DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC RESIDUES AS AFFECTED BY VARIOUS DRYLAND SPRING WHEAT-FALLOW ROTATIONS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. DORMAAR ◽  
U. J. PITTMAN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Organic Residues ◽  
Total N ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Native Grassland ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Annual Application

Three non-replicated, non-fertilized, dryland grain rotations — continuous wheat, wheat-fallow, and wheat-wheat-fallow — were established in 1912 on a Dark Brown Chernozemic soil. In 1967, the rotations were altered to include an annual application of 45 kg N/ha to a portion of each field. Above- and below-ground organic residue and soil were sampled in September 1975, April and August 1976, and April 1977 from both the fertilized and non-fertilized treatments of each rotation to measure the effects of the rotations on a number of chemical characteristics. The soil samples were analyzed for pH and contents of C, N, ethanol/benzene- and resin-extractable C, polysaccharides, and waterstable aggregates. The organic residues were analyzed for contents of C, N, ethanol/benzene-extractable C, lignin, and methoxyl groups, and for caloric content. The soils of the continuous wheat rotation contained the most C, total N, and polysaccharides, whereas the soils of the wheat-fallow rotation were about 12 percentage points higher in resin-extractable C than those of the continuous wheat or wheat-wheat-fallow rotations. The cultivated soils contained 47% less C, 46% less N, 53% less polysaccharides, 100% more solvent-extractable C, 49% more resin extractable C, and a slightly higher pH than the soils from the proximate native grassland. Individual rotations had little effect on the chemical composition of organic residues on the soil surface but did affect the decomposition and nature of subsurface plant residues.

scholarly journals (125) Effect of Organic Residues on Shoot and Root Growth of Apple Tree

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1061D-1061
Author(s):  
Davide Neri ◽  
Gianpaolo Mascanzoni ◽  
Paolo Sabbatini ◽  
Franco Zucconi ◽  
James Flore
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Organic Residues ◽  
Mature Compost ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Old Trees

To simulate soil sickness, 1-year-old trees of `Golden Delicious' (grafted on M9 and M106) were grown in rhizotrons (1 × 1-m and 0.5-m depth) with different plant residues content, at Ravenna, Italy. Sandy loam soil was used as a substrate. Fine-grounded wood from apple and peach residues (6 kg per rhizotron) was mixed to the substrate and considered as main treatment. Mature compost (1% and 2.5% in volume) was added or not to the substrate with the organic residues and considered as subtreatment. The application of residues was localized either near the soil surface (0–25 cm) or deeper in the soil profile (25–50 cm). In each rhizotron, four trees on the same rootstock were planted and each soil treatment was replicated twice. After 2 years, the roots were accurately excavated (washing off the soil with water), and growth was measured. The presence of apple residues near the soil surface induced a 5% to 20% reduction of shoot growth. The reduction per plant dry weight was higher when trees were grafted on M106. At root level, the presence of residues increased the root migration in the search for fresh niches, enhancing root crossing and anastomosis. Both these shoot and root conditions are typical of replant diseases symptoms. The localization of apple residues in the lower part of the profile reduced the symptoms and so did the addition of compost. The peach residues did not affect shoot growth when compared to the control, but the shoot-to-root ratio was reduced, indicating a tendency to increase root migration.

scholarly journals Earthworms and Plant Residues Modify Nematodes in Tropical Cropping Soils (Madagascar): A Mesocosm Experiment

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Villenave ◽  
Bodo Rabary ◽  
Emilie Kichenin ◽  
Djibril Djigal ◽  
Eric Blanchart
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Nematode Community ◽  
Mesocosm Experiment ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Organic Residues ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Specific Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Free-living nematodes present several characteristics that have led to their use as bioindicators of soil quality. Analyzing the structure of nematofauna is a pertinent way to understand soil biological processes. Earthworms play an important role in soil biological functioning and organic matter dynamics. Their effects on soil nematofauna have seldom been studied. We studied the effect of the tropical endogeic earthworm,Pontoscolex corethrurus, on nematode community structure in a 5-month field mesocosm experiment conducted in Madagascar. Ten different treatments with or without earthworms and with or without organic residues (rice, soybean) were compared. Organic residues were applied on the soil surface or mixed with the soil. The abundance of nematodes (bacterial and fungal feeders) was higher in presence ofP. corethrurusthan in their absence. The type of plant residues as well as their localisation had significant effects on the abundance and composition of soil nematodes. The analysis of nematode community structure showed that earthworm activity led to an overall activation of the microbial compartment without specific stimulation of the bacterial or fungal compartment.

