Development of rSs-NIE-1 and rSs-IR Recombinant Antigen-Based Immunoblot for Detection of Antibody to Strongyloides stercoralis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joelma Nascimento de Souza ◽  
I’Isha Langford ◽  
Yongang Wang ◽  
Neci Matos Soares ◽  
Sukwan Handali
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Recombinant Antigen ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Western Blot Assay ◽  
Recombinant Antigens ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Igg4 Antibody

Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted nematode that can cause life-threatening conditions in immunocompromised persons. In the United States, strongyloidiasis should be considered mainly in immigrants, refugees, or travelers. The confirmatory laboratory diagnosis is usually performed by detecting larvae from the stool, duodenal material, and sputum. In persons who are immunocompromised with severe strongyloidiasis, adult worms and eggs can be detected from duodenal material. For serological diagnosis, most assays use crude antigens to detect anti-S. stercoralis IgG. Recently, recombinant proteins such as rSs-NIE-1 and rSs-IR have been used to detect IgG antibodies. We used rSs-NIE-1 and rSs-IR recombinant antigens to develop a biplex Western blot assay to detect the IgG4 antibody in individuals with strongyloidiasis. The sensitivities of rSs-NIE-1 and rSs-IR were 97.4% and 90.8%, respectively, whereas the specificities were 97.6% and 98%, respectively. In conclusion, the biplex rSs-NIE-1 and rSs-IR immunoblot performs well in detecting IgG4 antibody in S. stercoralis-infected persons.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Recombinant Antigens for Serodiagnosis of Chagas’ Disease in South and Central America

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1554-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eufrosina S. Umezawa ◽  
Sueli F. Bastos ◽  
Mario E. Camargo ◽  
Luci M. Yamauchi ◽  
Márcia R. Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Recombinant Antigen ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Recombinant Antigens ◽  
Fusion Products

The commercially available diagnostic tests for Chagas’ disease employ whole extracts or semipurified fractions ofTrypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Considerable variation in the reproducibility and reliability of these tests has been reported by different research laboratories, mainly due to cross-reactivity with other pathogens and standardization of the reagents. The use of recombinant antigens for the serodiagnosis of Chagas’ disease is recommended to increase the sensitivity and specificity of serological tests. Expressed in Escherichia coli, as fusion products with glutathione S-transferase, six T. cruzirecombinant antigens (H49, JL7, A13, B13, JL8, and 1F8) were evaluated in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Chagas’ disease. The study was carried out with a panel of 541 serum samples of chagasic and nonchagasic patients from nine countries of Latin America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Venezuela). The optimal concentration of each recombinant antigen for coating of plates was determined with the help of125I-labelled recombinant proteins. While the specificity of the epimastigote antigen was 84% because of false positives from leishmaniasis cases, for the recombinant antigens it varied from 96.2 to 99.6%. Recombinant antigens reacted with 79 to 100% of serum samples from chronic chagasic patients. In this way, it is proposed that a mixture of a few T. cruzi recombinant antigens should be employed in a diagnostic kit to minimize individual variation and promote high sensitivity in the diagnosis of Chagas’ disease.

scholarly journals Bioinformatic Prediction and Production of Four Recombinant Proteins from Different Developmental Stages of Trichinella spiralis and Testing of Their Diagnostic Sensitivity in Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Cheng ZHAI ◽  
Xiao-Lei LIU ◽  
Xue- BAI ◽  
Ze-Jun JIA ◽  
Shao-Hong CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Recombinant Antigens ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Candidate Antigen

Background: Trichinellosis is a serious food-borne parasitic zoonosis, thus finding high quality antigens is the key to serodiagnosis of trichinosis. This article reports the characterization and sensitivity of four recombinant proteins expressed by four genes (Wn10, Zh68, T668, and Wm5) from different developmental stages of Trichinella spiralis for the diagnosis of trichinellosis in mice. Methods: This study was conducted in Jilin University and National Institute of Parasitic Diseases of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2017-2018. The structures and functions of the proteins encoded by four genes were predicted by bioinformatics analysis. The four genes were cloned and expressed, and the recombinant proteins were purified. Anti-Trichinella IgM and IgG antibodies in the sera of mice infected with T. spiralis from 1-45 d post-infection (dpi) were evaluated by ELISA. Results: The optimal antigen epitopes of four proteins (P1, P2, P3, and P4) encoded by the four genes from T- and B-cells were predicted, and four purified recombinant proteins (r-P1, r-P2, r-P3, and r-P4) were successfully produced. For IgM, the antibody levels detected by the four recombinant antigens were approximately equal to the cut-off value. Anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies were first detected by r-P1 at 8 dpi, followed by r-P2, r-P3, and r-P4 at 10 dpi, 14 dpi, and 16 dpi, respectively, and the antibody levels remained high until 45 dpi. Conclusion: The recombinant antigens r-P1, r-P2, r-P3, and r-P4 could be antigens that react with antibodies, they showed high sensitivity in the detection of anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies in mice. Among these proteins, r-P1 may be a candidate antigen for the detection of anti-Trichinella IgG antibodies in the early infection phase and exhibited the best sensitivity among the antigens.

