from the nutrient solution surrounding the roots. The uptake rates of NO3– and NH4+ did not differ from each other and were about twice as high as the uptake rate of organic N when the different N forms were supplied separately in concentrations of 2 mM. Nevertheless, replacement of 50 % of the inorganic N with organic N was able to restore the N uptake to the same level as that in the presence of only inorganic N. Co-provision of NO3– did not affect glycine uptake, while the presence of glycine down-regulated NO3– uptake. The ratio between 13C and 15N were lower in shoots than in roots and also lower than the theoretical values, reflecting higher C losses via respiratory processes compared to N losses. It is concluded that organic N can constitute a significant N-source for wheat plants and that there is an interaction between the uptake of inorganic and organic nitrogen.

scholarly journals Production of carboxylates (C-A) by young sugar-beet plants grown in nutrient solution.

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-187
Author(s):  
F. Van Egmond ◽  
V.J.G. Houba
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Inorganic Anions ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
Total N ◽  
Inorganic Cations ◽  
Fibrous Roots

In growth-chamber experiments, sugar beet seedlings were grown in nutrient solution. Plants were harvested 30, 36, 39, 43, 46 or 51 days after germination, leaf blades (including midribs), petioles and storage roots plus fibrous roots were analysed for Na, K, Ca, Mg, H2PO4, NO3, Cl, SOt, total N and 5 organic acids, and fresh and dry weights were recorded. The total content of carboxylates (C-A) was calculated by subtracting the sum of inorganic anions from the sum of inorganic cations. Amounts of C-A and organic N were about equal; there was no release of carboxylates resulting from NO3- and SO4- reduction in the leaves of sugar beet. Only a small amount of carboxylates reached the root system and no excess uptake of inorganic anions over inorganic cations accompanied by a decarboxylation of carboxylates occurred. In sugar beet plants the C-A content was not constant during the growth period studied. The NO3- reduction per g leaf/day decreased rapidly with time and was accompanied by a decrease in oxalate production. The high oxalate content in the leaves was thought to account for the decrease in NO3- reduction. GMC. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Effects of Deicing Salt on Eastern White Pine: Foliar Injury, Growth Suppression and Seasonal Changes in Foliar Concentrations of Sodium and Chloride

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hall ◽  
G. Hofstra ◽  
G. P. Lumis
Keyword(s):  
Salt Spray ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Deicing Salt ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Foliar Concentration

Effects of deicing salt on eastern white pine (Pinusstrobus L.) were studied in the field and in the laboratory. Studies in controlled temperature chambers showed that solutions of deicing salt sprayed onto 4-year-old trees induced symptoms of foliar browning similar to those observed on trees growing near highways. Symptoms developed at 15 °C but not at 1.5 °C. The amount of injury that developed after 3 weeks at 15 °C appeared to be directly related to the concentration of sodium and chloride in the leaf tissue. Repeated sampling of foliage from trees adjacent to highway 401 between May 1970 and May 1971 revealed that foliar concentrations of sodium and chloride declined from abnormally high values (up to 1%) in May to 'normal' levels (0.02–0.1%) by August. The rate of loss was proportional to the foliar concentration of these ions. Growth of these trees, measured as bud weight, needle length, needle dry weight, needle bundles per leader, and leaf length, was suppressed on the side of trees exposed to the highway, but this suppression diminished as distance from the highway increased. Annual radial increments to the trunk were appreciably smaller in trees close to the highway than in trees further away. These results support the concept that deicing salt spray injures leaves and reduces growth of eastern white pine growing adjacent to highways that receive deicing salt in the winter.

Nitrogen in the excreta of dairy cattle: changes during short-term storage

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Whitehead ◽  
N. Raistrick
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Continuous Stream ◽  
Rate Of Hydrolysis ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

SUMMARYThe concentration of N in samples of urine from dairy cattle fed on grass herbage, or grass or maize silage, sometimes with additional concentrate feeds, ranged from 6·0 to 13·8 mg N/l with 67–91% of the total N being present as urea. The concentration of N in 11 samples of dung was 0·32–0·52% on a fresh weight basis (2·74–3·82% N in dry weight). About 18% of the dung N was contained in particulate material of > 0·2 mm diameter,c.72% in fine particulate plus colloidal material, andc.10% was soluble in the presence of A12(SO4)3.When urine was stored for 3 weeks, the urea component was hydrolysed with the formation of ammonium. The rate at which hydrolysis occurred was greatly influenced by temperature. Hydrolysis of urea was complete within 2 days at 35 °C, within 7 days at 20 °C and within 21 days at 10 °C, but was onlyc.90% complete after 21 days at 5 °C. The rate of hydrolysis of urinary urea-N at 20 °C was increased slightly by inoculation with slurry, dung or soil, and was also increased slightly by the greater aeration resulting from a continuous stream of bubbled air. No nitrification was detected, even in urine that was aerated for 6 weeks, probably because the process was inhibited under the conditions of high pH (9–10) and high concentrations of ammoniacal N.When dung was stored for 3 weeks at 5 or 10 °C, there was little change in the amount of organic matter or in the form of N. However, at higher temperatures, some mineralization occurred and the amount of organic matter declined by 8% at 20 °C and by 17% at 35 °C. About 10% of the organic N was converted to ammonium during 3 weeks at 20 °C, andc.18% at 35 °C.With a slurry prepared from approximately equal amounts of urine, dung and water, more of the dung material was mineralized than with the dung stored alone:c.15% of the organic matter was lost during 3 weeks at 5 °C and c. 34% at 35 °C. Despite this loss of organic matter, there was net immobilization of soluble N during the 3-week period by the solid fractions of the slurry, at all four temperatures.

