EFFECT OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND MANURES ON THE PHOSPHORUS CONTENT OF A CLAY SOIL AND ON CROP YIELDS AND QUALITY IN A LONG-TERM CROP ROTATION

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. Ridley ◽  
R. A. Hedlin
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
First Year ◽  
The Third ◽  
Extractable Phosphorus

Investigations of a long-term rotation experiment, to which mineral fertilizers and manures have been added for 38 years, show that the total inorganic and extractable phosphorus content of the soil has been increased by phosphate fertilizers. The organic phosphorus fraction was not affected. The extractable phosphorus content of the phosphate treated plots was found to be inversely related to the soil inorganic carbon content.Moving 12-year average yields of wheat first crop, and barley third crop in the rotation, showed the response to phosphorus is apparent only in the first year, with no residual effect on crops due to the increased soil phosphorus content. Mineral fertilizer nitrogen had no effect on the yield of the first crop, but a residual effect was apparent on the third crop. Barn manure increased yields of both crops, presumably due to the effect of phosphorus in barn manure on the first crop and the nitrogen on the third crop. Red clover as a green manure slightly decreased yields of wheat in the first year but increased yields of barley in the third year. A depressing effect on the first crop, presumably due to a nitrogen deficiency, was caused by grass plowed down as green manure but a slight increase in yields of the third crop was noted.Application of 47 pounds of nitrogen for wheat on summerfallow significantly increased the protein content of six wheat crops sampled. Variations in the protein content of wheat between years is presumably related to climatic conditions.

scholarly journals The influence of environment forming factors on the productivity of winter wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 207 (04) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Valeriy Burluckiy ◽  
Polina Semeshkina ◽  
Vladimir Mazurov
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
First Year ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Close Relationship

Abstract. The goal is to study the influence of the predecessor and fertilizers on the yield and quality of winter wheat grain. Methods. The studies were carried out in a long-term stationary field experiment on a gray forest medium loamy soil. Field experience, observations, accounting and generalization of research results were carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations of B.A. Dospekhov. Statistical processing of the research results was performed using Microsoft Excel 2007 with a 95 % significance level of the results. Results. As a result of the studies, it was noted that the studied predecessors had an insignificant effect on the development of winter wheat plants in the initial phases of growth. The density of winter wheat plants during the germination period varied within the range of 314–323 psc/m2 without the use of fertilizers and 317–328 psc/m2 against the background of their application. Further growth and development of plants took place in close relationship with the studied factors. At the end of the growing season, the number of productive stems was higher on the plots, where the clover of the first year of use was used as a predecessor, both in the control (without fertilizers) and when applying mineral fertilizers. Accordingly, the yield of winter wheat grain was higher for this predecessor, averaging 35.7 c/ha for 2014–2019. Without fertilization, depending on the predecessor, 25.2–32.8 c/ha were obtained, against the background of fertilization – 34.2–39.6 c/ha of winter wheat grain. On average, over the years of research, winter wheat grain contained 10.7–14.0 % protein. Depending on the year, this indicator varied from 8.8 % to 16.8 %. At the same time, the lowest values for the protein content were obtained for the variants without the use of fertilizers. In general, the content of protein and gluten in winter wheat grain largely depended on the application of mineral fertilizers and to a small extent on the predecessor. The weight of 1000 grains, depending on these factors, changed insignificantly.

YIELD TRENDS AND APPARENT NUTRIENT BALANCES IN INTENSIFIED AND DIVERSIFIED RICE-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS

1999 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. PASCUA JR ◽  
W. VENTURA ◽  
E. O. AGUSTIN ◽  
A. T. PADRE ◽  
D. A. VALENCIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Yield ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
First Year ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Crop Residue Incorporation ◽  
Yield Trends ◽  
Term Field

A long-term field trial was conducted to determine yield trends in relation to nutrient uptake and efficiency in different rice-based cropping systems. The cropping systems had a significant effect on wet season rice yield when residues were not recycled but had no effect otherwise. Rice yield decreased after the first year of crop residue incorporation but increased every year thereafter. Rice yield was significantly affected by residual nutrients applied to dry season crops. The highest residual effect was observed in tomato and sweet pepper to which the highest nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) rates were applied. Maize, sweet pepper, and tomato responded well to NPK application, garlic had a low response and mungbean had no response. A relay crop served as a catch crop for excess nutrients and as shade to minimize sunscald effects for tomato and sweet pepper fruits.

