Simplified Procedure for Estimating the Effect of a Change in Heating Rate on Sterilization Value1

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. NAVEH ◽  
I. J. PFLUG ◽  
I. J. KOPELMAN
Keyword(s):  
Heating Rate ◽  
Thermal Process ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Numerical Differentiation ◽  
General Relationship ◽  
Response Parameter ◽  
Simplified Procedure ◽  
Relative Change ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Formula Method

A general relationship between a relative change in the temperature response parameter, f, and the sterilization value delivered in a thermal process has been developed. The relationship is based on numerical differentiation of Ball's formula method and employs a dimensionless elasticity term to express the relative change in sterilization value due to a relative change in heating rate. The funtion presented can be used for g's of up to 30°F and for changes of 3 to 20% in the value of the temperature response parameter.

Containers with an End Flat Against the Side Wall or Bottom of a Retort: Effect on Heating Rate and the Sterilization Value1

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 632-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. PFLUG
Keyword(s):  
Heating Rate ◽  
Solid Wall ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Side Wall ◽  
Wall Effect ◽  
Penetration Test ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Response Parameter ◽  
Heat Penetration ◽  
Heating Medium

In crateless retorts under certain conditions, it is possible for a few cans in the retort load to have an end flat against a solid wall. Cans under this condition will have a temperature response parameter, fh, larger than cans surrounded by the heating medium and a smaller sterilizing value (Fo). The fh and Fo-values of cans, both with an end flat against a solid wall and surrounded by the heating medium, are calculated to show the magnitude of the effect and the possible hazard when this condition exists and is ignored. It is recommended that the possibility of a wall effect be determined as part of the prevalidation inspection, and that the heat penetration test program be based on the results of this inspection.

scholarly journals Towards a better representation of the solar cycle in general circulation models

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (20) ◽  
pp. 5391-5400 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Nissen ◽  
K. Matthes ◽  
U. Langematz ◽  
B. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Radiation Scheme

Abstract. We introduce the improved Freie Universität Berlin (FUB) high-resolution radiation scheme FUBRad and compare it to the 4-band standard ECHAM5 SW radiation scheme of Fouquart and Bonnel (FB). Both schemes are validated against the detailed radiative transfer model libRadtran. FUBRad produces realistic heating rate variations during the solar cycle. The SW heating rate response with the FB scheme is about 20 times smaller than with FUBRad and cannot produce the observed temperature signal. A reduction of the spectral resolution to 6 bands for solar irradiance and ozone absorption cross sections leads to a degradation (reduction) of the solar SW heating rate signal by about 20%. The simulated temperature response agrees qualitatively well with observations in the summer upper stratosphere and mesosphere where irradiance variations dominate the signal. Comparison of the total short-wave heating rates under solar minimum conditions shows good agreement between FUBRad, FB and libRadtran up to the middle mesosphere (60–70 km) indicating that both parameterizations are well suited for climate integrations that do not take solar variability into account. The FUBRad scheme has been implemented as a sub-submodel of the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy).

Chlorpropamide alcohol flushing: A normal response?

1987 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Hoskins ◽  
P. G. Wiles ◽  
H. P. Volkmann ◽  
D. A. Pyke
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Plasma Level ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Facial Flushing ◽  
Normal Response ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Insulin Dependent ◽  
Alcohol Flushing ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Plasma Chlorpropamide

1. The relationship between chlorpropamide alcohol flushing and non-insulin dependent diabetes remains uncertain. It is known, however, that the frequency of facial flushing with alcohol and the temperature response depend upon both the plasma level of chlorpropamide and the starting facial temperature [10]. 2. We tested 23 young adult non-diabetic subjects with 8 g of ethanol after a dose of chlorpropamide 250 mg twice daily for 2 days or a placebo, in a double blind, cross-over manner. Previously, nine other subjects had participated in a pilot study to assess the safety of the chlorpropamide dose and to ensure that adequate plasma chlorpropamide levels were achieved. 3. No subject was negative for chlorpropamide alcohol flushing, as defined by the following criteria: (1) facial temperature rise of 35% or more of maximum possible rise, (2) observer assessment or (3) subject assessment. In 26 of the total 32 subjects, all three criteria were fulfilled. 4. Thus, among young, healthy non-diabetic adults chlorpropamide alcohol flushing would appear to be a normal phenomenon.