Modelling the mineralisation of plant residues on the soil surface

Agronomie ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 711-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Berkenkamp ◽  
Eckart Priesack ◽  
Jean Charles Munch
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Plant Residues

REHABILITATION OF THE SOIL STRUCTURE WITH THE DIRECT SOWING IN THE STAVROPOL REGION DRY ZONE

1970 ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
V. P. Belobrov ◽  
S. А. Yudin ◽  
V. А. Kholodov ◽  
N. V. Yaroslavtseva ◽  
N. R. Ermolaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Dry Zone ◽  
Erosion Effect ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Direct Sowing

The influence of different systems of soil cultivation is considered - traditional (recommended) technology and direct sowing, which is increasingly used under dry conditions of the region. The rehabilitation of the degraded southern chernozems and dark chestnut soils structure during 13 and 7 years of direct sowing, respectively, has not been established. It takes much longer to rehabilitation the aggregate state of soils, which is currently in a critical condition of the content of aggregates> 10 mm in size and the sum of agronomically valuable aggregates. The soils under 60-year treeline, as a control, showed a satisfactory range of aggregates, which indicates a high degree of soil degradation in the past and a long period of their recovery time. The effectiveness of direct sowing usage in the cultivation of a wider range of grain and row crops (winter wheat, sunflower, peas, chickpeas, rapeseed, buckwheat, corn) is due to the peculiarities of agricultural technologies. Abandoning of naked fallows and soil treatments with the simultaneous use of plant residues and cover crops on the soil surface between the harvest and sowing of winter crops provides an anti-erosion effect and, as a consequence, a decrease in physical evaporation, an increase in moisture and biota reserves, an increase in microbiological processes, which are noted in the form trends in improving the agrochemical and agrophysical properties of soils.

scholarly journals A Strip-Till One-Pass System as a Component of Conservation Agriculture

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2015
Author(s):  
Iwona Jaskulska ◽  
Kestutis Romaneckas ◽  
Dariusz Jaskulski ◽  
Piotr Wojewódzki
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Pass System ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact

Conservation agriculture has three main pillars, i.e., minimum tillage, permanent soil cover, and crop rotation. Covering the soil surface with plant residues and minimum mechanical soil disturbance can all result from introducing a strip-till one-pass (ST-OP) system. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the ST-OP technology on the management of plant residues, soil properties, inputs, and emissions related to crop cultivation. We compared the effect of a ST-OP system against conventional tillage (CT) using a plough, and against reduced, non-ploughing tillage (RT). Four field experiments were conducted for evaluating the covering of soil with plant residues of the previous crop, soil loss on a slope exposed to surface soil runoff, soil structure and aggregate stability, occurrence of soil organisms and glomalin content, soil moisture and soil water reserve during plant sowing, labour and fuel inputs, and CO2 emissions. After sowing plants using ST-OP, 62.7–82.0% of plant residues remained on the soil surface, depending on the previous crop and row spacing. As compared with CT, the ST-OP system increased the stability of soil aggregates of 0.25–2.0 mm diameter by 12.7%, glomalin content by 0.08 g·kg−1, weight of earthworms five-fold, bacteria and fungi counts, and moisture content in the soil; meanwhile, it decreased soil loss by 2.57–6.36 t·ha−1 year−1, labour input by 114–152 min·ha−1, fuel consumption by 35.9–45.8 l·ha−1, and CO2 emissions by 98.7–125.9 kg·ha−1. Significant favourable changes, as compared with reduced tillage (RT), were also found with respect to the stability index of aggregates of 2.0–10.0 mm diameter, the number and weight of earthworms, as well as bacteria and fungi counts.

scholarly journals Metabarcoding Malaise traps and soil eDNA reveals seasonal and local arthropod diversity shifts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ameli Kirse ◽  
Sarah J. Bourlat ◽  
Kathrin Langen ◽  
Vera G. Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Arthropod Diversity ◽  
Arthropod Species ◽  
Species Overlap ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Phenological Shifts ◽  
Malaise Traps

AbstractForest habitats host enormous diversity, but little is known about the seasonal turnover of arthropod species between the above- and below ground forest layers. In this study, we used metabarcoding approaches to uncover arthropod diversity in different forest types and seasons. Our study shows that metabarcoding soil eDNA and Malaise trap bulk samples can provide valuable insights into the phenology and life cycles of arthropods. We found major differences in arthropod species diversity between soil samples and Malaise traps, with only 11.8% species overlap. Higher diversity levels were found in Malaise traps in summer whereas soil samples showed a diversity peak in winter, highlighting the seasonal habitat preferences and life strategies of arthropods. We conclude that collecting time series of bulk arthropod samples and eDNA in the same locations provides a more complete picture of local arthropod diversity and turnover rates and may provide valuable information on climate induced phenological shifts for long-term monitoring.

Notes on Behaviour of Pemphigus betae Doane (Homoptera: Aphididae) Infected with Entomophthora aphidis Hoffm.