EFFECTS OF MANURE AND FERTILIZER ON GRAIN YIELD, SOIL CARBON AND PHOSPHORUS IN A 13-YEAR FIELD TRIAL IN SEMI-ARID KENYA

2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. KIHANDA ◽  
G. P. WARREN ◽  
A. N. MICHENI
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Organic P ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Goat Manure

Long-term indicators of soil fertility were assessed by measuring grain yield, soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil Olsen phosphorous for a P-deficient soil. In one set of treatments, goat manure was applied annually for 13 years at 0, 5 and 10 t ha−1, and intercrops of sorghum/cowpea, millet/green gram and maize/pigeonpea were grown. Yield depended on rainfall and trends with time were not identifiable. Manure caused an upward trend in SOC, but 10 t ha−1 manure did not give significantly more SOC than 5 t ha−1. Only 10 t ha−1 manure increased Olsen P. Measurements of both SOC and Olsen P are recommended. In another set of treatments, manure was applied for four years; the residual effect lasted another seven to eight years when assessed by yield, SOC and Olsen P. Treatment with mineral fertilizers provided the same rates of N and P as 5 t ha−1 manure and yields from manure and fertilizer were similar. Fertilizer increased Olsen P but not SOC. Management systems with occasional manure application and intermediate fertilizer applications should be assessed. Inputs and offtakes of C, N and P were measured for three years. Approximately 16, 25 and 11% of C, N and P respectively were stabilized into soil organic matter from 5 t ha−1 a−1 manure. The majority of organic P was fixed as soil inorganic P.

Models of internalizing outcomes of early rejection

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Salzer Burks ◽  
Kenneth A. Dodge ◽  
Joseph M. Price
Keyword(s):  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
First Year ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Third ◽  
School Year

AbstractViewing social rejection from same-age peers as a source of stress for children, the current study sought to determine the most appropriate model of the effects of temporary versus consistent experiences with rejection for both short-term and long-term internalizing problems. Adopting a cross-sectional longitudinal design, the sociometric status of children in the first year of the study (when the children were in the first, second, or third grades), and then again in the next school year (when children were in the second, third, or fourth grades) was assessed to determine which children were rejected by their peers. Internalizing outcome measures were administered in the third and sixth years of follow-up. Results indicated that, for boys, the Threshold Model best represented the stressful effects of rejection. That is, only boys who were exposed to rejection for 2 consecutive years demonstrated both short-term and long-term internalizing problems in subsequent years. For girls, however, there appeared to be few significant differences among those who never experienced rejection, who had only temporary experiences with rejection, and girls who were consistently exposed to rejection. Results are discussed in terms of the significance of a Threshold Model as well as possible explanations for these gender differences.

When the Saints Go Marching Out: Long-Term Outcomes for Student Evacuees from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Sacerdote
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Test Score ◽  
First Year ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Score Distribution ◽  
The Third ◽  
College Going ◽  
Hurricanes Katrina And Rita

I examine long-term academic performance and college going for students affected by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Students who are forced to switch schools due to the hurricanes experience sharp declines in test scores in the first year following the hurricanes. However, by the third and fourth years after the disaster, evacuees displaced from Orleans Parish see a 0.18 standard deviation improvement in scores. Gains are concentrated among students initially in the lowest quintiles of the test score distribution. Katrina evacuees do not show gains in college going relative to earlier cohorts from their same pre-hurricane high schools. (JEL I20, Q54, R23).

scholarly journals THE CHANGES OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM IN SOIL UNDER DIFFERENT LIME RATES

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
Jānis Vigovskis ◽  
Agrita Svarta ◽  
Aivars Jermuss ◽  
Daina Sarkanbarde
Keyword(s):  
Oil Shale ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Potassium Accumulation ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Different Content ◽  
Drainage Field ◽  
Similar Soil