Diet nitrogen and standard of living

1968 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
General Relationship ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Satisfactory Level ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
The Relationship

That diet, nitrogen utilization in agriculture, and standard of living are interrelated could be assumed with some confidence. The author has collected the information available from a variety of sources, and presented it in a form that establishes the general relationship unequivocably. He suggests that the relationship so established could be helpful in complementing conventional methods of forecasting nitrogen requirements. The figures provided underline the formidable difficulties that must be overcome if world diets are to be raised to a satisfactory level.

A General Steel Hardenability Calculation Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 816-817 ◽  
pp. 140-143
Author(s):  
Zhi Gang Yu ◽  
Li Na Wang ◽  
Jia Liu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
General Relationship ◽  
Alloying Elements ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Linear Fitting ◽  
Fitting Method ◽  
Limited Applicability ◽  
The Relationship

This paper presents a general calculation method of steel hardenability. First use non-linear fitting method to establish a general relationship between hardenability coefficient and end-quench distance, and then use SVM method to establish the relationship between alloying elements and hardenability coefficients. It solves the limited applicability and poor precisions problems of the currently applied calculation methods for hardenability. It gives an enhancement scheme to make sure the accuracy of the model when the data are not complete enough. Experimental data show that using this method can effectively improve the hardenability prediction accuracy and can be widely used.

scholarly journals IX.—On the Relationship between Concentration and Electrolytic Conductivity in Concentrated Aqueous Solutions

1906 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
General Relationship ◽  
Electrolytic Conductivity ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Concentrated Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Solutions Of Electrolytes ◽  
Weak Electrolytes ◽  
The Relationship

Although great advances have been made during the last thirty years in our knowledge of dilute solutions, there has been no corresponding advance in respect of concentrated solutions. This is primarily due to the fact that hitherto no simple and general relationship has been discovered between the conductivity and the concentration of concentrated solutions of electrolytes. Ostwald's law of dilution holds only for dilute solutions of weak electrolytes, and the formulæ of Rudolphi and Van T'Hoff are applicable only to dilute solutions of good electrolytes. It seems therefore important to inquire whether the difficulty may not be to some extent overcome by an alteration in the mode of representing the facts.

scholarly journals The LBO-SBO Relationship

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keegan Parker Brockman
Keyword(s):  
Private Equity ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Enterprise Value ◽  
Holding Period ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relative Change ◽  
The Relationship

Since the beginning of the private equity industry in the 1980s, it has evolved and adopted new strategies and methods for generating returns to investors. As the industry grew, deals became harder to find as the buyer market grew immensely and what deals remained appeared picked over. Enter the secondary buyout (SBO). This strategy involves one financial sponsor buying a portfolio company from another financial sponsor. This thesis attempts to fill a gap in the field of research in two ways. First, this thesis analyzes the difference in value creation using a longitudinal and matched-sample approach. This approach is unique in that I will only analyze data for which information on the SBO, the preceding LBO, and the following exit are all available. Second, this thesis looks specifically at the relationship between LBOs and SBOs in an attempt to provide a practical application of the analysis. Additionally, most studies stray away from performing analysis on the U.S. market due to the limited data availability, but this approach ignores one of the largest private equity markets in existence. This thesis will look solely at U.S. buyouts. I find no significant difference in the relative change in enterprise value from acquisition to exit for LBOs or SBOs. Further, there is a statistically significant negative relationship between the holding period and annualized change in EV for both LBOs and SBOs. Finally, while the results were not significant, there is a slight negative relationship between the EV change of LBOs to the EV change of SBOs.

scholarly journals Analysis of time derivative of the temperature response of fingers on the brachial occlusion and its relationship with hemodynamic parameters