scholarly journals Monitoring Effective Container Capacity: A Method for Reducing Over-Irrigation in Container Production Systems

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Sammons ◽  
Daniel K. Struve
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Integrated Method ◽  
Plant Water Use ◽  
Substrate Moisture ◽  
Container Capacity

Abstract A gravimetric substrate moisture monitoring system was used to control irrigation frequency and volume within a narrow range of substrate moisture contents to study the effects of reduced irrigation volume on growth and water use of baldcypress (Taxodium distichium L.). The four irrigation treatments were: control (daily scheduled irrigation at 16: 30 hours for 15 minutes or 6.75 liters (1.74 gal)/day) and 100, 80 and 60% of effective container capacity (ECC). Effective container capacity was defined as the maximum mass of a container, substrate and plant unit after gravitational water loss. Maintaining substrate moisture content at 80 and 60% ECC reduced baldcypress height, caliper, dry weight, and total plant N, P, and K content, but did not effect N, P or K concentrations compared to scheduled irrigation and 100% ECC treatments. Water use efficiencies (WUE, the volume of irrigation lost to evapo-transpiration divided by the total volume of irrigation applied) were determined for three dates. Plants under scheduled irrigation had WUEs of 17, 33, and 42% on July 8, July 24, and August 16, respectively. In contrast, WUE for plants under 100, 80 and 60% ECC treatments was 100% (no leachate) for the same dates. Plant water use under 80 and 60% ECC treatments was lower than that under scheduled and 100% ECC treatments. Plants under the 100% ECC treatment were 1.6 m (63 in) tall in August and used 2.6 liters (0.68 gal) of water per day. The gravimetric substrate monitoring system was an effective, plant-integrated method of reducing leachate volume that required minimal maintenance under the four month experimental period.

RESPONSES OF WHITE BEAN TO AMMONIUM OR NITRATE NUTRITION AT THREE TEMPERATURES

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. MacLEOD ◽  
D. P. ORMROD
Keyword(s):  
Initial Level ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Navy Bean ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Source ◽  
Rooting Medium ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
White Bean ◽  
Controlled Environments

The response of white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ’Seafarer’) growing in quartz sand to ammonium (NH4+) or nitrate (NO3−) N source was investigated in controlled environments at 27°/11°, 19°/11° and 19°/7 °C day/night temperatures. Ammonium-treated plants developed leaf chlorosis and necrosis. The pH of leachate from the rooting medium dropped from an initial level of 6.0 to values of 3.5–3.9 for NH4+-treated plants, while the pH increased to about 6.5 for NO3−-treated plants. The NO3−-treated plants had much greater growth overall than NH4+-treated plants. Temperature had little or no effect on plant responses to N source. The NO3−-treated plants contained higher NO3− and Ca but lower total N, NH4+ and P than NH4+-treated plants.Key words: Temperature, ammonium, nitrate, white bean, navy bean, phytotoxicity

scholarly journals Interactions between uptake of amino acids and inorganic nitrogen in wheat plants

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1509-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gioseffi ◽  
A. de Neergaard ◽  
J. K. Schjoerring
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Uptake Rates

Abstract. Soil-borne amino acids may constitute a source of nitrogen (N) for plants in various terrestrial ecosystems but their importance for total N nutrition is unclear, particularly in nutrient-rich arable soils. One reason for this uncertainty is lack of information on how the absorption of amino acids by plant roots is affected by the simultaneous presence of inorganic N forms. The objective of the present study was to study absorption of glycine (Gly) and glutamine (Gln) by wheat roots and their interactions with nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) during uptake. The underlying hypothesis was that amino acids, when present in nutrient solution together with inorganic N, may lead to down-regulation of the inorganic N uptake, thereby resulting in similar total N uptake rates. Amino acids were enriched with double-labelled 15N and 13C, while NO3− and NH4+ acquisition was determined by their rate of removal from the nutrient solution surrounding the roots. The uptake rates of NO3− and NH4+ did not differ from each other and were generally about twice as high as the uptake rate of organic N when the different N forms were supplied separately in concentrations of 2 mM. Nevertheless, replacement of 50% of the inorganic N with organic N was able to restore the N uptake to the same level as that in the presence of only inorganic N. Co-provision of NO3− did not affect glycine uptake, while the presence of glycine down-regulated NO3− uptake. The ratio between 13C and 15N were lower in shoots than in roots and also lower than the theoretical values, reflecting higher C losses via respiratory processes compared to N losses. It is concluded that organic N can constitute a significant N-source for wheat plants and that there is an interaction between the uptake of inorganic and organic N.

