Ammonia Treatment to Destroy Aflatoxins in Corn

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 972-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM P. NORRED
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
By Products

Aflatoxin contamination of corn can result in financial disaster to farmers, and is a serious health hazard to both livestock and human populations. Atmospheric ammoniation of contaminated corn appears to be an economically feasible detoxification procedure. Feeding trials conducted in livestock, and relay toxicity studies in which meat or egg tissue from the corn-fed livestock was fed to rats, have not revealed any adverse effects produced by ammoniation of contaminated corn. However, complete histopathologic examinations have not been completed. Other studies, including feeding corn to rats for 21 months, dosing rats with single doses of corn containing large quantities of ammoniated aflatoxin by-products, and using radiolabelled aflatoxin to determine tissue distribution and excretion of ammoniated aflatoxin, have indicated that ammoniation is an effective method for salvaging aflatoxin-contaminated corn.

scholarly journals Vibrio gazogenes inhibits aflatoxin production through downregulation of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes in Aspergillus flavus

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyam L. Kandel ◽  
Rubaiya Jesmin ◽  
Brian M. Mack ◽  
Rajtilak Majumdar ◽  
Matthew K. Gilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aflatoxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Control Samples

Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic pathogen of oilseed crops such as maize, peanut, cottonseed, and tree nuts and produces carcinogenic secondary metabolites known as aflatoxins during seed colonization. Aflatoxin contamination not only reduces the value of the produce but also is a health hazard to humans and animals. Previously, we observed inhibition of A. flavus aflatoxin biosynthesis upon exposure to the marine bacterium, Vibrio gazogenes (Vg). In this study, we used RNA sequencing to examine the transcriptional profiles of A. flavus treated with both live and heat-inactivated dead Vg and control samples. Fungal biomass, total accumulated aflatoxins, and expression profiles of genes constituting secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters were determined at 24, 30, and 40 h after treatment. Statistically significant reductions in total aflatoxins were detected in Vg-treated samples as compared to control samples at 40 h. But no statistical difference in fungal biomass was observed upon these treatments. The Vg treatments were most effective on aflatoxin biosynthesis as was reflected in significant downregulation of majority of the genes in the aflatoxin gene cluster including the aflatoxin pathway regulator gene, aflR. Along with aflatoxin genes, we also observed significant downregulation in some other secondary metabolite gene clusters including cyclopiazonic acid and aflavarin, suggesting that the treatment may inhibit other secondary metabolites as well. Finally, a weighted gene correlation network analysis identified an upregulation of ten genes that were most strongly associated with Vg-dependent aflatoxin inhibition and provide a novel start-point in understanding the mechanisms that result in this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Feed biomass production may not be sufficient to support emerging livestock demand: Model projections to 2050 in Southern Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolapo Enahoro ◽  
Jason Sircely ◽  
Randall B. Boone ◽  
Stephen Oloo ◽  
Adam M. Komarek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
By Products

The demand for livestock-derived foods has steadily grown over the past decades and rising incomes and human populations are expected to see demand further increase. It is unclear if current livestock feed resources are adequately prepared to meet future demand especially given the looming challenges of climate change. Many feeds such as grasses, crop by-products, and other biomass may not be widely grown commercially or sold in formal markets but are critical sources of livestock feed in many low-resource settings in which ruminant livestock production is important. The availability of these feed types can determine the extent to which the livestock sector can expand to meet growing, and sometimes critical, demand for animal-source foods. In this paper, we compare country-level projections of livestock demand from a global economic model to simulated data on feed biomass production. Our comparisons account separately for beef, lamb, and dairy demand. The data allow us to assess the future sufficiency of key sources of feed biomass, and hence aspects of the expansion capacity of livestock production in selected countries in Southern Africa. Our simulation results project that given the interacting effects of projected climate change and changes in income and population in the region, there will not be enough feed biomass produced domestically to meet growing demand for livestock products. For three types of feed biomass (feed crops including grains, grasses, and crop by-products) for which future livestock feed sufficiency was examined, our results showed feed sufficiency declines for all three feed types in Malawi and Mozambique, for two out of three in South Africa and for one of three in Zambia, under intermediate and extreme scenarios of climate change in 2050. Our results suggest an urgent need to improve feed biomass productivity to support future supply of animal protein in the study countries.