The paper describes the influence of liming to phosphorus and potassium accumulation in soil. The research has been carried out at the Institute of Agronomy of Latvia University of Agriculture in the long-term subsurface drainage field established in Skrīveri in 1981. The experimental field was established with four rates of mineral fertilizers: without fertilizers (F0), N45P30K45 (F1); N90P60K90 (F2), N135P90K135 (F3) and four rates of lime: without liming (L0), 2.58 (L1), 5.70 (L2), 11.40 (L3) t ha-1 CaCO3. Primary liming was done in 1981 (Estonian oil shale ashes), the maintenance liming was performed in 1994 (dolomitic limestone) and 2014 (BALTKALK). After 35 years of trial similar soil parameters showed significantly different content of phosphorus and potassium related to the different rates of liming in all fertilizing levels. Without fertilizers, the liming provided the increase of phosphorus content in soil from 14 to 36 mg kg-1, but the increase of potassium – from 55 to 72 mg kg-1. On a low background of fertilizers (N45P30K45) the content of phosphorus and potassium under liming increased respectively from 20 to 32 mg kg-1 for phosphorus and 75 to 96 mg kg-1 for potassium. At the fertilizers level N90P60K90 the content of phosphorus and potassium increased respectively from 94 to 81 mg kg-1 for phosphorus and 115 to 165 mg kg-1 for potassium. At the fertilizers level N135P90K135 the content of phosphorus and potassium increased respectively from 174 to 203 mg kg-1 for phosphorus and 166 to 214 mg kg-1 for potassium.

scholarly journals Growth and Biomass Yield of Brachiaria ruziziensis (Poaceae) under the Direct and Residual Effects of Fertilization with Hen Droppings at Flowering in West Cameroon

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
Gilles Jiope Azangue ◽  
Fernand Tendonkeng ◽  
David Fokom Wauffo ◽  
Etienne Tedonkeng Pamo
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
First Year ◽  
Brachiaria Ruziziensis ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
The University

Aim: A study was conducted at the Research and Experimental Farm (REF) of the University of Dschang with the aim of evaluating the direct and residual effects of fertilization with hen droppings on the growth and biomass yield of Brachiaria ruziziensis at flowering. Methodology: A factorial design with five levels of fertilization in terms of nitrogen in hen droppings (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg N/ha) on 6 m2 (3 m x 2 m) plots in four replicates, i.e. a total of 20 experimental plots was used. Fertilization with hen droppings was done one month after the placement of the stump chips, during the first year of cultivation (direct effects). In the second year of cultivation (residual effects), no fertilization was done. Measurements of plant heights and diameters were made on 40 plants per level of fertilization. Leaf, stem and whole-plant biomass assessments were made on all plots in relation to their fertilization levels. Results: This study shows that the direct effect of fertilization in the form of hen droppings resulted in heights and diameters significantly greater than those obtained under the residual effect of fertilization. Biomasses of whole plants and their different compartments obtained under the residual effect of fertilization were significantly higher than those obtained under the direct effect of fertilization. Under the direct and residual effect of fertilization, the heights, diameters and biomasses of the fertilized plots were greater than those of the control plots. The level of fertilization corresponding to the dose of 100 kg N/ha gave the best results. Conclusion: Fertilization with hen droppings at a dose of 100 kg N/ha would be recommended for the cultivation of B. ruziziensis over a two-year period, in order to limit the use of mineral fertilizers.

Long-term softening of surface and buried hard seeds of yellow serradella grown in a range of environments

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Revell ◽  
G. B. Taylor ◽  
P. S. Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
First Year ◽  
Mediterranean Environment ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hard Seeds ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
Alternating Temperature ◽  
One Year

A 3-year field experiment was conducted to investigate seed softening in yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus L.) in a low rainfall Mediterranean environment at Merredin, Western Australia. The study examined seeds of 4 accessions of serradella from separate growing sites (Pindar, Merredin, and Badgingarra), and included the effect of pod burial (only for accessions grown at Merredin). Pods were placed on the soil surface in December 1992 and sampled in March, June, and October for the next 3 years. Burial treatments (2 and 6 cm beneath the surface) commenced in June 1993 after pods had been on the soil surface for one summer. Samples were collected in June for the next 2 years. Softening of seeds over the first summer in the field was compared with that obtained in the laboratory with 16 weeks at a diurnally alternating temperature of 60/15ºC. Few seeds of any accession softened (generally <6%) at the soil surface during the first summer but the rate of softening increased over the next 2 years. The highest annual rate of softening was about 55% in the third year in accessions GEH72-1A and GEH72-2A. Accession of serradella hadmore influence on pattern of seed softening than site at which seeds were produced. Burial of pods at 2 cm markedly accelerated seed softening in all strains, particularly GEH72-1A and cv. Madeira, in which over 95% of hard seeds softened during the first year of burial. Softening at 6 cm was similar to that at the soil surface. Shallow burial of pods, as would occur during cereal cropping in one year,could improve regeneration of serradella, but reduce the longevity of its seed bank. Laboratory treatment at 60/15ºC generally over-estimated field softening during the first summer.The spread of germination in time in laboratory tests differed between accessions and was much wider in GEH72-2A than in others, extending up to 35 days. Such behaviour could provide insurance against total seedling loss following false breaks of season.