scholarly journals Water Relations and Growth of Vinca Following Chemical Growth Regulation

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-21
Author(s):  
Kim P. Fuller ◽  
Jayne M. Zajicek
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Plant Water Use ◽  
Chemically Treated ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Abstract Growth of vinca (Vinca major (L.)) was limited by either a medium drench application of uniconazole of 2 or 4 mg a.i. per pot or a foliar spray application of 2, 4, or 6.25 mg a.i. per plant, both applied in 25 ml (0.75 fl oz) of water. Shoot length, leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight and stem dry weight averaged over uniconazole treatments were 51%, 45%, 32%, 33%, and 38% less than control plants, respectively. When compared to control plants, water use of chemically treated plants was reduced by 35% due to the reduction of leaf area and also lower stomatal conductance readings. Stomatal conductance readings of chemically treated plants were 2 to 5 times less than control plants indicating the plant size was not the only factor affecting plant water use.

scholarly journals Responses of Hydroponically Grown Common Bean Fed with Nitrogen-free Nutrient Solution to Root Inoculation with N2-fixing Bacteria

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charis-Konstantina Kontopoulou ◽  
Sofia Giagkou ◽  
Efthalia Stathi ◽  
Dimitrios Savvas ◽  
Pietro P.M. Iannetta
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rhizobium Tropici ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Impact

To date, few attempts have been made to assess the impact of Rhizobium inoculation on N2 fixation and plant yield in soilless cultivations of common bean. In the present study, common bean (P. vulgaris L.) grown on an inert medium (pumice) was inoculated with either Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 or a commercial product containing a mix of N2-fixing bacteria, specifically rhizobia, and Azotobacter sp. The plants treated with both inoculants were supplied with nitrogen (N)-free (0% N) nutrient solution (NS) throughout the cropping period. A third treatment with non-inoculated plants, which were supplied with a standard (100% N) NS was applied as a control. Inoculation with R. tropici significantly increased the total number of root nodules (80 nodules per plant on average) in comparison with the other two treatments (nine nodules per plant on average). The supply of N-free NS restricted markedly both total plant biomass and pod yield, whereas the inoculation with R. tropici mitigated this effect. The aboveground tissues of plants fed with N-free NS contained appreciably less N than those fed with standard solution when they were inoculated with the commercial inoculant (1.7 vs. 29 mg·g−1 dry weight, respectively). The shoot total N concentration 45, 65, and 90 days after transplanting (32, 31, and 29 mg·g−1 dry weight, respectively) was not reduced by the supply of N-free NS when the plants were inoculated with R. tropici. This finding indicates that, at least from the first sampling date onward, the tissue N level was not a limiting factor for growth and yield in plants inoculated with R. tropici. The supply of N-free NS restricted appreciably the potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) levels in the aboveground plant biomass, regardless of inoculation treatment. The impaired growth and yield in plants fed with N-free NS and inoculated with R. tropici is ascribed to both a N shortage at early growth stages and a reduced K+ uptake aimed at electrochemically balancing the anion-to-cation uptake ratio under conditions of no external NO3– supply.

Role of irrigation and mulch in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) growth, productivity and moisture extraction pattern in Alluvial Zone of West Bengal, India

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sarkar ◽  
A. Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cicer Arietinum L ◽  
Plant Water Use ◽  
Extraction Pattern ◽  
Use Efficiency

A field experiment was conducted at Research farm, BCKV, West Bengal during rabi 2010-11 and 2011-12 to evaluate the effect of irrigation and mulch on growth, nodulation, yield and water use efficiency of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Chickpea irrigated at IW/CPE of 0.6 showed 7.14% and 23.53% higher seed yield compared to IW/CPE of 0.4 (0.98 t/ha) and Rainfed (0.85 t/ha), respectively and was significantly superior. Maximum seed yield of about 1.01 t/ha under the treatment receiving black polythene mulch, which was about 3.59%, 7.45% and 9.78% higher over the treatments receiving straw @ 5 t/ha, water hyacinth @ 5 t/ha and no mulch, respectively. Straw mulch @ 5 t/ha performed best regarding nodule dry weight and number per plant. Water use efficiency was highest with rainfed treatment and treatment receiving black polythene. Irrigation applied at IW/CPE of 0.6 maintained its superiority with highest net return, B:C, production and economic efficiency. Among mulches, highest return, B:C and efficiencies were recorded with the application of black polythene.

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