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 439-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
First Record ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Beet Root ◽  
Pemphigus Betae ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Sugar Beet Root ◽  
Annapolis Valley

Normally the sugar-beet root aphid, Pemphigus betae Doane, lives and feeds on sugar-beet roots below ground during the summer and fall. However, in many beet fields between Lethbridge and Monarch, Alberta, in September, 1956, a large number of these aphids were found on the soil surface and on the crowns and leaves of the plants. Many of the aphids had crawled up the plants and, even after death, remained clinging to the leaves (Fig. 1). This clinging reaction seemed similar to that of grasshoppers infected with Entomophthora grylli Fresen. Mr. R. B. Baird, Entomology Laboratory, Canada Department of Agriculture, Belleville, Ontario, identified the organism causing the disease destroying these aphids as Entomophthora aphidis Hoffm. This is the first record of this disease killing subterranean aphids in Canada. The only other reports of E. aphidis on root aphids are those of Maxson (1916) in Colorado and Charles (1941) in California. In Canada, it has been previously reported as a factor in control of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia (MacLeod, 1953).

scholarly journals Simulating soil organic C dynamics in managed grasslands under humid temperate climatic conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma Jebari ◽  
Jorge Álvaro-Fuentes ◽  
Guillermo Pardo ◽  
María Almagro ◽  
Agustin del Prado
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Natural Grasslands ◽  
Rothc Model ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Intensively Managed

Abstract. Temperate grasslands are of paramount importance in terms of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. Globally, research on SOC dynamics has largely focused on forests, croplands and natural grasslands, while intensively managed grasslands has received much less attention. In this regard, we aimed to improve the prediction of SOC dynamics in managed grasslands under humid temperate regions. In order to do so, we modified and recalibrated the SOC model RothC, originally developed to model the turnover of SOC in arable topsoils, which requires limited amount of readily available input data. The modifications proposed for the RothC are: (1) water content up to saturation conditions in the soil water function of RothC to fit the humid temperate climatic conditions, (2) entry pools that account for particularity of exogenous organic matter (EOM) applied (e.g., ruminant excreta), (3) annual variation in the carbon inputs derived from plant residues considering both above- and below-ground plant residue and rhizodeposits components as well as their quality, and (4) the livestock treading effect (i.e., poaching damage) as a common problem in humid areas with higher annual precipitation. In the paper, we describe the basis of these modifications, carry out a simple sensitivity analysis and validate predictions against data from existing field experiments from four sites in Europe. Model performance showed that modified RothC reasonably captures well the different modifications. However, the model seems to be more sensitive to soil moisture and plant residues modifications than to the other modifications. The applied changes in RothC model could be appropriate to simulate both farm and regional SOC dynamics from managed grassland-based systems under humid temperate conditions.

scholarly journals DEGRADASI LAHAN PADA KEBUN CAMPURAN DAN TEGALAN DI KABUPATEN DHARMASRAYA

Jurnal Solum ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Syafrimen Yasin ◽  
Gusnidar Gusnidar ◽  
Dedy Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Bulk Volume ◽  
Soil Fertility Status

A research conducted in Sungai Rumbai, Dharmasraya Regency and in Soil Laboratory Andalas university was aimed to evaluate soil fertility status on the depth below 0-20 cm from several land use types , especially under Mixed Garden and annual cultivated dryland soil.  Soil samples were taken on Ultisol at 0-8% slope (late-waving soil surface).  Land use types evaluated were forest, annual cultivated dryland, bush land, rangeland covered by Imperata cylindrica and mixed garden.  Composite soil samples for soil chemical analysis were taken on the 0-20 cm soil depth with four replications, and 5 drillings for each replication.  Undisturbed soil samples by using sample ring were used to analyze sol bulk volume.  The data resulted were compared to the criteria and were statistically tested using Analysis of Variance and then were continued by LSD at 5% level.  From the results of analyses could be concluded that land use  for mixed garden had the higher Organic Carbon (OC) content and the lower bulk volume (BV) than those for annual cultivated dryland soil.Key Words: Degradasi Lahan, Kebun Campuran, Tegalan

scholarly journals ANALISIS C-ORGANIK, NITROGEN DAN C/N TANAH PADA LAHAN AGROWISATA BEKEN JAYA DI KABUPATEN KUANTAN SINGINGI

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Trinop Sagiarti ◽  
Deno Okalia ◽  
Gusti Markina
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Characteristic ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Gas Drilling ◽  
Very High

Soil fertility determined by land management . Land use in the farmers to Beken Jaya in Kuantan Singingi has been going on for seven years to technique fertilizing not recommended, so it is important to knew soil chemical characteristic are now being to sustainable agriculture.This research in the soil samples uses the method purposive random sampling in 15 points gas drilling land as deep as 20 cm.Parameter examined is pH , C-organic , N-total , N-available and ratio C / N. All the data compared to table criteria of the chemical properties the ground by LPT 1993. Based on the results of the soil analysis in Agrowisata Beken Jaya can  be concluded features chemical pH 5,88 -6,41 ( criteria midle acid ) , C-organik 0.25 % - 1,18 % ( criteria very low until low ) , N-total 0,30 -1,16 % ( criteria moderate to very high ), and C/N 0,24-3,97 (criteria very low)

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