THE EVALUATION OF THE RESIDUAL EFFECT OF FERTILIZER IN LONG-TERM FERTILITY PLOTS: II. PHOSPHORUS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Total Phosphorus Content ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
The Relationship

Long-term annual applications of fertilizer phosphorus to an acid sandy loam podzol resulted in marked increases in total phosphorus content of the surface soil. However, downward movement was limited as no increase occurred below 9 in. The relationship between total phosphorus content of the profile and sodium bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus (r = 0.93) was significant at the 1% level. Phosphate retention capacity of the surface soil was not influenced by fertilizer or manurial treatment and increases in percentage phosphorus saturation were relatively small.Under conditions of intensive cropping in the greenhouse (12 crops), residual phosphorus was highly effective in supplying crop requirements. However, the results suggest that fertilizer phosphorus may be beneficial during the establishment period. The relationship between phosphorus uptake on the no P series in the greenhouse and levels of sodium bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus (r = 0.88) is further evidence of the value of this method in estimating phosphorus availability in soils.

scholarly journals CHANGE IN FERTILITY INDICATORS OF GRAY FOREST SOIL AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY IN THE CROP ROTATION LINK WHEN APPLYING FERTILIZERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
Rafil Shakirov ◽  
Zakirzhan Bikmuhametov ◽  
Fidail Hisamiev ◽  
Faik Safiollin
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Gray Forest Soil ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
First Year ◽  
Second Year

The purpose of the work is to study the effect and aftereffect of various types and rates of fertilizers on the change in the main fertility indicators of gray forest soil, as well as the productivity of the crop rotation link. The experiments were carried out in the grain-row unit (spring wheat - corn - spring wheat - peas) of a nine-field grain-herb-row crop rotation. The scheme of the experiment provided for the study of the following options: the calculated doses of mineral fertilizers for the formation of 4 t/ha of spring wheat grain, 40 t/ha of green mass of corn, 3 t/ha of pea grain, thermally treated granulated chicken manure in doses 1, 2, 3 t/ha, bedding manure in a dose equivalent to 3 t/ha of granulated droppings, buckwheat stubble green manure sown after harvesting winter rye. Under the influence of 1-2-3 t/ha of granulated chicken manure, the content of nitrogen (Nг) in the soil increased, compared with the control, by 73.1-81.1-112.0%, respectively, phosphorus (P2O5) - by 69.3- 79.8-91.3%, potassium (K2O) - by 90.3-140-188%; in the first year of aftereffect, Nг increased by 42.6-50.5-58.4%, P2O5- by 28.6-39.3-52.1%, K2O - by 56.1-84.8-170, 7%; in the second year of aftereffect Nг - by 13.1-21.3-44.0%, P2O5- by 40.1-51.2-74.4%, K2O - by 63.3-124.1-133.1 %. When manure was applied (42 t/ha), the amount of Nг, P2O5, K2O decreased, compared to 3 t/ha of granulated chicken manure, in the year of action, respectively, by 43.4, 19.0 and 42.2%, in the first year of aftereffect - by 16.6, 22.1, 48.1%. In the second year of the aftereffect, the values of these indicators when using manure and 3 t/ha of granulated chicken manure were equivalent. In the variant with the incorporation of buckwheat green manure, the content of mobile forms of macronutrients varied similarly to manure. Under the influence of 1, 2 and 3 t/ha of granulated chicken manure, the productivity of the crop rotation link increased, compared with the control, by 78.5, 104.3, 122.6%, respectively. The effect from the action and three years of aftereffect of 42 t/ha of manure was below the level of 3 t/ha of of granulated chicken manure by 12% (productivity growth 110.6%), buckwheat green manure - at the level of 1 t/ha of granulated chicken manure (productivity growth 80.6%) ... Depending on the type and norms of fertilizers, the profitability of production was 54 ... 196%

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