A Fatal Case of Powassan Virus Encephalitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1239-1243
Author(s):  
Qiqi Yu ◽  
Eduard Matkovic ◽  
Sarah Reagan-Steiner ◽  
Amy M Denison ◽  
Rebecca Osborn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Fatal Case ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Powassan Virus ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Autopsy Tissues

Abstract Powassan virus (POWV) is a flavivirus of the tick-borne encephalitis serogroup that causes a rare and potentially life-threatening neuroinvasive disease. Viral transmission occurs during zoonotic spillover from mammals by the bite of an infected tick in endemic regions of North America. The number of reported POWV cases has recently increased in the United States. We report a fatal case of POWV meningoencephalomyelitis in Northern Wisconsin following a documented tick bite. Histologic examination of the brain demonstrated widespread intraparenchymal and perivascular lymphohistocytic infiltration, microglial nodule formation, and marked neuronal degeneration, most severely involving the substantia nigra, anterior horn of spinal cord and cerebellum. Although no viral inclusions were seen in routine light microscopy, electron microscopy identified multiple neurons containing cytoplasmic clusters of virus particles ∼50 nm in diameter. POWV infection was confirmed using immunohistochemical analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. This report demonstrates in detail regional central nervous system involvement and ultrastructural characteristics of Powassan viral particles by transmission electron microscopy, while highlighting the utility of evaluating fixed autopsy tissues in cases of unexplained meningoencephalomyelitis.

From strongyloidiasis to disseminated mucormycosis: the story of an HTLV-1-infected migrant

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice Autier ◽  
Adélaïde Chesnay ◽  
Claire Mayence ◽  
Stéphanie Houcke ◽  
Hélène Guégan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Disseminated Strongyloidiasis ◽  
Disseminated Mucormycosis

Strongyloidiasis manifestations range from asymptomatic cases to the life-threatening disseminated strongyloidiasis in case of immune deficiency: larvae migrate throughout the body, disseminating germs from the digestive flora to various organs. Here, we described a case of disseminated mucormycosis consecutive to Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfestation in a Surinamese migrant infected with HTLV-1.

Safety and Efficacy of Argatroban in the Management of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. CMBD.S5118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Saugel ◽  
Roland M. Schmid ◽  
Wolfgang Huber
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Thrombosis ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
The United States ◽  
Heparin Therapy ◽  
Direct Thrombin Inhibitor ◽  
Thrombin Inhibitor ◽  
Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Life Threatening

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a life-threatening adverse reaction to heparin therapy that is characterized by thrombocytopenia and an increased risk of venous and arterial thrombosis. According to guidelines, in patients with strongly suspected or confirmed HIT all sources of heparin have to be discontinued and an alternative, nonheparin anticoagulant for HIT treatment must immediately be started. For both the prophylaxis of thrombembolic events in HIT and the treatment of HIT with thrombosis the direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban is approved in the United States. The objective of this review is to describe the mechanism of action and the pharmacokinetic profile of argatroban, to characterize argatroban regarding its safety and therapeutic efficacy and to discuss its place in therapy in HIT.

Terminal ileum resection as a trigger for Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection and ensuing serial sepsis in a 37-year-old patient with complicated Crohnʼs disease: a case report

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (04) ◽  
pp. 380-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Topić ◽  
Silvija Čuković-Čavka ◽  
Marko Brinar ◽  
Mirjana Kalauz ◽  
Ivica Škrlec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Skin Penetration ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Tropics