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Sagaidachnyi ◽  
A. V. Fomin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Time Derivative ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Hemodynamic Response ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Hemodynamic Parameters ◽  
Noninvasive Methods ◽  
Temperature Dynamics ◽  
Temperature Signal ◽  
The Relationship

Objective. The aim of the study was to analyze the time derivative of temperature response of finger phalanges to brachial occlusion and to establish the relationship between the parameters of temperature dynamics and hemodynamic parameters. Materials and methods. To analyze the response to the occlusion, the methods of dynamic thermography and photoplethysmography (PPG) were used. The parameters of the temperature reaction on occlusion in a group of 60 healthy subjects were analyzed. The Shitzer model was used to establish the relationship between temperature dynamics and peripheral hemodynamics. Results. Parameters describing the temperature response of the fingers on occlusion were introduced. It is shown that the time to reach the maximum of the temperature derivative during post-occlusion corresponds to the maximum of the volumetric blood flow. A coefficient of symmetry is proposed that characterizes the curve of the hemodynamic response of the extremity vessels to a sharp restoration of blood flow after removal of the occlusion. The parameters of temperature dynamics paralleled to the changes in hemodynamic parameters. Conclusions. To compare the results of temperature measurements and results of optical methods of blood flow estimation it is advisable to use not the temperature signal but its first derivative. The use of temperature parameters, expressed in degrees, creates the conditions for the development of a quantitative approach to the description of the hemodynamic response to occlusion. The results of the study contribute to the development of noninvasive methods of diagnosing endothelial dysfunction as a harbinger of atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC, DEMOGRAPHIC, AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACTORS ON INCOME INEQUALITY AND POVERTY IN RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
Rogneda Groznykh ◽  
Elena Ignatieva ◽  
Oleg Mariev ◽  
Alla Serkova
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Prime Objective ◽  
Relative Change ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The prime objective of the research is to examine the factors influencing both the alteration in the income distribution and the relative change in the incidence of poverty in the regions of Russia. The list of the identified factors/determinants includes economic, demographic, and infrastructural factors. An econometric model, indicating the relationship between the explanatory variables with both the income inequality index and the relative poverty proportions in Russian regions has been provided in this article. The determinants that cause variations in the income inequality and poverty of a country such as social mobility, average life expectancy of urban women, life expectancy of rural men, the number of university graduates, etc. have also been specified in this study. The analysis was executed based on a dataset of 72 Russian regions for the period between 2012-2017.

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship between Abundance and Temperature with a Chemostat Model

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian A. Solari ◽  
Vanina J. Galzenati ◽  
Brian J. McGill
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Chemostat Model ◽  
Half Saturation Constant ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractAlthough there is a well developed theory on the relationship between the intrinsic growth rate r and temperature T, it is not yet clear how r relates to abundance, and how abundance relates to T. Many species often have stable enough population dynamics that one can talk about a stochastic equilibrium population size N*. There is sometimes an assumption that N* and r are positively correlated, but there is lack of evidence for this. To try to understand the relationship between r, N*, and T we used a simple chemostat model. The model shows that N* not only depends on r, but also on the mortality rate, the half-saturation constant of the nutrient limiting r, and the conversion coefficient of the limiting nutrient. Our analysis shows that N* positively correlates to r only with high mortality rate and half-saturation constant values. The response curve of N* vs. T can be flat, Gaussian, convex, and even temperature independent depending on the values of the variables in the model and their relationship to T. Moreover, whenever the populations have not reached equilibrium and might be in the process of doing so, it could be wrongly concluded that N* and r are positively correlated. Because of their low half-saturation constants, unless conditions are oligotrophic, microorganisms would tend to have flat abundance response curves to temperature even with high mortality rates. In contrast, unless conditions are eutrophic, it should be easier to get a Gaussian temperature response curve for multicellular organisms because of their high half-saturation constant. This work sheds light to why it is so difficult for any general principles to emerge on the abundance response to temperature. We conclude that directly relating N* to r is an oversimplification that should be avoided.

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