Letters to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-157
Author(s):  
Margaret W. Shull ◽  
Johanna T. Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Letters To The Editor ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Weight Velocity

Dr Dillard has interpreted our results as an attempt to show adverse effects of prolonged breast-feeding. In studying the less than 2-year-old vegetarians we found it necessary to note the effects of breast-feeding. The breastfed infants had reduced weight, but not length velocities. These velocities were compared to Harvard growth norms and a reduced weight velocity does not necessarily imply a health hazard. What appears to be unique among this group is the extended breast-feeding and reduced weight gain velocity up to 2 years of age.

Intake and Digestibility of Barley Straw by Goats : Effect of Ammonia Treatment of Straw and Straw-Previously-Refused by Goats

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 67-67
Author(s):  
R.A. Wahed ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
By Products ◽  
Feeding Systems

Wahed and Owen (1986) reported a 0.33 increase in barley straw dry matter (DM) intake when stall-fed goats were allowed to refuse 0.5 of the amount offered rather than the 0.2, or less, allowed in conventional ad lib feeding. This approach offers a possible strategy for maximising intake and improving utilization of straw in Third World countries developing stall feeding systems for goats based on crop residues and other by-products. Generous feeding of straw (say allowing refusal-rates of 0.5 of amounts offered) could be followed by the refeeding of refusals after treating them with ammonia.The experiment was undertaken to investigate refeeding straw previously refused by goats and to measure the effect of ammonia-treating such refusals on Intake and digestibility. Barley straw and refusals (0.5 of amount offered) of the same straw were chopped and half of each material treated with ammonia (0.11 of 330 g NH3/kg solution per kg straw in sealed plastic bags for 30 days).

scholarly journals Glucocorticoids Amplify Dibutyl Phthalate-Induced Disruption of Testosterone Production and Male Reproductive Development

Endocrinology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (11) ◽  
pp. 5055-5064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda J. Drake ◽  
Sander van den Driesche ◽  
Hayley M. Scott ◽  
Gary R. Hutchison ◽  
Jonathan R. Seckl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Dibutyl Phthalate ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Testis Weight ◽  
Penile Length ◽  
Fetal Testis ◽  
Prostate Weight

Common male reproductive abnormalities including cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and low sperm counts may comprise a testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), resulting from fetal testis dysfunction during a critical developmental period involving reduced androgen production/action. The recent increase in TDS prevalence suggests environmental/lifestyle factors may be etiologically important. The developing fetus is exposed to multimodal challenges, and we hypothesized that exposure to a combination of factors rather than single agents may be important in the pathogenesis of TDS. We experimentally induced fetal testis dysfunction in rats via treatment of pregnant females daily from embryonic day (e) 13.5 to e21.5 with vehicle, 100 or 500 mg/kg · d dibutyl phthalate (DBP), 0.1 mg/kg · d dexamethasone (Dex), or a combination of DBP + Dex. In adulthood, penile length/normality, testis weight/descent, prostate weight, and plasma testosterone levels were measured plus anogenital distance (AGD) as a measure of androgen action within the masculinization programming window. Intratesticular testosterone and steroidogenic enzyme gene expression were measured in fetal testes at e17.5. High-dose DBP reduced fetal intratesticular testosterone and steroidogenic gene expression; induced mild hypospadias (31%) and cryptorchidism (53%); and reduced penile length, AGD, and testis and prostate weight in adulthood. Dex alone had no effect except to reduce birth weight but amplified the adverse effects of 500 mg/kg · d DBP and exacerbated the effects of 100 mg/kg · d DBP. All adverse effects were highly correlated to AGD, emphasizing the etiological importance of the masculinization programming window. These findings suggest that exposure to common environmental chemicals in combination with, for example, maternal stress, may increase the risk of common male reproductive abnormalities, with implications for human populations.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Humic Acid as an Aflatoxin Binder in Broiler Chickens

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rana Yaser Arafat ◽  
Sohail Hassan Khan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Serum Biochemical