AbstractThe nematode Strongyloides stercoralis, outside the tropics and subtropics present in small endemic foci, can cause an infection after direct skin contact with contaminated soil containing infective filariform larvae and, rarely, after intimate interhuman contact or after transplantation of an infected solid organ. Following skin penetration, migration, and maturation through several stages, a small number of invasive filariform larvae can develop anew in the gut lumen, perpetuating new cycles of penetration, tissue migration, and reproduction, without leaving the host.In a state of immunosuppression, autoinfection can progress to life-threatening hyperinfection and/or infection disseminated through virtually any organ. In developed countries, the most frequently recognized risk for severe hyperinfection is corticosteroid therapy, but this has been also described in malnourished, alcoholic, cancer, and transplant patients. Due to the frequent need for immunosuppressive therapy, patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are susceptible to develop overwhelming strongyloidiasis. Strongyloidiasis can be easily overlooked in clinical settings, and in many European regions there is poor insight into the epidemiological burden of this disease.We present a case of S. stercoralis hyperinfection that triggered 3 successive episodes of sepsis caused by pathogens of the gut flora in a young patient suffering from stenotic form of Crohn’s disease. S. stercoralis hyperinfection occurred in the corticosteroid-free period, shortly after resection of the terminal ileum, which was probably the trigger for the overwhelming course. The patient was successfully treated with 10-day albendazole therapy.

Severe pulmonary complications in Japanese patients after bortezomib treatment for refractory multiple myeloma

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 107 (9) ◽  
pp. 3492-3494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigesaburo Miyakoshi ◽  
Masahiro Kami ◽  
Koichiro Yuji ◽  
Tomoko Matsumura ◽  
Masaaki Takatoku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Japanese Patients ◽  
The United States ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
Bortezomib Treatment ◽  
Toranomon Hospital ◽  
Life Threatening

Bortezomib is a novel proteasome inhibitor with significant antimyeloma activity. Its frequent adverse effects are manageable, including gastrointestinal symptoms, peripheral neuropathy, and thrombocytopenia. Severe lung toxicity has not previously been reported. Between June 2004 and September 2005, 13 Japanese patients with multiple myeloma were treated with bortezomib in Toranomon Hospital, Juntendo University School of Medicine, and Jichi Medical School. Four of them developed severe pulmonary complications, and 2 died of respiratory failure without progression of underlying disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report on life-threatening pulmonary adverse effects after bortezomib therapy. Previous clinical studies on bortezomib, mostly in the United States and Europe, have shown low incidences of pulmonary adverse effects. Our study suggests that bortezomib can cause serious lung injury, and that its incidence might vary among different ethnicities. Clinicians need to be alert to the possibility.

scholarly journals The Laboratory Diagnosis of HIV Infections

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Fearon
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Results

HIV diagnostic testing has come a long way since its inception in the early 1980s. Current enzyme immunoassays are sensitive enough to detect antibody as early as one to two weeks after infection. A variety of other assays are essential to confirm positive antibody screens (Western blot, polymerase chain reaction [PCR]), provide an adjunct to antibody testing (p24 antigen, PCR), or provide additional information for the clinician treating HIV-positive patients (qualitative and quantitative PCR, and genotyping). Most diagnostic laboratories have complex testing algorithms to ensure accuracy of results and optimal use of laboratory resources. The choice of assays is guided by the initial screening results and the clinical information provided by the physician; both are integral to the laboratory's ability to provide an accurate laboratory diagnosis. Laboratories should also provide specific information on specimen collection, storage and transport so that specimen integrity is not compromised, thereby preserving the accuracy of laboratory results. Point of Care tests have become increasingly popular in the United States and some places in Canada over the past several years. These tests provide rapid, on-site HIV results in a format that is relatively easy for clinic staff to perform. However, the performance of these tests requires adherence to good laboratory quality control practices, as well as the backup of a licensed diagnostic laboratory to provide confirmation and resolution of positive or indeterminate results. Laboratory quality assurance programs and the participation in HIV proficiency testing programs are essential to ensure that diagnostic laboratories provide accurate, timely and clinically relevant laboratory results.

Caregivers’ role in managing hereditary angioedema and perceptions of treatment-related burden

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. S11-S16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Craig ◽  
Aleena Banerji ◽  
Marc A. Riedl ◽  
Jessica M. Best ◽  
Jinky Rosselli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hereditary Angioedema ◽  
Genetic Disease ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Recipient ◽  
Psychosocial Impacts ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Familial Caregivers

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disease that results in recurrent, debilitating, and potentially life-threatening swelling episodes in the extremities, genitals, gastrointestinal tract, and upper airway. Patients can experience significant burdens related to their disease. Informal or familial caregivers often support patients with HAE and likely share in the disease-related burdens, although there are limited HAE caregiver‐focused reports in the scientific literature. In the United States, we conducted an online survey of adults caring for an individual with HAE to better understand their experiences with the disease and identify psychosocial impacts of providing care for a patient with HAE. Thirty caregivers provided responses to the survey. Most caregivers were family members of the care recipient and many had HAE themselves. Caregivers reported participating in a number of medical-related tasks and experiencing some burdens as a result of caring for a person with HAE.

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