AbstractThe efficacy of humic acid (HA) as an aflatoxin (AF) binder in broiler chickens exposed to aflatoxin- contaminated feed from 1 to 42 days of age was assessed. A total of 200 birds were assigned to 20 pens, with 10 birds per pen. The following treatments (T) were applied: T1: basal diet (B); T2: B + AFB1(100 μg/kg); T3: B + AFB1(100 μg/kg) + HA (0.1%); T4: B +AFB1 (100 μg/kg) + HA (0.2%); T5: B + AFB1 (100 μg/kg) + HA (0.3%). Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates. Oxihumate was effective in diminishing the adverse effects caused by aflatoxin on body weight (BW) of broilers (P<0.05). Humic acid also showed protective effects against liver damage and some of the hematological and serum biochemical changes associated with aflatoxin toxicity (P<0.05). The supplementation of HA also enhanced the humoral immunity by counteracting the aflatoxin contamination. Results indicated that HA could alleviate some of the toxic effects of aflatoxin in growing broilers. Humic acid (0.1 to 0.3%) might, therefore, prove to be beneficial in the management of aflatoxin-contaminated feedstuffs for poultry when used in combination with other mycotoxin management practices.

Fair Conditions and Fair Consequences? Exploring New Labour, Welfare Contractualism and Social Attitudes

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Sage
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
New Labour ◽  
Welfare To Work ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Welfare Reforms ◽  
By Products

This article explores the intention and effects of New Labour's ‘conditional’ welfare-to-work strategy. Conditionality has been the subject of substantive debate, with New Labour distinguishing its own contractualist welfare reforms from alternative strategies, often associated with ‘punitive’ US workfare. This article assesses whether New Labour's attempt to fashion what is described as ‘reciprocal responsibility’ in welfare arrangements avoided the commonly cited by-products of workfare. To achieve this, evidence is presented from the British Social Attitudes series, which shows a profound hardening of attitudes towards the unemployed. In light of these findings, the evidence supports arguments about the adverse effects that welfare contractualism can have for wider social relations.

scholarly journals A Review of Sustainable Materials to Improve Geotechnical Properties of Soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-305
Author(s):  
Farah Qais Al-naje ◽  
Alaa Hussein Abed ◽  
Abbas Jawad Al-Taie
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Soil Composition ◽  
Agriculture Waste ◽  
Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Potential Pollution ◽  
By Products ◽  
Different Soils

Most of the soils suffered from significant geotechnical problems dependent on factors like the type of soil, soil composition and mineralogy. Specifically, the problems related to mechanical and physical properties of soils. Several studies have been used to mitigate the adverse effects of soils through using either additive conventional materials such as cement, lime or these soils blending with produced material and chemical materials. This paper focuses on stabilizing or improving different soils using sustainable materials. These materials provided environmental and economic benefits while mitigating a health hazard, storage problems, and a potential pollution source. They can be classified according to these sources into four groups: industrial waste (by-products), agriculture waste, domestic waste and mineral waste. According to the results of this review, compaction characteristics, California bearing ratio and unconfined compressive strength have been studied and discussed in this paper.

scholarly journals Microbial Quality and Aflatoxin Levels of Bread and Flour Products Vended in Akure Metropolis, Ondo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-17
Author(s):  
Anthony Kayode Onifade ◽  
Margaret Olaide Akande
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Fungal Organisms ◽  
Sacharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Standard Techniques

Aim: This study evaluated the microbial quality characteristics of bread and flour-made products vended for human consummation in Akure metropolis. Methods: The sample products including bread, buns, puff puff, meat pie and cake collected from different locations were analysed using standard microbiological methods to enumerate the bacterial and fungal consortia. Macro and micro-morphological identification of the implicated fungi in the food samples were done via standard techniques. The presence and quantity of some aflatoxin types were also investigated using standard techniques. Results: The fungal organisms enumerated include species of Fusarium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Mucor, Sacharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus and Penicillium. Bacteria consortium implicated in sample products include; Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli, Clostridium sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the likes. The levels of aflatoxin B1 and B2 produced were predominantly associated with Aspergillus flavus enumerated from bread products which serve as a rider to the aflatoxin contamination in vended flour products. Conclusion: The toxicity and potency of aflatoxins make them a primary health hazard and as well accountable for losses associated with contamination of processed foods and ready-to-eat foods. It is recommended that bakers should implement the use of heat-treated flour in the production process of ready-to-eat products for human safety.

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